United States v. Robinson

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 95-40368
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
FRED ROBINSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Eastern District of Texas
(1:94-CR-86)
March 18, 1996
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, DeMOSS and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
POLITZ, Chief Judge:*
Convicted of two counts of perjury, 18 U.S.C. § 1623, Fred Robinson appeals,
contending that the statements found perjurious were not material to the matter then before
the court and, further, that the prosecution should have been dismissed as vindictive. We
reverse the convictions and vacate the sentences.
Background
In March 1994, Robinson and several others were indicted for conspiring to assist his
*
Pursuant to Local Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in Local Rule
47.5.4.
brother Clarence to escape from custody, aiding and assisting in that escape, and possession
of a firearm during or in relation to a crime of violence. During his detention prior to trial,
Robinson was placed in solitary confinement and shackled when allowed out of his cell. He
moved for alteration of the conditions of his confinement, alleging that certain conditions
violated his due process rights. The district court referred the motion to a magistrate judge
for an evidentiary hearing and recommendation. At this hearing, Robinson testified
concerning the conditions of his pretrial confinement and stated that he had never threatened
any jailers; specifically, he testified that he did not say to Jefferson County jailer David
Prejean “I should have shot when I had the chance.” On recommendation of the magistrate
judge the district judge denied the motion on the grounds that the court lacked authority to
grant the relief therein sought.
While awaiting trial, Robinson was indicted on three counts of perjury based on his
testimony before the magistrate judge on the aforementioned motion. A motion to dismiss
the perjury indictment as being the product of prosecutorial vindictiveness was denied. At
trial of the perjury count several witnesses testified that Robinson had made the threats.
Robinson offered no evidence but at the close of the government’s case filed a Rule 29
motion to acquit for insufficient evidence.1 The motion was denied. The court instructed
the jury that the subject statements were material to the issue before the court in the
magistrate judge’s hearing. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the two counts submitted
to it.2 Robinson appeals.
Analysis
Robinson was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 1623. This statute, captioned “False
1
Fed.R.Crim.P. 29.
2
The prosecution dismissed one perjury count before trial.
2
declarations before grand jury or court,” makes it a crime to “knowingly make[ ] any false
material declaration” while “under oath . . . in any proceeding before or ancillary to any
court or grand jury of the United States.” Robinson contends that the district court erred in
holding that his alleged false statements were material to the issue before the court.
Robinson’s claim is essentially a challenge to the denial of his Rule 29 motion for
judgment of acquittal. When the denial of a Rule 29 motion is challenged, “[t]he standard
of review . . . is whether ‘viewing the evidence presented most favorable to the Government,
a reasonable minded juror could accept the relevant and admissible evidence as [adequate]
and sufficient to support the conclusion of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.’”3 For a statement to be material under 18 U.S.C. § 1623, it must have been capable
of influencing the tribunal on a pending issue.4 Robinson maintains that his denial that he
threatened the jailers could not have influenced the court on the issue before it because the
court ruled that it lacked authority to grant the relief sought in the pending motion. Robinson
contends that because the district court lacked jurisdiction on the conditions of confinement
motion, there effectively was no issue before the court upon which the tribunal could have
been influenced.
We entertain no doubt that Robinson lied to the court while under oath. We likewise
entertain no doubt that the prosecution failed to establish the essential element of materiality,
an imperative for a conviction under section 1623, because the district court, before whom
the perjury occurred, lacked the authority to grant relief on the motion on which the
3
United States v. Lindell, 881 F.2d 1313, 1326 (5th Cir. 1989) (emphasis added), cert.
denied, 493 U.S. 1087 and 496 U.S. 926 (1990).
4
See United States v. Abroms, 947 F.2d 1241 (5th Cir. 1991) (stating that a
misrepresentation is material if it has the natural tendency to influence the decision of the
tribunal on the issue to which it is addressed), cert. denied, 505 U.S. 1204 (1992).
3
perjurious testimony was given. Robinson’s perjury, though contemptuous of the court,
could not have influenced the court on the issue of Robinson’s pretrial confinement because
the court had no jurisdiction to consider that issue. We conclude, as a matter of law, that the
evidence failed to establish that the misstatements were material under 18 U.S.C. § 1623 and,
accordingly, we reverse the perjury convictions and vacate the sentences thereon.
Robinson next challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for
vindictive prosecution. He contends that he was subjected to more severe punishment for
exercising a protected right, specifically the right to challenge the conditions of his pretrial
confinement. He maintains that the prosecution was designed to deter him from taking the
stand.
In light of our reversal of the perjury convictions and our vacating of the sentences
imposed, the vindictive prosecution case is mooted. Were it not so, we would affirm the trial
court’s dismissal of the vindictive prosecution challenge because it cannot be gainsaid that
a prosecution for an offense based on conduct separate and distinct from a prior offense does
not, without more, constitute vindictive prosecution.5
Convictions REVERSED; sentences VACATED.
5
United States v. Ward, 757 F.2d 616 (5th Cir. 1985).
4