ETC Sunoco Holdings v. United States

Case: 21-10937 Document: 00516349198 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/08/2022
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 8, 2022
No. 21-10937 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
ETC Sunoco Holdings, L.L.C., formerly known as Sunoco, Inc.,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
United States of America,
Defendant—Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 3:20-cv-2981
Before Clement, Graves, and Costa, Circuit Judges.
Gregg Costa, Circuit Judge:
Sunoco sued the Internal Revenue Service in Texas federal court,
seeking a partial refund of its income tax payments for 2010 and 2011.
Sunoco’s claims rested on a theory of reduced tax liability that the company
had argued unsuccessfully for prior tax years in the Court of Federal Claims.
Because the issue was fully and actually litigated in the earlier case, the
district court dismissed Sunoco’s new suit under collateral estoppel. We
affirm.
Case: 21-10937 Document: 00516349198 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/08/2022
No. 21-10937
I
The United States collects an excise tax on the sale of motor fuels. 26
U.S.C. § 4081. In 1983, Congress enacted a tax incentive program that
reduced the excise-tax rate for certain renewable fuels, including alcohol-fuel
mixtures. See Highway Revenue Act of 1982, Pub. L. No. 97-424, 96 Stat.
2097. The incentives popularized the production of blended fuel but
depleted the Highway Trust Fund, which receives the revenue from the fuel
excise tax. H.R. Rep. No. 108-548, pt. 1, at 141–42 (2004). So, in 2004,
Congress restructured the program. It passed the American Jobs Creation
Act, which replaced the reduced tax rate for blended fuels with an
“equivalent” incentive. See id. at 142; Pub. L. No. 108-357, 118 Stat. 1418.
Under the new framework, fuel producers could claim a refundable credit
against their excise-tax liability for each gallon of alcohol that they blended
into the gasoline they sold. 26 U.S.C. § 6426(a)(1).
The fuel industry soon realized that the Jobs Act might offer an added
tax benefit: it could potentially also reduce their income-tax liability. Excise
taxes are one of the “costs of goods sold” that taxpayers may subtract from
their gross profits for income-tax purposes. See 26 U.S.C. § 162(a); 26
C.F.R. § 1.61-3(a). If fuel companies could report the facially higher excise
tax for blended fuel as a cost of sale, without discounting the amount
refunded in mixture credits, the refunded income would be tax-free.
Sunoco is a one of the country’s largest producers and distributors of
blended fuels. From 2005 to 2011, the company claimed over $1.3 billion in
mixture credits. In its original tax returns for those years, Sunoco only
included its net excise-tax payments (after the credits applied) in the costs of
goods sold. But the company later amended its returns, adjusting its gross
income to reflect the excise taxes that it would have paid if it had not claimed
the credits. The difference was substantial: Sunoco asked the IRS to refund
2
Case: 21-10937 Document: 00516349198 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/08/2022
No. 21-10937
more than $300 million for the tax years 2005-2008 1, and nearly $150 million
for the years 2010-2011. The IRS denied the refund claims.
Sunoco brought the dispute over the 2005–2008 tax years to the Court
of Federal Claims. Sunoco argued that the mixture credits satisfied but did
not technically “reduce” the company’s excise-tax liability, so there was no
reason to subtract the credits from the taxes included in the costs of goods
sold. The court disagreed and ruled for the IRS. The Federal Circuit
affirmed, holding: “Sunoco asks this court to permit it to deduct, as a cost of
goods sold, an excise-tax expense that it never incurred or paid. Neither the
text of the Jobs Act nor its legislative history supports such a reading of the
Internal Revenue Code.” Sunoco, Inc. v. United States (Sunoco I), 908 F.3d
710, 715 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
Sunoco sued the IRS again five years later, seeking to recover the
alleged overpayments from tax years 2010–2011. The company made the
same argument as before. But, this time, it filed the complaint in the
Northern District of Texas. The district court held that issue preclusion
barred the suit. The court concluded that that the three elements of issue
preclusion were met: “(i) the Court of Federal Claims and the Federal
Circuit decided the taxability of the Mixture Credit in Sunoco I; (ii) [Sunoco]
had a full and fair opportunity to litigate this issue and did so; and (iii)
determining these issues was necessary to the Court’s judgment in Sunoco
I.”
1
Sunoco incurred a net operating loss in 2009, so it did not pay federal income tax
that year.
3
Case: 21-10937 Document: 00516349198 Page: 4 Date Filed: 06/08/2022
No. 21-10937
II
The only question is the correctness of the issue preclusion ruling.
