United States v. Coscarelli

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
__________________
No. 98-21120
__________________
UNITED STATES of AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CRAIG MICHAEL COSCARELLI, also known as
John Coscarelli,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
(H-94-CR-284-1)
_________________________________________________________________
February 10, 2000
Before BARKSDALE, BENAVIDES, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
By interlocutory appeal, Craig Michael Coscarelli, having
pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail fraud, wire fraud,
using a fictitious name with a scheme to defraud, and money
laundering, challenges, as violative of double jeopardy, the denial
of his motion to dismiss a second indictment’s conspiracy count,
which alleges conspiracy to commit the same form of objects of the
conspiracy as did the first indictment: mail fraud, wire fraud,
using a fictitious name with a scheme to defraud, and money
laundering. We AFFIRM.
I.
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
Two telemarketing schemes that began in 1993 are the subjects
of the two indictments: American Business Enterprises (ABE; first
indictment) and American Family Publishers (AFP; second
indictment). AFP targeted persons having previously done business
with a telemarketer, informing them they had won a prize and to
send money to cover related expenses; ABE, those with poor credit
histories, informing them they could receive a loan or credit card
if they paid an advance-fee.
In May 1994, Coscarelli was indicted for his activities with
ABE. He pleaded guilty that October to the conspiracy count; in
March 1995, he was sentenced to 60 months imprisonment.
That November, after having pleaded guilty the prior month to
the ABE conspiracy count, Coscarelli was indicted for his activity
with AFP. In June 1995, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced; but,
in 1998, he was allowed to withdraw his guilty plea. (This
followed an appeal by the Government concerning the sentence and
the matter being remanded. United States v. Coscarelli, 105 F.3d
984 (5th Cir. 1997), rev’d in part en banc, 149 F.3d 342 (5th Cir.
1998).) Thereafter, his motion to dismiss the second indictment on
double jeopardy grounds was summarily denied; subsequently, for
purposes of this appeal, the court found that the issues raised
were not frivolous. Accordingly, it granted Coscarelli’s
interlocutory appeal request. See United States v. Brackett, 113
F.3d 1396, 1398 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 934 (1997);
United States v. Dunbar, 611 F.2d 985 (5th Cir.)(en banc), cert.
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denied, 447 U.S. 926 (1980). As a result, trial on the
remaining/substantive counts is stayed.
II.
The Fifth Amendment protects, inter alia, against a second
prosecution for the same offense post-conviction. E.g., United
States v. Beszborn, 21 F.3d 62, 67 (5th Cir. 1994). Double
jeopardy claims are reviewed de novo. Brackett, 113 F.3d at 1398.
But, the district court’s underlying factual findings are reviewed
only for clear error. United States v. Cihak, 137 F.3d 252, 257
(5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___U.S.___, 119 S. Ct. 118 (1998). The
district court summarily denied Coscarelli’s motion; thereafter, it
denied his request for an evidentiary hearing. In short, there are
no factual findings to review. (As noted, the district court did
find, for interlocutory appeal purposes, that the issues raised in
the motion were not frivolous.)
For our de novo review, we examine the indictments, as well as
evidence from trials or hearings. United States v. Vasquez-
Rodriguez, 978 F.2d 867 (5th Cir. 1992). Therefore, we review the
documents cited by the parties to the district court, but limited,
of course, to those in the record (pertinent information), as
discussed below. Accordingly, concerning the ABE-first-indictment,
pertinent information is found in it, the plea agreement, the
presentence report (PSR) and the sentencing hearing transcript.
For the AFP-second-indictment, such information is found in it, and
the PSR. (Because Coscarelli initially pleaded guilty to the
second-indictment, a PSR was prepared and sentencing held. As
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noted, he was later allowed to withdraw that plea.) We also
consider the Government’s opposition to the motion to dismiss (for
admissions).
In district court, the parties referred also to statements
given to the FBI; Coscarelli does so here, extensively, and even
includes them in his record excerpts. But, those statements are
not in the record. Therefore, they are not considered here.
To prevail on a double jeopardy claim, a defendant must show
that the two charged offenses are the same in law and in fact.
United States v. Marable, 578 F.2d 151, 153 (5th Cir. 1978). If
the defendant establishes a prima facie claim, the Government bears
the burden of proving that the two indictments involve separate and
discrete offenses. United States v. Schinnell, 80 F.3d 1064, 1066
(5th Cir. 1996); Beszborn, 21 F.3d at 69.
“The essential issue in the double jeopardy analysis
respecting conspiracy is whether one, or more than one, agreement
existed.” United States v. Deshaw, 974 F.2d 667, 673 (5th Cir.
1992). To determine whether a prior conspiracy conviction involves
the same offense as one subsequently charged, five factors are
considered, as framed in Marable, 578 F.2d at 154: (1) the time
frame of each conspiracy; (2) the co-conspirators; (3) the charged
statutory offenses; (4) the overt acts charged, or any other
description of conduct that indicates the nature and scope of the
activity the Government seeks to punish; and (5) where the alleged
events for the conspiracy occurred. E.g., Cihak, 137 F.3d at 258.
