Essex v. United States

Filed: September 22, 1997
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 96-2068
(CA-95-884-CCB)
Marie S. Essex,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
United States of America,
Defendant - Appellee.
O R D E R
The Court amends its opinion filed September 10, 1997, as
follows:
On the cover sheet, section 7 -- the attorney information is
deleted, and is replaced with the following: "Elizabeth H. Hamlin,
Dunkirk, Maryland, for Appellant. Lynne A. Battaglia, United
States Attorney, George L. Russell, III, Assistant United States
Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee."
For the Court - By Direction
/s/ Patricia S. Connor
Clerk
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
MARIE S. ESSEX,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 96-2068
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
Catherine C. Blake, District Judge.
(CA-95-884-CCB)
Submitted: August 19, 1997
Decided: September 10, 1997
Before MURNAGHAN and WILKINS, Circuit Judges, and
PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
Elizabeth H. Hamlin, Dunkirk, Maryland, for Appellant.
Lynne A. Battaglia, United States Attorney, George L. Russell, III,
Assistant United States Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appel-
lee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Marie Essex appeals the district court's order granting summary
judgment to the United States in this action filed pursuant to the Fed-
eral Tort Claims Act (FTCA). After a de novo review of the record,
see Bowling v. Wellmore Coal Corp., 114 F.3d 458, 460 (4th Cir.
1997), we affirm.
I
Mrs. Essex maintained a post office box at the Prince Frederick,
Maryland, post office. On September 4, 1993, she entered the post
office. It was drizzling that morning. Mrs. Essex crossed a floor mat
that was positioned just inside the post office. When she stepped off
the mat, her left foot slipped, and she fell, injuring herself.
Mrs. Essex said in her deposition that she was unsure whether she
had wiped her feet on the mat prior to stepping on the floor. In a
sworn declaration, a customer stated that Mrs. Essex did not wipe her
feet. A postal employee testified that the area where Mrs. Essex fell
was dry. Mrs. Essex also testified that she saw no water on the floor,
which did not appear to be wet. Rather, the floor glistened as it usu-
ally did. She claimed to have slipped on the slick floor.
The custodian at the post office testified in his deposition that he
had waxed the floors during the week prior to the fall. He stated that,
after he waxed the floor, it was not slippery. Another postal worker
who assisted Mrs. Essex after her fall testified that, if employees feel
it is necessary, they take precautions to warn customers about wet
floors. Some of the precautions are placing "wet floor" signs in the
lobby and checking periodically to see if the floor is wet. No "wet
floor" precautions were taken prior to Mrs. Essex's fall because the
floors were not wet. Before Mrs. Essex fell, other postal customers
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had entered and left the post office without incident and without
bringing any dangerous condition to the attention of postal workers.
The district court found that Mrs. Essex did not establish that the
postal employees had created a dangerous condition. Nor did she
show that the employees had notice of a dangerous condition but
failed to take precautions. Rather, if there was a dangerous condition,
it was caused by a combination of the recently waxed floor and water
on the soles of Mrs. Essex's shoes, which she failed to wipe upon
entering the post office. The court concluded that, on these facts, there
was no breach of duty to Mrs. Essex. The court accordingly entered
summary judgment for the United States. Mrs. Essex timely appealed.
II
As the accident occurred in Maryland, Maryland law applies. See
United States v. Neustadt, 366 U.S. 696, 706 n.15 (1961). In Mary-
land, the duty of care an owner or occupier of land owes to a visitor
depends upon the status of the invitee. The highest duty of care is
owed to business invitees. Tennant v. Shoppers Food Warehouse, 693
A.2d 370, 374 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1997). Mrs. Essex was a business
invitee. See Casper v. Charles F. Smith & Son, Inc., 526 A.2d 87, 89
(Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1987).
A "business invitor is not an insurer of the invitee's safety."
Tennant, 693 A.2d at 374. Rather, the invitor is obligated "to warn
invitees of known hidden dangers, . . . to inspect, and . . . to take rea-
sonable precautions against foreseeable dangers." Id. The invitor is
liable for physical harm to an invitee caused by a condition of the
premises if the invitor:
(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would dis-
cover the condition, and should realize that it involves an
unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and
(b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the
danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against
the danger.
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Link v. Hutzler Bros., 335 A.2d 192, 195 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1975)
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 (1965)). The burden is
upon the invitee to show that the invitor created the dangerous condi-
tion or knew of its existence. Id.
Mrs. Essex did not meet her burden in this case. First, there was
no showing that there was a dangerous condition. There was no evi-
dence that the floor was wet or slippery from its recent waxing. Sec-
ond, even if the floor was dangerous, there was no showing that postal
employees knew or should have known of the danger. The custodian
testified that the floor was not slick, other employees testified that it
did not appear to be wet, and no other customers had complained
about its being wet or slippery. We conclude that there was no breach
of the duty owed to Mrs. Essex to exercise reasonable care to protect
her from injury.
III
We accordingly affirm the judgment of the district court. We dis-
pense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are
adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument
would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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