Sunoco does not dispute that the three traditional elements of preclusion are
satisfied. It argues, however, that the court should have considered a fourth
factor: whether there are “special circumstances that would render
preclusion inappropriate or unfair.” Gandy Nursery, Inc. v. United States, 318
F.3d 631, 639 (5th Cir. 2003). We sometimes apply this exception when an
intervening change in “controlling legal principles” makes the prior ruling
erroneous or obsolete. See Petro-Hunt, L.L.C. v. United States, 365 F.3d 385,
399 (5th Cir. 2004); see also Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 161
(1979). Sunoco maintains that the exception applies here because, since
Sunoco I, two of its competitors have appealed the same mixture-credit issue
to other circuits. See Exxon Mobil Corp. v. United States, No. 21-10373 (5th
Cir. filed October 26, 2021); Delek US Holdings, Inc. v. United States, 32 F.4th
495 (6th Cir. 2022). A decision for the fuel producer in either case would
create a circuit split that might lead the Supreme Court to take up the issue.
And thus, Sunoco argues, there could be an intervening change in law that
would render Sunoco I obsolete.
We disagree and hold that Sunoco I has preclusive effect. To start,
Sunoco relies on a change in law, which has yet to (and may never) occur.
We have not ruled in Exxon. And while the Sixth Circuit has decided Delek
since this appeal was filed, it agreed with the Federal Circuit’s interpretation
of the mixture credit. 32 F.4th at 495. There has been no “major change[]
in the law governing” this case. See Montana, 440 U.S. at 161. Sunoco warns
that this does not “foreclose the possibility” that the law could change in the
future. But if that amounted to a special circumstance, preclusion would
never apply.
4
Case: 21-10937 Document: 00516349198 Page: 5 Date Filed: 06/08/2022
No. 21-10937
Sunoco’s appeal suffers from a more fundamental flaw: We do not
consider special circumstances when “both parties were involved” in the
prior suit. Bradberry v. Jefferson Cty., 732 F.3d 540, 549 (5th Cir. 2013); see
Kariuki v. Tarango, 709 F.3d 495, 506 (5th Cir. 2013). Traditionally,
collateral estoppel did not contain a special-circumstances exception. See
Bradberry, 732 F.3d at 549. But it did require mutuality of parties. Id. The
exception appeared after Parklane softened the mutuality rule, id., permitting
a plaintiff to estop a defendant from relitigating an issue that it argued and
lost in a suit against a different plaintiff so long as “no unfairness” resulted,
see Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 331–32 (1979). After Parklane,
some of our decisions “list[ed] the fairness requirement as a general
requirement for the application of issue preclusion.” RecoverEdge, L.P. v.
Pentecost, 44 F.3d 1284, 1290 n.12 (5th Cir. 1995). But we later clarified that
the requirement does not extend to instances of traditional or “mutual
estoppel.” In re Swate, 99 F.3d 1282, 1290 (5th Cir. 1996); see also Liberty
Mut. Ins. Co. v. FAG Bearings Corp., 335 F.3d 752, 757–59 (8th Cir. 2003)
(explaining that equitable considerations are limited to cases involving
mutual estoppel). The finality concerns underlying preclusion doctrine are
strongest when the same parties would be forced to relitigate “what is
essentially the same controversy.” See Restatement (Second) of
Judgments § 28(2) cmt. b (1982). In that situation, preclusion applies
without regard for equitable factors. 2
2
Sunoco argues that Swate and Bradberry misinterpreted dicta in RecoverEdge. But
those cases are consistent. RecoverEdge doubted that a “requirement of fairness would
apply” to mutual estoppel but declined to reach the question because the estopped party
had not alleged any “special circumstance” affecting the case. 44 F.3d at 1290 n.12. Swate
and Bradberry then confirmed that fairness only limits nonmutual estoppel. See In re Swate,
99 F.3d at 1290; Bradberry, 732 F.3d at 549.
Sunoco also maintains that, since Bradberry, we have “returned to considering
special circumstances” in the context of mutual estoppel. But Sunoco cites just two cases,
5
Case: 21-10937 Document: 00516349198 Page: 6 Date Filed: 06/08/2022
No. 21-10937
That is the case here. Because Sunoco and the IRS were both parties
to Sunoco I, “an inquiry into special circumstances is unnecessary.” See In re
Swate, 99 F.3d at 1290. Sunoco is barred from relitigating the Federal
Circuit’s conclusion that it cannot use the mixture credits to offset both
excise-tax and income-tax liability.
The judgment is AFFIRMED.
neither of which supports that statement. One involved a different estoppel exception,
which narrowly applies to disputes over secondary meaning in trademark cases. See Test
Masters Educ. Servs., Inc. v. Robin Singh Educ. Servs., Inc., 799 F.3d 437, 448 (5th Cir. 2015).
The other—a one-page, unpublished decision—listed special circumstances as a general
estoppel factor but did not apply it. See Jackson v. Fort Bend Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 722 F.
App’x 390, 390 (5th Cir. 2018) (unpublished).
6