Joshua Griffin v. Shannon Mortier

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-7171
JOSHUA T. GRIFFIN,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
SHANNON MORTIER, In her official and individual capacities; VAN DUNCAN,
In his official and individual capacities; GLEN MATAYABAS, In his official and
individual capacities; SCOTT ALLEN, In his official and individual capacities;
BUNCOMBE COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT; BUNCOMBE COUNTY;
JOHN DOE, In his official and individual capacities; OTHER UNKNOWN
DEFENDANTS,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at
Asheville. Martin K. Reidinger, Chief District Judge. (1:18-cv-00098-MR-WCM)
Submitted: October 23, 2020 Decided: November 30, 2020
Before WYNN and HARRIS, Circuit Judges, and TRAXLER, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Walter E. Daniels, III, DANIELS LAW FIRM, PC, Asheville, North Carolina, for
Appellant. Natalia K. Isenberg, Raleigh, North Carolina, William A. Bulfer, TEAGUE
CAMPBELL DENNIS & GORHAM, LLP, Asheville, North Carolina; Adam F. Peoples,
HALL BOOTH SMITH PC, Asheville, North Carolina; J. Brandon Freeman,
BUNCOMBE COUNTY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Asheville, North Carolina, for
Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:
Joshua T. Griffin appeals from the district court’s orders accepting the
recommendations of the magistrate judge, granting the defendants’ motions to dismiss, and
dismissing his complaint, in which Griffin alleged claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and
North Carolina law. Griffin’s claims are predicated on his April 2015 incarceration at the
Buncombe County Detention Center (“BCDC”) in North Carolina, during which he
experienced significant health issues. The complaint named as defendants in their
individual and official capacities: Shannon Mortier, a registered nurse and a medical
supervisor at BCDC; Glen Matayabas, a supervisor at BCDC; Scott Allen, the Chief
Deputy of BCDC; and Buncombe County Sheriff Van Duncan. 1
The district court dismissed Griffin’s complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)
for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. For the reasons that follow,
we affirm the district court’s dismissal orders in substantial part. We vacate, however, the
dismissal of Griffin’s claims against Nurse Mortier for deliberate indifference to his serious
1
Griffin’s complaint also alleged claims against the Buncombe County Sheriff’s
Department and Buncombe County. Griffin waived appellate review of the district court’s
dismissal of the claims against those entities, however, by failing to object to the magistrate
judge’s recommendation to dismiss those claims. See Martin v. Duffy, 858 F.3d 239, 245
(4th Cir. 2017). Additionally, the complaint named as defendants an unidentified BCDC
guard and other unknown persons. The district court dismissed without prejudice those
unidentified defendants because Griffin failed to timely effect service of process on them.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Griffin’s opening brief does not contest that ruling. See Grayson
O Co. v. Agadir Int’l LLC, 856 F.3d 307, 316 (4th Cir. 2017) (“A party waives an argument
by failing to present it in its opening brief or by failing to develop its argument—even if
its brief takes a passing shot at the issue.” (alterations and internal quotation marks
omitted)). Our references to “the defendants” include only Nurse Mortier, BCDC
Supervisor Matayabas, BCDC Chief Deputy Allen, and Sheriff Van Duncan.
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medical needs and intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). We remand for
further proceedings on those claims.
I.
Because the district court dismissed Griffin’s complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6),
“we accept and recite the alleged facts in the light most favorable to [Griffin].” Feminist
Majority Found. v. Hurley, 911 F.3d 674, 680 (4th Cir. 2018). The complaint alleges that,
on April 13, 2015, Griffin was arrested for driving while impaired and sentenced to 30 days
in jail. According to the complaint, Griffin was booked into BCDC on April 14, 2015,
with a plan to place him on detoxification watch.
On April 16, Griffin suffered a seizure when sitting down for lunch. During the
seizure, Griffin fell and hit his head on the floor; blood began flowing from Griffin’s right
ear. A guard witnessed Griffin’s seizure and called for medical help. Nurse Mortier
responded and observed that Griffin’s nose was bleeding and that he was acting in an
unusual and confused manner. Griffin told Mortier that his right ear hurt. Without
evaluating, examining, or treating Griffin, Mortier placed him in a holding cell for
observation. While in the holding cell, Griffin became increasingly confused. Griffin then
suffered two additional seizures, causing him to again hit his head on the floor. After these
seizures, Griffin’s respirations were shallow; a deep sternal rub was initiated, and Griffin’s
respirations resumed. An unidentified person visited Griffin’s cell and observed that
Griffin was still seizing on the floor, was unable to communicate, and was breathing in an
abnormal way.
