DocketNumber: 91-7393
Judges: Van Graafeiland, King, Garza
Filed Date: 1/28/1993
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 10/19/2024
This appeal arises from a Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding. Ray G. Besing and his law firm, Ray G. Besing & Associates, (jointly “the Debtors”), appeal from a bankruptcy court order dismissing an action in which they sought to invoke 11 U.S.C. § 548 to avoid a state court judgment. Concluding that the judgment, which had dismissed with prejudice the Debtors’ contract and tort claims against Lyn Noble Hawthorne (“Hawthorne”), did not constitute a “transfer” for purposes of § 548, the bankruptcy court dismissed the Debtors’ action. The district court affirmed. We also affirm, although we do so on different grounds.
I.
The claims at issue here have their roots in a personal and business relationship that dates back to 1981 — the year Besing began handling legal matters for Hawthorne (then Lyn Noble). In December 1982, Bes-ing presented Hawthorne with a three-carat diamond ring, and the two became engaged to be married. During the year that followed, Besing and Hawthorne entered into several business ventures, including the purchase of two Arabian fillies and a tract of land located near Austin, Texas. As time passed, however, the couple’s relationship deteriorated, and, in early 1984, Besing and Hawthorne called off their engagement.
In August 1984, the Debtors sued Hawthorne in Texas state court, seeking specific performance of an alleged settlement agreement or damages for breach thereof.
On March 2, 1987, as a result of discovery abuse, the state court entered a sanction order striking the Debtors’ pleadings and dismissing with prejudice their claims for affirmative recovery.
On March 25, 1988, while the state court appeal was still pending, the Debtors filed joint petitions for relief under Chapter 11
Anticipating Hawthorne’s res judicata defense, the Debtors argued that their claims were not barred by the adverse state court judgment because it had not become final prior to the commencement of the bankruptcy proceeding.
The Debtors’ finality argument became moot when the Texas Court of Appeals upheld the state trial court judgment.
After a short bench trial,
II.
Our jurisdiction to hear this appeal is conferred by 28 U.S.C. § 158(d). See In re Louisiana World Exposition, Inc., 832 F.2d 1391, 1398 (5th Cir.1987); see also In re Moody, 849 F.2d 902, 904 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 967, 109 S.Ct. 493, 102 L.Ed.2d 530 (1988); 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2) (core proceedings). We review the legal conclusions of the courts below, including their interpretations of the Bankruptcy Code, de novo. In re Bradley, 960 F.2d
III.
Our task on appeal is to determine whether the Texas court’s judgment constituted a transfer of the Debtors’ claims which is subject to avoidance under § 548(a)(2)(A) and (B)(ii).
A.
What constitutes a transfer for purposes of § 548 is a question of federal bankruptcy law. Barnhill v. Johnson, — U.S. -, -, 112 S.Ct. 1386, 1389, 118 L.Ed.2d 39 (1992) (citing McKenzie v. Irving Trust Co., 323 U.S. 365, 369-70, 65 S.Ct. 405, 407-08, 89 L.Ed. 305 (1945)). The Bankruptcy Code itself provides a definition:
“transfer” means every mode, direct or indirect, absolute or conditional, voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with property or with an interest in property, including the retention of title as a security interest and foreclosure of the debtor’s equity of redemption.
11 U.S.C. 101(54).
As the Debtors correctly point out, Congress intended for the Code’s definition of “transfer” to be as broad as possible. See S.Rep. No. 95-989, 95th Cong.2d Sess. 27 (1978) (“A transfer is a disposition of an interest in property. The definition ... is as broad as possible.”), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. p. 5787, 5813; H.R.Rep. No. 95-595, 95th Cong. 1st Sess. 314 (1977) (same language), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. p. 5963, 6271. “The word is used in its most comprehensive sense, and is intended to include every means and manner by which property can pass from the ownership and possession of anoth-er_” Pirie v. Chicago Title & Trust Co., 182 U.S. 438, 444, 21 S.Ct. 906, 908, 45 L.Ed. 1171 (1901) (construing former section 1(30) of the Bankruptcy Act from which the current Code definition was derived). Indeed, the Code’s expansive definition literally encompasses “every mode ... of ... parting with ... an interest in property.” 11 U.S.C. § 10K54).
B.
