United States v. Hawkins

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 95-5773
WILLIE RAY HAWKINS, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Salisbury.
N. Carlton Tilley, Jr., District Judge.
(CR-94-264)
Submitted: September 30, 1996
Decided: October 25, 1996
Before WILKINS, HAMILTON, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
William E. Martin, Federal Public Defender, Eric D. Placke, Assistant
Federal Public Defender, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant.
Walter C. Holton, Jr., United States Attorney, Harry L. Hobgood,
Assistant United States Attorney, Greensboro, North Carolina, for
Appellee.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Willie Ray Hawkins, Jr., appeals his convictions for possession of
crack cocaine with intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C.A.§ 841 (West 1981
& Supp. 1996), and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, 18
U.S.C.A. § 924(c) (West Supp. 1996), arguing that a forced entry by
police into his home to execute a search warrant violated the Fourth
Amendment and that evidence seized during the search should have
been suppressed. He further contends that the district court erred in
finding that testimony concerning his distributions of crack during the
month preceding his arrest was not excludable as evidence of other
crimes under Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Hawkins also appeals his 420-
month sentence on the grounds that the district court clearly erred in
finding that he was a leader in the offense, USSG§ 3B1.1,1 and erred
in applying the penalties for crack offenses. Finding no error, we
affirm the convictions and the sentences.
On February 23, 1993, Willie Ray Hawkins' car was stopped for
speeding on the New Jersey Turnpike. Riding in the car were Haw-
kins and his girlfriend, Felicia Gunthrope, as well as Randy Hawkins
and Claymore Jones. During a consensual search of the car, 1128
grams of crack and 50.9 grams of marijuana were found inside the
rim of a spare tire. All were arrested, and Randy Hawkins subse-
quently informed the police that Willie Ray Hawkins regularly trav-
eled to New York to obtain crack for distribution and that Claymore
Jones was one of his distributors.
This led to an investigation in Hawkins' home town of Salisbury,
North Carolina. On September 29, 1993, Claymore Jones was arrested
for shooting into Hawkins' house. Interviewed after his arrest, he con-
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1 United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual (Nov.
1994).
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firmed that he and others had been selling crack for Hawkins for two
years, but had become disenchanted with Hawkins. On October 5,
1993, Jones was shot in the head and hospitalized for some time.2
A search warrant was executed at Hawkins' house at 10:00 a.m. on
October 14, 1993. The police officers knew that Hawkins was in the
house. They also had information that Hawkins possessed a variety
of firearms and had engaged in violence against a former girlfriend
and associates in his drug business. They knocked on the door for
between seven and thirty seconds and yelled, "Police. Search war-
rant." Hearing no answer after about seven or eight seconds, they
forced open the door. Hawkins and Gunthrope were in a bedroom,
where a loaded 9 mm pistol was found on the floor. A small amount
of crack and marijuana was recovered from the house, as were a shot-
gun, a rifle, and an assault rifle, all loaded. The officers also discov-
ered 171.4 grams of crack in a plastic bag hidden in the fork of a tree
at the rear of the back yard.
Before his first trial, which ended with a hung jury, Hawkins
sought unsuccessfully to suppress the crack and firearms seized from
his house. The district court found that the officers had complied with
the "knock and announce" rule, 18 U.S.C. § 3109 (1994), and that exi-
gent circumstances were present (danger to the officers and possible
destruction of evidence) which would have justified an immediate
entry in any case. On appeal, Hawkins argues that the search violated
the Fourth Amendment because the officers executing the search war-
rant failed to comply with the knock and announce rule in that they
entered the house forcibly before they were refused entry. He con-
tends that no exigent circumstances were present which would justify
dispensing with the requirement.
One element of the reasonableness inquiry governing the lawful-
ness of searches under the Fourth Amendment is that police officers
must knock and announce their presence before entering the premises
to be searched. Wilson v. Arkansas, ___ U.S. ___, 115 S. Ct. 1914(1995). However, the principle permits unannounced entry when there
are important countervailing law enforcement interests such as the
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2 Gunthrope testified at Hawkins' sentencing that Hawkins paid some-
one to shoot Jones to prevent him from giving information to the police.