4
The complaint alleges that someone at BCDC called for an ambulance at 12:25 p.m.,
and Griffin was transported to the hospital where a CT scan of his head was performed,
revealing a skull fracture and bruising and bleeding around the brain. Griffin subsequently
underwent a craniotomy. Griffin alleges that his head injuries have caused him permanent
health problems, including seizures, loss of brain function, memory loss, loss of hearing,
extreme migraines, irritability, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress
disorder.
Based on those allegations, the complaint alleged six claims against the
defendants—in both their individual and official capacities—pursuant to § 1983 and North
Carolina law. Specifically, the complaint alleged claims for (1) deliberate indifference to
Griffin’s serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment; (2) respondeat
superior and supervisory liability; 2 (3) failure to train and to implement proper policies
under § 1983 and Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978); (4) civil
conspiracy under § 1983; (5) deliberate indifference to Griffin’s serious medical needs
under § 27 of Article I of the North Carolina Constitution; and (6) IIED.
The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). The
district court, in separate orders, adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendations that the
2
Griffin’s claim for respondeat superior and supervisory liability was alleged
against BCDC Chief Deputy Allen and Sheriff Van Duncan. The complaint also alleged,
however, that BCDC Supervisor Matayabas was responsible for Griffin’s injuries
predicated on Matayabas’s supervisory role.
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defendants’ motions to dismiss be granted and dismissed the complaint. Griffin appealed
the district court’s orders granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss.
II.
We review an order granting a Rule 12(b)(6) motion de novo. Feminist Majority
Found., 911 F.3d at 685. “In conducting such a review, we are obliged to accept the
complaint’s factual allegations as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the
plaintiff[].” Id. “However, legal conclusions pleaded as factual allegations, unwarranted
inferences, unreasonable conclusions, and naked assertions devoid of further factual
enhancement are not entitled to the presumption of truth.” Wikimedia Found. v. Nat’l Sec.
Agency, 857 F.3d 193, 208 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Id.III.
A.
Our analysis begins with the district court’s dismissal of Griffin’s deliberate
indifference claims under the Eighth Amendment and § 27 of Article I of the North
Carolina Constitution. We have explained that “a prison official’s deliberate indifference
to an inmate’s serious medical needs constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the
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Eighth Amendment.” Gordon v. Schilling, 937 F.3d 348, 356 (4th Cir. 2019). In order to
state a plausible Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim, the plaintiff is required
to allege both “an objective component and a subjective component.” Id. “That is, the
plaintiff must [allege] that the defendant prison official acted with ‘deliberate indifference’
(the subjective component) to the plaintiff’s ‘serious medical needs’ (the objective
component).” Id. (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)).
We have recognized that “[t]he objective component of a deliberate indifference
claim is satisfied by a serious medical condition.” Id. “And a medical condition is serious
when it has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment or is so obvious that
even a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention.” Id.(internal quotation marks omitted).
The subjective component is met by demonstrating a defendant’s deliberate
indifference. Id. at 357. “The Supreme Court has explained that ‘deliberate indifference
entails something more than mere negligence,’ but the standard ‘is satisfied by something
less than acts or omissions for the very purpose of causing harm or with knowledge that
harm will result.’” Id. (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 835 (1994)). In the
context of a claim related to the denial of medical treatment or a delay in providing such
treatment, “a defendant acts with deliberate indifference if he had actual knowledge of the
plaintiff’s serious medical needs and the related risks, but nevertheless disregarded them.”
Id. (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). Mere disagreements between an
inmate and prison medical staff over the inmate’s medical care, however, generally do not
establish deliberate indifference. Scinto v. Stansberry, 841 F.3d 219, 225 (4th Cir. 2016).