An interest in property, for purposes of § 548, includes any interest of the debtor that would have been preserved for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate but for the alleged transfer. See In re Stevens, 112 B.R. 175, 177 (Bankr.S.D.Tex.1989); see also In re Hargis, 887 F.2d 77, 79 (5th Cir.1989) (stating that the Bankruptcy Code’s avoidance provisions are “exclusively geared toward protecting the rights of creditors via protection of the bankruptcy estate”), clarified, 895 F.2d 1025 (5th Cir.1990). Under § 541, “all legal and equitable interests of the debtor in property” become property of the bankruptcy estate. 11 U.S.C. § 541. This description is all-encompassing, and Congress intended for it to include state law claims and causes of action. See In re Mortgageamerica Corp., 714 F.2d 1266, 1274 (5th Cir.1983); see also S.Rep. No. 95-989, 95th Cong.2d Sess. 82 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. p. 5787, 5868; H.R.Rep. No. 95-595, 95th Cong. 1st Sess. 367 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. p. 5963, 6323. Texas law also recognizes claims and causes of action as interests in property. See Renger Memorial Hosp. v. State, 674 S.W.2d 828, 830 (Tex.App.—Austin 1984, no writ); Garrett v. Reno Oil Co., 271 S.W.2d 764, 767 (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1954, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The Debtors’ contract and tort claims against Hawthorne thus constituted interests in property for purposes of § 548. We therefore look to the judgment itself to determine whether it caused the Debtors to “part with” their claims.
The Debtors sued Hawthorne in Texas state court, asserting their contract and tort claims. As a result of discovery abuse by the Debtors, however, the court entered a sanction order dismissing those claims with prejudice. The sanction order was incorporated into a final judgment, and that judgment was affirmed by the Texas Court of Appeals.
Because the dismissal of the Debtors’ claims was a dismissal with prejudice, the final judgment operates to bar the Debtors from reasserting their contract and tort claims in state court. See Mossler v. Shields, 818 S.W.2d 752, 754 (Tex.1991) (dismissal with prejudice as discovery sanction constituted a determination on the merits of a claim which barred relitigation
In light of the Bankruptcy Code’s expansive definition of “transfer,” which literally encompasses “every” mode of parting with an interest in property, and the express intent of Congress that this definition be read as broadly as possible, we must agree with the Debtors’ contention that the Texas court’s dismissal of their claims caused them to “part with” their claims. We hold, therefore, that the bankruptcy court erred in concluding that the state court judgment had not effected a “transfer” of the Debtors’ claims against Hawthorne within the meaning of § 548.
c.
Our resolution of the transfer issue does not, however, compel reversal. We may affirm if there are any grounds in the record to support the judgment, even if those grounds were not relied upon by the courts below. Mangaroo v. Nelson, 864 F.2d 1202, 1204 n. 2 (5th Cir.1989); Watts v. Graves, 720 F.2d 1416, 1419 (5th Cir.1983). Even the complete lack of findings and conclusions by the bankruptcy court on a material issue does not compel reversal if we can nevertheless fully understand and resolve the issue on appeal. In re Texas Extrusion Corp., 836 F.2d 217, 221 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 926, 109 S.Ct. 311, 102 L.Ed.2d 330 (1988); Cf. Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273, 292, 102 S.Ct. 1781, 1792, 72 L.Ed.2d 66 (1982) (where findings are infirm, a remand is proper unless the record permits only one resolution of the issue). Thus, if the record otherwise supports the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the Debtors’ § 548 action, we may affirm notwithstanding that court’s erroneous conclusion on the transfer issue. We conclude that it does.
Although the bankruptcy court found the transfer issue dispositive, the occurrence of a transfer is merely a threshold issue under § 548(a)(2)(A). To avoid the Texas court’s judgment under that provision, the Debtors also must establish, inter alia, that they received less than a reasonably equivalent value for their claims. See 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(2)(A); see also In re McConnell, 934 F.2d 662, 665 n. 1 (5th Cir.1991) (the debtor in possession has the burden to prove the elements of a fraudulent transfer under § 548). The Debtors’ failure to establish this element would be fatal to their § 548 action.
Because the Bankruptcy Code does not define “reasonably equivalent value,” the task of determining the scope of the term has been left to the courts. And while there is some disagreement as to whether the ultimate determination of reasonable equivalency is a question of law or of fact,
Courts have developed a variety of standards for determining reasonable equivalency, frequently in the context of the attempted avoidance of state foreclosure proceedings.