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safety of the officers or prevention of the destruction of evidence. Id.Although Wilson was decided after Hawkins' conviction, the Fourth
Circuit previously employed essentially the same reasonableness test.
See United States v. Kennedy, 32 F.3d 876, 881-83 (4th Cir. 1994),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 115 S. Ct. 939 (1995). Under both Wilson
and Kennedy, the presence of exigent circumstances is a factual deter-
mination dependent on the circumstances of the particular case.
Wilson, 63 U.S.L.W. at 4459; Kennedy, 32 F.3d at 882. In Kennedy,
this Court held that entry without waiting for a response to the knock
and announcement was reasonable when the police officers had rea-
son to believe drugs would be destroyed if they delayed entry.
Hawkins concedes that the search was reasonable under Kennedy,
but argues that Kennedy permits a blanket assumption that any search
for narcotics involves exigent circumstances, while Wilson announced
a more stringent standard of reasonableness. He maintains that the
search of his house was illegal because the officers waited only a few
seconds after they knocked and announced their presence and forced
open the door before being refused admittance, and because there
were no exigent circumstances to justify dispensing with the knock
and announce rule. We disagree. Kennedy does not endorse a blanket
rule that exigent circumstances may be found in all drug cases. More-
over, in this case, the district court found that exigent circumstances
were present. Its finding was supported by evidence in the officers'
possession at the time of the search that Hawkins both possessed
weapons and had previously used violence. Consequently, his argu-
ment is without merit.
Next, Hawkins contends that the district court erred in finding that
Jones' testimony about drug transactions during the month before the
search was not evidence of prior bad acts. He argues that because he
was not charged with conspiracy, all his drug transactions with Jones
were "other crimes" and should have been excluded under Rule
404(b).
Evidence of uncharged conduct is not considered"other crimes"
evidence if it arises from the same transaction or series of transactions
as the charged conduct, is "inextricably intertwined" with the charged
conduct, or is necessary to explain the charged conduct. United States
v. Towne, 870 F.2d 880, 886 (4th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omit-
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ted), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1101 (1989). Hawkins argues that his dis-
tributions to Jones in September and early October were not
inextricably linked with his possession of the crack found during the
search because the crack found during the search may not have been
the same crack stash from which he made distributions to Jones.
However, Jones' information about his ongoing dealings with Haw-
kins in September and early October 1993 provided a significant part
of the evidence supporting the search warrant. Those dealings were
interrupted only by Jones' hospitalization. Consequently, we find that
the district court did not err in finding that Jones' testimony did not
involve other crimes or in refusing to give a limiting instruction.
Hawkins maintains both that the district court failed to make ade-
quate findings to support its determination that he was a leader, and
that the court's finding is unsupported by the evidence. We disagree.
The probation officer recommended the adjustment because there was
information from co-conspirators that Hawkins directed his own drug
operation by personally obtaining crack in New York, bringing it to
North Carolina, and distributing it to others for sale, and that more
than five people were involved. Participants named in the presentence
report included Hawkins, Randy Hawkins, Claymore Jones, Henry
Lewis Hall, James K. Miller, and Derrick Pruitt. Hawkins offered no
evidence at the sentencing hearing to show that this information was
inaccurate or unreliable, as was his burden. United States v. Terry,
916 F.2d 157, 162 (4th Cir. 1990). The court's ruling was properly
based on the information in the presentence report and was not clearly
erroneous.
Last, Hawkins argues that the statutory and guideline penalties for
crack offenses are ambiguous because crack and powder cocaine are
the same substance and require application of the rule of lenity. He
recognizes that this court considered and rejected the same argument
in United States v. Fisher, 58 F.3d 96, 99 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___
U.S. ___, 116 S. Ct. 329 (1995), but asks the court to reconsider
Fisher. However, a panel cannot overrule the decision of a prior panel
in this circuit. Brubaker v. City of Richmond , 943 F.2d 1363, 1381-82
(4th Cir. 1991).
Accordingly, we affirm the convictions and the sentences. We dis-
pense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are
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adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument
would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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