7
Like the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the North Carolina
Constitution prohibits “cruel or unusual punishments.” N.C. Const. art. I, § 27. The
Supreme Court of North Carolina has interpreted that constitutional provision to require
the state to provide adequate medical care to inmates. Medley v. N.C. Dep’t of Corr., 412
S.E.2d 654, 659 (N.C. 1992). The parties agree on appeal that the analysis of a deliberate
indifference claim related to medical care under the North Carolina Constitution is identical
to the analysis of such a claim under the Eighth Amendment.
Consistent with Griffin’s opening brief, we focus on Griffin’s deliberate
indifference claims against Nurse Mortier. 3 Starting with the objective components of
those claims, we are satisfied that the complaint sufficiently alleges that Griffin suffered
from at least two serious medical conditions: a seizure and a head injury resulting from
that seizure.
As for the subjective components of Griffin’s claims, we conclude that Griffin has
plausibly alleged that Nurse Mortier was deliberately indifferent to those serious medical
conditions. The complaint alleges that Mortier knew that Griffin suffered a seizure, fell,
and hit his head. The complaint further alleges that Mortier knew that Griffin had ear pain
after the fall and that Mortier observed Griffin bleeding from the nose and acting in an
3
Griffin’s opening brief does not specifically address any deliberate indifference
claims under the Eighth Amendment or the North Carolina Constitution against BCDC
Supervisor Matayabas, BCDC Chief Deputy Allen, or Sheriff Van Duncan. Nor does
Griffin’s opening brief particularly address his claims for civil conspiracy and IIED against
those defendants. Accordingly, Griffin has waived any challenge to the dismissal of those
claims against those defendants. See Grayson O Co., 856 F.3d at 316.
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unusual and confused manner. According to the complaint, rather than evaluate, examine,
or treat Griffin, Mortier simply placed him in a holding cell. While in the holding cell,
Griffin became even more confused, but no medical action was taken. Only after Griffin
experienced a second seizure and hit his head on the floor of the holding cell did he receive
any medical care. We are satisfied that these allegations, at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage, are
sufficient to state the subjective components of Griffin’s deliberate indifference claims
against Mortier. See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104–05 (ruling that deliberate indifference can be
shown by intentional denial of medical care or delay in providing such care).
Insofar as Nurse Mortier argues against Griffin’s deliberate indifference claims by
characterizing those claims as presenting mere disagreements over the proper course of
treatment for his serious medical conditions, those characterizations are inaccurate because
the complaint alleges that Griffin received no treatment at all until he suffered two
additional seizures. See Gordon, 937 F.3d at 359 n.14 (rejecting argument that plaintiff’s
deliberate indifference claim should fail because he merely disagreed with course of
treatment and explaining that plaintiff’s claim was predicated on “receiv[ing] no treatment
at all”). And while Mortier correctly observes that, in the Eighth Amendment context,
questions of medical judgment are generally “not subject to judicial review,” Russell v.
Sheffer, 528 F.2d 318, 319 (4th Cir. 1975), Griffin’s complaint read in his favor does not
indicate that Mortier exercised her medical judgment at all in these circumstances. For
those reasons, we conclude that the district court erred by dismissing Griffin’s deliberate
indifference claims against Mortier and vacate the dismissal of those claims.
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B.
Next, Griffin argues that that the district court erred by dismissing his supervisory
liability claim. A supervisor can be held liable under § 1983 where: “(1) he knew that his
subordinate was engaged in conduct that posed a pervasive and unreasonable risk of
constitutional injury; (2) his response showed deliberate indifference to or tacit
authorization of the alleged offensive practices; and (3) . . . there was an affirmative causal
link between his inaction and the constitutional injury.” King v. Rubenstein, 825 F.3d 206,
224 (4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Our review of the complaint leads us to conclude that Griffin failed to state a
plausible supervisory liability claim against any of the purported supervisory defendants—
that is, BCDC Supervisor Matayabas, BCDC Chief Deputy Allen, and Sheriff Van Duncan.
Indeed, the complaint fails to sufficiently allege that the supervisory defendants knew that
Nurse Mortier or any subordinate “was engaged in conduct that posed a pervasive and
unreasonable risk of constitutional injury.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of Griffin’s supervisory liability claim.
C.
Griffin also contends that the district court erred by dismissing his Monell claim.