We emphasize that our decision addresses only the disposition of state law claims by a state tribunal. It does not in any way limit the well-established rule that other transfers of property may be subject to avoidance under the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. Thus, we believe that it “provide[s] adequate deference to state ... proceedings ..., without unduly trammell-ing upon the policies of the bankruptcy laws.” In re Grissom, 955 F.2d 1440, 1449 (11th Cir.1992). We further note that because our decision is based upon a finding of reasonable equivalency, it does not address the issue of claims lost or forfeited by a debtor with the actual intent to defraud the creditors of the bankruptcy estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1). Finally, we note that our decision is consonant with our obligation under the Full Faith and Credit Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1738, to give the Texas judgment the same preclusive effect it would have in a Texas court. See In re Brady, 936 F.2d 212, 217 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 657, 116 L.Ed.2d 748 (1991). Texas law would not afford the Debtors the opportunity to reassert their contract and tort claims against Hawthorne. See Mossler, 818 S.W.2d at 754; Logan, 736 S.W.2d at 931. Section 548 should not operate to circumvent this result. “The Bankruptcy Code was not. intended to give litigants a second chance to challenge a state court judgment nor did it intend for the Bankruptcy Court to serve as an appellate court [for state court proceedings].” In re G & R Mfg. Co., 91 B.R. 991, 994 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1988).
IV.
In sum, although we are persuaded that the Bankruptcy Code’s definition of “transfer” is indeed broad enough to encompass the Texas court’s dismissal of the Debtors’ claims, we conclude that the Debtors cannot as a matter of law establish that they received less than a reasonably equivalent value. The bankruptcy court therefore properly dismissed the Debtors’ § 548 action. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
. According to the Debtors’ complaint, Hawthorne had orally agreed to (1) either return the diamond ring or pay Besing $32,000, (2) pay Besing $42,000 in settlement of debts and accounts arising from their business ventures, and (3) indemnify Besing for any liability arising from the purchase of the Austin property. The Debtors also alleged that Hawthorne had agreed that she and Besing would jointly own and manage the horses.
. This sanction is expressly authorized by Texas law. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 215(2)(b)(5); see also Transamerica Natural Gas v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 916-19 (Tex.1991); Bodnow Corp. v. City of Hondo, 721 S.W.2d 839, 840 (Tex.1986); Downwind Aviation, Inc. v. Orange County, 760 S.W.2d 336, 339 (Tex.App.—Beaumont 1988, writ denied).
. See Fed.R.Bankr.P. 4007. Hawthorne asserted that the judgment against Besing fell within one or more of the statutory exceptions to discharge set forth at 11 U.S.C. § 523.
. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(1) (Automatic Stay) (staying the continuation of any judicial proceeding against the debtor that was commenced before the filing of the bankruptcy petition).
. The statute, in pertinent part, provides:
The trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property, or any obligation incurred by the debtor, that was made or incurred on or within one year before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily ... received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for such transfer or obligation; and ... was engaged in business or a transaction or was about to engage in business or a transaction, for which any property remaining with the debtor was an unreasonably small capital....
11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(2)(A) and (B)(ii). Subject to limited exceptions not applicable to these facts, the debtor in possession has all of the rights and powers of a trustee. 11 U.S.C. § 1107(a).
. At the request of the parties, the bankruptcy court abated the adversary proceeding to allow the Debtors to pursue their appeal.
. The court heard testimony from Mr. Besing and Mr. Burch, a CPA who testified regarding the financial status of the Debtors at the time of the state court judgment. The parties also stipulated to the admission of substantial portions of the state court record, including the Besing Group’s Second Amended Petition (their last live pleading), the Sanction Order, the trial court’s Final Judgment, and the Texas Court of Appeal’s mandate.
. Because Hawthorne's claim had been fully allowed and the confirmed plan provided for payment in full, the parties agreed that there was no reason to proceed with Hawthorne’s § 523 claim. The court therefore dismissed the claim without prejudice.
.In the final paragraph of their brief on the transfer issue, the Debtors assert that, even if the state court judgment did not constitute a "transfer” of their claims, the damages assessed against Besing — approximately $60,000 — constitute an "obligation incurred” for which Besing received no value. See 11 U.S.C. § 548(a). Thus, the Debtors argue, the money judgment is subject to avoidance notwithstanding this court's ultimate resolution of the transfer issue. Our review of the record reveals that the Debtors did raise this argument in their counterclaim, although they did little to urge it before the bankruptcy court. On appeal, the Debtors offer no authority to support this theory, and they make no attempt to set forth any legal argument to persuade us of its correctness. Under these circumstances, we will not address the merits of the Debtors’ argument. See Fed. R.AppJP. 28(a)(5); Zeno v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 803 F.2d 178, 180-81 (5th Cir.1986) (issues not adequately briefed are waived and will not be considered on appeal); see also Franceski v. Plaquemines Parish School Bd., 772 F.2d 197, 199 n. 1 (5th Cir.1985); Texas Mortgage Serv. Corp. v. Guadalupe Savings & Loan Assoc., 761 F.2d 1068, 1073-74 (5th Cir.1985).
