Hang Thuy Nguyen v. United States Citizenship & Immigration Services

Case: 16-30904 Document: 00513868740 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/09/2017
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 16-30904 FILED
Summary Calendar February 9, 2017
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
HANG THUY NGUYEN,
Plaintiff–Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP & IMMIGRATION SERVICES,
Defendant–Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Louisiana
Before JOLLY, SMITH, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
Hang Thuy Nguyen appeals a summary judgment upholding the denial
of her application for naturalization because, under state law, she had not
received a “full and unconditional executive pardon” for her conviction of an
aggravated felony. We find no error and affirm.
Case: 16-30904 Document: 00513868740 Page: 2 Date Filed: 02/09/2017
No. 16-30904
I.
Nguyen, a lawful permanent resident, was convicted in 2004 of the state
crime of conspiracy to commit false or altered lottery tickets and received a
suspended sentence of two years’ imprisonment and two years’ active proba-
tion. After completing probation, she was granted an automatic first-offender
pardon. See LA. CONST. art. IV, § 5(E)(1); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 15:572(B)(1).
Nguyen applied for naturalization. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Ser-
vices (“USCIS”) denied the application and stated in its reaffirmance of the
denial that her conviction, an aggravated felony, permanently prevented her
from demonstrating good moral character and thus from being naturalized.
Nguyen sought judicial review. The district court granted summary
judgment on the ground that Louisiana’s automatic first-offender pardon is not
a “full and unconditional executive pardon” as required by 8 C.F.R. § 316.10.
Nguyen appeals.
II.
Nguyen contests USCIS’s interpretation of its regulation. She asserts
that the Louisiana statute implementing the first-offender pardon demon-
strates that this is a full pardon such that it falls within the regulation. We
disagree.
Among the requirements to become a naturalized citizen is to have been
a “person of good moral character” during the proscribed five-year waiting per-
iod as a lawful permanent resident. 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a). An applicant for natur-
alization is permanently barred from demonstrating good moral character if
convicted of an aggravated felony, as defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43), any
time on or after November 29, 1990. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(f)(8); 8 C.F.R. § 316.10-
(b)(1)(ii). The regulations allow an exception for those who have received a
“full and unconditional executive pardon.” 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(c)(2)(i).
2
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No. 16-30904
Louisiana’s constitution provides for two different sorts of pardon. The
first is a discretionary pardon or commutation issued by the governor. LA.
CONST. art. IV, § 5(E)(1). The second is a pardon for first-time offenders issued
“automatically upon completion of his sentence, without a recommendation of
the Board of Pardons and without action by the governor.” Id. USCIS has
interpreted the second automatic first-offender pardon not to be a “full and
unconditional executive pardon.” We need not consider whether USCIS’s in-
terpretation is entitled to Auer deference, 1 because its interpretation of “full
and unconditional executive pardon” is otherwise persuasive. See Christopher
v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 132 S. Ct. 2156, 2168–69 (2012).
Louisiana distinguishes between the effects of its two types of pardons.
A gubernatorial pardon “precludes the use of a pardoned offense to enhance
punishment” and restores the individual to “a status of innocence.” State v.
Adams, 355 So. 2d 917, 921–22 (La. 1978) (internal quotation marks omitted).
An automatic first offender pardon does not restore “a status of innocence” and,
accordingly, “does not preclude consideration of a first felony conviction in ad-
judicating a person as a habitual offender.” Id. at 922.
Nguyen urges that there is no such distinction because the Louisiana
statute implementing these pardons does not distinguish between them for
purposes of considering pardoned offenses under habitual-offender statutes.
The implementing statute states that “any person receiving a pardon under
the provisions of [§ 5(E)(1)] and this Section may be charged and punished as
a second or multiple offender as provided in R.S. 15:529.1.” LA. REV. STAT.
ANN. § 15:572(E). But the Louisiana Supreme Court has maintained the dis-
tinction between gubernatorial and automatic first-offender pardons in this
1 See Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461 (1997).
3
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No. 16-30904
context. See Touchet v. Broussard, 31 So. 3d 986, 993–94 (La. 2010). Given
that Louisiana does not consider the automatic first-offender pardon to restore
“a status of innocence,” as does a gubernatorial pardon, USCIS’s interpretation
that an automatic first-offender pardon is not a “full and unconditional execu-
tive pardon” is permissible. 2
The summary judgment is AFFIRMED. 3
2 USCIS’s interpretation of “full and unconditional executive pardon” in Sharma v.
Taylor, 50 F. Supp. 3d 749, 754 (E.D. Va. 2014)—to include discretionary gubernatorial com-
mutations that eliminate naturalization consequences—is substantively distinct and thus
inapplicable. It does not demonstrate that USCIS’s interpretation of Louisiana’s automatic
first-offender pardons is invalid.
3Nguyen’s motion to supplement the record is DENIED. USCIS’s motion to strike
Nguyen’s corrected brief is DENIED.
4