United States v. Valrie

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 95-5888
CALVIN KEITH VALRIE,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
James R. Spencer, District Judge.
(CR-95-70)
Submitted: July 9, 1996
Decided: March 18, 1997
Before WIDENER and ERVIN, Circuit Judges, and BUTZNER,
Senior Circuit Judge.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per
curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
Kevin Michael Schork, EPPERLY, FOLLIS & SCHORK, P.C., Rich-
mond, Virginia, for Appellant. Helen F. Fahey, United States Attor-
ney, Nicholas S. Altimari, Assistant United States Attorney, Richard
Brindisi, Third-Year Law Student, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Calvin Valrie was convicted by a jury of possession of over fifty
grams of crack cocaine with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (1994); use of a firearm in relation to a drug traf-
ficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 924(c)(1) and (2) (West
Supp. 1996); and possession of a firearm after being previously con-
victed of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (1994). We
affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand to the district court for fur-
ther proceedings consistent with this opinion.
In March 1995, officers of the Richmond City Police responded to
a residence in reference to an armed person. The tenant consented to
a search and, upon entering the apartment, an officer saw Valrie peek-
ing out from behind the upstairs bathroom. After removing Valrie, the
officer found a gun and crack cocaine on the floor of the bathroom.
On appeal, Valrie claims that the district court erred in denying his
motion for judgment of acquittal on the charge of possession with
intent to distribute, because the Government failed to prove that Val-
rie had constructive possession of the cocaine found on the bathroom
floor. Valrie also filed a pro se supplemental brief and a supplemental
brief claiming that his § 924(c) conviction was improper in light of
Bailey v. United States, ___ U.S. #6D 6D6D#, 64 U.S.L.W. 4039 (U.S. Dec.
6, 1995) (Nos. 94-7448, 94-7492).
This court reviews a denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal
under a sufficiency of the evidence standard. United States v. Brooks,
957 F.2d 1138, 1147 (4th Cir.). To sustain a conviction, the evidence,
viewed in the light most favorable to the government, must be suffi-
cient for a rational jury to find the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Brewer, 1 F.3d 1430,
1437 (4th Cir. 1993).
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"Constructive possession exists when the defendant exercises, or
has the power to exercise, dominion and control over the item,"
United States v. Laughman, 618 F.2d 1067, 1077 (4th Cir. 1980), and
has knowledge of the item's presence. United States v. Bell, 954 F.2d
232, 235 (4th Cir. 1992). Looking at the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Government, the testimony of the officer who saw
Valrie in the bathroom is sufficient to establish the elements of con-
structive possession and is therefore sufficient to support Valrie's
conviction of possession of crack cocaine with intent to distribute.
Valrie also asserts that another witness testified that Valrie was not
in the bathroom when the officers arrived. However, the assessment
of a witness's credibility is for the jury and is not reviewable by this
Court. United States v. Saunders, 886 F.2d 56, 60 (4th Cir. 1989).
Turning to Valrie's claim that he was improperly convicted under
§ 924(c)(1), at Valrie's jury trial the district court instructed the jury
on the "use or carrying" of a firearm in violation of § 924(c)(1) with-
out specific instructions on either term, leaving the jury with the
impression that possession of the gun in itself was sufficient to con-
vict. However, in Bailey v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 64 U.S.L.W.
4039 (U.S. Dec. 6, 1995) (Nos. 94-7448, 94-7492), the Supreme
Court defined "use" as "active employment." Thus, it cannot be deter-
mined from the district court's instructions upon which prong of
§ 924(c)(1) the jury based its verdict.
We therefore find that Valrie's conviction for use of a firearm dur-
ing and in relation to a drug trafficking crime cannot stand in light of
Bailey. See United States v. Smith, 94 F.2d 122, 124 (4th Cir. 1996).
We therefore vacate Valrie's § 924(c) conviction and remand for a
new trial on that count with instructions to distinguish between "use"
and "carry" in light of Bailey. We affirm Valrie's other convictions.
We grant Valrie's motion to file a pro se supplemental brief. We
dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions
are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argu-
ment would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART,
AND REMANDED
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