United States v. Smith

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
RAYMOND S. SMITH, a/k/a Ray Ray
No. 98-4151
Smith, a/k/a Raymond Sylvester
Smith, a/k/a Wayne Duckett, a/k/a
Dominic Frazier, a/k/a Pete Lump,
a/k/a Pete Smith,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
No. 98-4152
LAFAYETTE N. DOTSON, JR., a/k/a La
La Bubbles,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Robert E. Payne, District Judge.
(CR-97-332-A)
Argued: December 2, 1998
Decided: January 22, 1999
Before MICHAEL and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges, and BUTZNER,
Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Drewry Bacon Hutcheson, Jr., MCGINLEY, ELSBERG
& HUTCHESON, P.L.C., Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant Smith;
Suzanne Little, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant Dotson. Jack I.
Hanly, Assistant United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Helen F. Fahey, United States Attorney, Alex-
andria, Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Raymond S. Smith and Lafayette N. Dotson were each convicted
of first-degree murder and assault with a deadly weapon. Smith con-
tends that the district court erred in refusing to recognize that newly
discovered evidence entitles him to a reversal of his conviction and
a new trial. Dotson challenges his conviction on three grounds, assert-
ing that (1) his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was compro-
mised by the government's choice of words in a redacted confession
by Smith, (2) the district court should have severed Dotson's trial
from Smith's trial, and (3) there is insufficient evidence to support his
conviction. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I
In the early morning hours of January 10, 1997, a group of inmates
at Lorton Reformatory attacked and killed inmate Eric Spells. The
evidence at trial, taken in the light most favorable to the government,
established the following facts. See Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S.
2
60, 80 (1942). Smith, Dotson, and other inmates met during the eve-
ning of January 9, 1997, in a corner of their dormitory at Lorton.
Smith was overheard telling the rest of the group that they needed to
get Eric and Robert Spells, also residents of the dormitory, "out of
here." Early on January 10, 1997, one of the two guards monitoring
the dormitory left to accompany Muslim inmates to their Ramadan
meal. Smith put on a mask and gloves and awoke several inmates,
including Dotson.
Armed with shanks, which are weapons made by prisoners, this
group made its way to the double bunk where Eric and Robert Spells
slept and attacked the two men. Robert Spells escaped to the front of
the dormitory, the location of the lone correctional officer in the dor-
mitory. A prisoner saw one of the attackers making a chopping
motion with his arm as he stood over Eric Spells. Spells broke free
and ran, but Smith caught up with Spells and stabbed him. Spells
received ten stab wounds in all, from which he subsequently died.
Following a jury trial, Smith and Dotson were each convicted of
first degree murder, in violation of Title 18 U.S.C.§§ 1111 and 2
(1994), and assault with a dangerous weapon, in violation of Title 18
U.S.C. §§ 113(a)(3) and 2 (1994). These appeals followed.
II
Smith argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for
a new trial. Dr. Joseph Garceau, then Deputy Medical Examiner for
the District of Columbia, testified at trial about the nature of stab
wounds inflicted upon Eric Spells and asserted that Spells died as a
result of the stabbing. The parties discovered subsequently that Dr.
Garceau had not been licensed in the District of Columbia at the time
of trial. Smith argues that the discovery of this new evidence entitles
him to a new trial.
We review the district court's denial of a motion for a new trial for
an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Singh, 54 F.3d 1182, 1190
(4th Cir. 1995). The standard for granting a motion for new trial con-
sists of five parts: (a) the evidence must be newly discovered; (b)
facts must be alleged from which the court may infer diligence on the
part of the movant; (c) the evidence relied upon must not be merely
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cumulative or impeaching; (d) the evidence must be material to the
issues involved; and (e) it must be such, and of such nature, as to
probably produce an acquittal on a new trial. See United States v.
Custis, 988 F.2d 1355, 1359 (4th Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).
Smith's motion fails because the evidence is merely impeaching.
Dr. Garceau's licensing status does not alter his substantive conclu-
sions about the cause of death. "[N]ew evidence going only to the
credibility of a witness does not generally warrant the granting of a
new trial." Custis, 988 F.2d at 1359 (citations omitted). Although we
have suggested that there may be a "rare case" where impeaching evi-
dence justifies a new trial, the instant case does not fit into this excep-
tion. See id. at 1359-60.