The complaint’s allegations in support of that claim, however, consist of naked assertions
that the Sheriff of Buncombe County failed to train and implement proper policies. Such
allegations “are not entitled to the presumption of truth.” Wikimedia Found., 857 F.3d at
208 (internal quotation marks omitted). We thus affirm the dismissal of Griffin’s Monell
claim.
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D.
Griffin next contests the district court’s dismissal of his § 1983 civil conspiracy
claim against Nurse Mortier. To state a civil conspiracy claim, a plaintiff must plausibly
allege that two persons “acted jointly in concert and that some overt act was done in
furtherance of the conspiracy which resulted in the deprivation of a constitutional right.”
Penley v. McDowell Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 876 F.3d 646, 658 (4th Cir. 2017) (alterations and
internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude that Griffin’s civil conspiracy claim fails
because the complaint does not “plausibly suggest” that Mortier agreed with anyone to
“violate [Griffin’s] civil rights.” Barrett v. Pae Gov’t Servs., Inc., 975 F.3d 416, ___, No.
19-1394, 2020 WL 5523552, at *14 (4th Cir. Sept. 15, 2020). We therefore affirm the
dismissal of Griffin’s civil conspiracy claim.
E.
Finally, Griffin challenges the district court’s dismissal of his IIED claim. Under
North Carolina law, the elements of an IIED claim are “(1) extreme and outrageous conduct
by the defendant, (2) which is intended to cause and does cause (3) severe emotional
distress to another.” Turner v. Thomas, 794 S.E.2d 439, 446 (N.C. 2016) (alterations and
internal quotation marks omitted). As to the first element, “extreme and outrageous
conduct is that which exceeds all bounds of decency tolerated by society[,] and is regarded
as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted). The second element requires a showing that the defendant
intended to cause severe emotional distress or that the defendant acted with “reckless
indifference to the likelihood” that her actions would “cause severe emotional distress.”
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Dickens v. Puryear, 276 S.E.2d 325, 335 (N.C. 1981). Regarding the third element, “the
term severe emotional distress means any . . . type of severe and disabling emotional or
mental condition which may be generally recognized and diagnosed by professionals
trained to do so.” Waddle v. Sparks, 414 S.E.2d 22, 27 (N.C. 1992) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
As Griffin’s challenge to the dismissal of his IIED claim focuses specifically on
Nurse Mortier’s conduct, our assessment of the claim does so as well. Having reviewed
the description of Mortier’s conduct alleged in the complaint, we are satisfied that Griffin
states a plausible IIED claim against her. As to the first element, the complaint sufficiently
alleges that Mortier acted in an “extreme and outrageous” manner when she failed to
examine or treat Griffin after learning that he had suffered a seizure and struck his head.
Turner, 794 S.E.2d at 446. And, providing further support on the first element, the
complaint alleges that Mortier placed Griffin in a holding cell—where he could apparently
further injure himself—and that no medical action was taken when Griffin became
increasingly disoriented while in the holding cell.
Regarding the second element, the complaint adequately alleges that Nurse Mortier
exhibited “reckless indifference to the likelihood” that her conduct would cause Griffin
severe emotional distress. Dickens, 276 S.E.2d at 335. Indeed, a medical professional’s
placement of a person who had a seizure and suffered a head injury in a holding cell without
examination or treatment can support a claim that the medical professional acted with
reckless indifference to the possibility that the person may suffer further severe physical
and emotional injury.
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As to the third element, the complaint alleges that Griffin suffers from permanent
health problems, including seizures, loss of brain function, memory loss, extreme
migraines, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. We conclude that those
injuries sufficiently allege a “severe and disabling emotional or mental condition” that rises
to the level of “severe emotional distress.” Waddle, 414 S.E.2d at 27 (internal quotation
marks omitted). Because the complaint states a plausible IIED claim against Nurse
Mortier, we vacate the district court’s dismissal of that claim.
IV.
Pursuant to the foregoing, we grant the motion for leave to proceed in forma
pauperis, vacate the district court’s dismissal of Griffin’s claims against Nurse Mortier for
deliberate indifference and IIED, and remand for further proceedings on those claims. We
affirm the district court’s dismissal of all other claims. We dispense with oral argument
because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this
court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART,
AND REMANDED
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