. Due to an error in the numbering of paragraphs added by Pub.L. 101-647 (Crime Control Act of 1990), 11 U.S.C. § 101 now has two sections (54), one defining "stockbroker” and the second defining "transfer.” We shall refer to the definition of “transfer” as being codified at § 101(54). See Barnhill, — U.S. at - n. 4, 112 S.Ct. at 1389 n. 4.
. Circuit courts have recently construed the definition broadly enough to include dispositions of property as diverse as a leveraged buyout, see Mellon Bank, N.A. v. Metro Communications, Inc., 945 F.2d 635, 646 (3rd Cir.1991), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 1476, 117
. See In re Morris Communications NC, Inc., 914 F.2d 458, 467 (4th Cir.1990) (noting the
. For purposes of § 548, " ‘value’ means property, or satisfaction or securing of a present or antecedent debt of the debtor, but does not include an unperformed promise to furnish support to the debtor or to a relative of the debt- or....” 11 U.S.C. § 548(d)(2)(A).
. In Durrett v. Washington Nat'l Ins. Co., 621 F.2d 201 (5th Cir.1980), for example, a panel of this circuit applied a purely mathematical test, holding that a foreclosure sale which brought only 57.7 percent of the market value of a debtor’s property was subject to avoidance. In so holding, the Durrett court also observed that it had found no case in which a transfer for less than 70 percent of market value had been approved. Id. at 203. This dictum spawned the so-called "Durrett rule,” which, when mechanically applied, invalidates any transfer for less than 70 percent of fair market value. See, e.g., In re Wheeler, 34 B.R. 818, 821 (Bankr.N.D.Ala.1983).
Other circuits, indeed the majority of the circuits that have addressed the issue, reject Dur-rett 's purely mathematical analysis in favor of a broader "totality of the circumstances” standard. See In re Grissom, 955 F.2d 1440, 1445 (11th Cir.1992); Barrett v. Commonwealth Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 939 F.2d 20, 23-25 (3rd Cir.1991); In re Morris Communications NC, Inc., 914 F.2d 458, 467 (4th Cir.1990); In re Bundles, 856 F.2d 815, 821 (7th Cir.1988); In re Hulm, 738 F.2d 323, 326 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 990, 105 S.Ct. 398, 83 L.Ed.2d 331 (1984). Under this standard, foreclosure proceedings conducted in accordance with state law are presumed to bring the reasonably equivalent value of a property unless the trustee proves that the totality of the circumstances rebut that presumption. Grissom, 955 F.2d at 1148; Bundles, 856 F.2d at 824. "Only in this manner,” the Eleventh Circuit observed, "do we provide adequate deference to state ... proceedings ..., without unduly trammelling upon the policies of the bankruptcy laws.” Grissom, 955 F.2d at 1149.
Two circuit courts have afforded even greater deference to state proceedings, holding that the price received at a noncollusive, regularly conducted foreclosure sale establishes reasonably equivalent value as a matter of law. See In re BFP, 974 F.2d 1144 (9th Cir.1992); In re Winshall Settlor’s Trust, 758 F.2d 1136, 1139 (6th Cir.1985). In adopting this rule, the Ninth Circuit acknowledged that it undermines, so some degree, the debtor's ability to recover lost equity. BFP, 974 F.2d at 1148. The court nevertheless concluded that "broader considerations” required it "to give a reasonable meaning to § 548 without unduly upsetting ... state law.” Id. at 1148-49. By doing so, the court observed, "we are able to balance bankruptcy policy and comity concerns.” Id. at 1149.
. The Debtors would have us draw a distinction in this case because the dismissal was the result of a sanction order. They argue that they "did not lose [their] claims on the merits, the trial court took them away by sanction.” This, we refuse to do. As noted, supra, Texas law draws no such distinction. See Mossler, 818 S.W.2d at 754 (dismissal with prejudice as discovery sanction constituted a determination on the merits of a claim); Logan, 736 S.W.2d at 931 (dismissal with prejudice as a discovery sanction constituted a judgment on the merits of a claim). Indeed, the Texas Supreme Court has expressly recognized that the legal basis for a sanction dismissal with prejudice is the fact that "a party's hindrance of the discovery process justifies a presumption that its claims or defenses lack merit.” Transamerica Natural Gas v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 918 (Tex.1991). We further note that, while we are bound to give the state court judgment at least the same pre-clusive effect it would have under state law, see In re Brady, 936 F.2d 212, 217 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 657, 116 L.Ed.2d 748 (1991), the same result would obtain under Fifth Circuit precedent. See In re Reed, 861 F.2d 1381, 1382-83 (5th Cir.1988); Dillard v. Security Pacific Brokers, Inc., 835 F.2d 607, 608 (5th Cir.1988).
. The Debtors raise (but, again, fail to brief) two additional arguments that warrant very little discussion. First, they assert that because