Furthermore, the evidence is immaterial. There is no evidence sug-
gesting that Spells died of anything other than stab wounds, a fact
which Smith concedes. The jury never heard whether Dr. Garceau
was licensed; the court accepted Dr. Garceau as an expert based upon
his 11-year experience as a forensic pathologist and his employment
with the District of Columbia. A witness may be qualified as an
expert by "knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education." Fed.
R. Evid. 702. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Smith's motion.
III
Smith made several statements to agents of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation following the attack, in which he named Dotson as a
participant in Spells' murder. When the agents testified about these
statements at trial, they replaced references to specific individuals,
including Dotson, with the terms "associate" and "associates." Dotson
asserts that this confession by his nontestifying codefendant was
insufficiently redacted, in violation of Dotson's right under the Sixth
Amendment to confront witnesses against him. We review the district
court's rejection of this argument de novo, and we review factual
findings, on which legal conclusions are based, under the clearly erro-
neous standard. See United States v. Williams , 977 F.2d 866, 869 (4th
Cir. 1992).
In Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 126 (1968), the Supreme
Court held that if two defendants are tried jointly, the out-of-court
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confession of a nontestifying defendant may not be used against his
or her codefendant. There is no Confrontation Clause violation, how-
ever, when a limiting instruction is given and the confession is
redacted to eliminate any reference to the existence of the codefen-
dant. See Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 211 (1987). The redac-
tions may not be "directly accusatory," serving to "notify the jury that
a name has been deleted." Gray v. Maryland , 118 S.Ct. 1151, 1156
(1998) (finding a Sixth Amendment violation where names in a con-
fession were replaced with blank spaces or the term"deleted").
The prosecution's use of "associate" or "associates" does not vio-
late the rule in Bruton. The Supreme Court has indicated that a pre-
ferred alternative to "Me, deleted, deleted, and a few other guys," is
"Me and a few other guys." Gray, 118 S.Ct. at 1157. The latter state-
ment is equivalent to "Smith and his associates." Testimony in the
case indicated that at least three persons, and probably more, partici-
pated in the attack on Spells. Linking one individual, Dotson, to refer-
ences to "associates" is the kind of inferential incrimination that falls
outside of Bruton's scope. See Richardson, 481 U.S. at 208.
Dotson argues that the repeated use of "associate" was clumsy and
invited the jury to assume that the term referred to the defendant sit-
ting in front of them. Although repetitive and awkward substitutions
might violate the Confrontation Clause in some instances, such is not
the case here. The redaction "does not point directly to a defendant
at all." Gray, 118 S.Ct. at 1156.
IV
Dotson next argues that the district court improperly denied his
motion to sever his trial from Smith's trial. We review the denial of
a motion for severance under the abuse of discretion standard. See
United States v. Ford, 88 F.3d 1350, 1361 (4th Cir. 1996) (citations
omitted). A defendant must show prejudice in order for a trial court's
ruling on a motion for severance to constitute an abuse of discretion.
See id. Dotson would have us find prejudice in the introduction of
Smith's redacted confession. Because there was no violation of
Bruton, 391 U.S. 123, the district court did not abuse its discretion by
refusing to sever the trials.
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V
Dotson argues finally that there was insufficient evidence to sup-
port the jury verdict against him. The relevant question for this court
is whether "after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essen-
tial elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). It is the task of the jury, not a
reviewing court, to weigh witness credibility and to resolve evidenti-
ary conflicts. See United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 862-63 (4th
Cir. 1996).
Trial testimony indicated that Dotson met with Smith and other
inmates before the attack on Spells, when Smith said that they needed
to get Eric and Robert Spells out of the dormitory. Two witnesses saw
Dotson participating in the struggle with Eric Spells. Dotson was also
seen running back to his bunk after the attack, with a shank in his
hand. Dotson challenges the credibility of the inmate witnesses. The
jury has decided these questions of credibility, and we do not sit to
reopen them. See id. There is sufficient evidence to support Dotson's
convictions.
VI
The district court's judgments are affirmed.
No. 98-4151 - AFFIRMED
No. 98-4152 - AFFIRMED
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