A.
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Based on our review of the above listed pertinent information,
and in the light of these five factors, Coscarelli has established
a prima facie claim. There is some overlap in the indictments’
time frames. Both charge violating the same statute. Some of the
conspirators in both indictments are the same, although some were
unindicted in the first, and some were unknown in the second.
In addition, the overt acts are similar; each involves using
the telephone to convince an individual, through fraud, to send
money in exchange for a larger benefit. The primary difference is
the lie told the individual. Additionally, the overt acts alleged
in the AFP-second-indictment end in May 1994, supporting
Coscarelli’s contention that both schemes ended then.
It appears that the two schemes were in the same building at
least once; and frequently, because of their fraudulent nature, the
two entities’ names and locations were changed to avoid postal
inspectors and defrauded individuals.
Coscarelli having established a prima facie claim, the burden
shifts to the Government. We consider the five earlier described
factors. (Despite the Government addressing each factor,
Coscarelli did not file a reply brief. Perhaps counsel felt the
factors had been covered adequately in his affirmative brief. But
there, as noted, great/repeated reliance was placed on FBI-
statements that are not in the record.)
1.
The Government’s contention that there were two separate and
distinct conspiracies is premised, as reflected in Coscarelli’s
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plea agreement, on ABE operating, from February 1993 to July 1993;
and AFP, as alleged in the second-indictment, operating from that
July to August 1994. Restated, the Government relies on that plea
agreement to support its claim that ABE’s activities ceased in July
1993. The ABE-first-indictment alleges, however, overt acts by
“defendants” as late as September 1993. And, as noted, the overt
acts alleged in the AFP-second- indictment ceased in May 1994. The
Government contends that the time-frame-overlap is not significant;
and that, even if it is, this one factor is not dispositive. See
United States v. McHan, 966 F.2d 134, 138 (4th Cir. 1992).
We find little, if any, overlap. As the record vividly
reflects, fraudulent telemarketing schemes have very short lives;
they must frequently move and change names. Coscarelli and his two
named co-conspirators (Garcia and Levings) for the ABE-first-
indictment, parted company after about a month. Coscarelli
testified at the first sentencing hearing that he was not part of
the newly named scheme — Financial Network — which operated at a
new location from May 1993 into July of that year. From that July
into that October, Garcia and Levings operated under yet another
name (Omega) at another location. Therefore, some of the
defendants in the ABE-first-indictment were engaged in the scheme
into the Fall of 1993. It appears that Coscarelli parted company,
at the latest, in July 1993.
2.
The Government admits in its opposition to the motion that
Coscarelli and his son were principal co-conspirators in both
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operations. It contends, however, that Garcia and Levings, the
earlier referenced other named co-conspirators in the ABE-first-
indictment, were not alleged to be involved in the AFP-second-
conspiracy. The second indictment alleges that persons unknown
were co-conspirators; but, we are not persuaded that Garcia and
Levings’ role, if any, in the AFP-second-conspiracy has been shown.
3.
The Government concedes that both indictments charge
Coscarelli under the same statute. It contends, correctly, that
“[i]t is possible to have two different conspiracies to commit
exactly the same type of crime”, United States v. Thomas, 759 F.2d
659, 666 (8th Cir. 1985); and that, where the second conspiracy has
a different goal than the first, a second prosecution is not barred
by double jeopardy. United States v. Guzman, 852 F.2d 1117, 1120-
24 (9th Cir. 1988). For purposes of our review for these two
schemes, we agree.
4.
Regarding the overt acts alleged, both schemes involved
telemarketing. The Government notes that the misrepresentations
differed. For the AFP-second-indictment, the targets were
susceptible to telemarketing fraud (had previous telemarketing
history); they were informed they had won a prize for which they
had to make advance payment of the taxes or a delivery fee. For
the ABE-first-indictment, targeted were persons with poor credit
histories, who were told to pay an advance fee to secure a loan or
credit card.
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Although the misrepresentation was different in each scheme,
the end result was the same: defrauding an individual into paying
money for a larger promised benefit, which was never delivered.
But, the overt acts alleged differed.
5.
For the final factor, the Government contends that, although
both operations were conducted in Houston, Texas, different offices
and mailing addresses were used. Coscarelli agrees, but maintains
that such activity is the nature of telemarketing fraud.
Based on our review of the pertinent data, and pursuant to our
consideration of the five factors, we conclude that the Government
has met its burden to establish that the indictments charge
separate offenses. The conspiracies cover substantially different
time frames; do not involve all the same key co-conspirators;
concern different schemes for which Coscarelli is charged with
violation of the same statute; do not involve the same basic overt
acts; and usually took take place in different locations in
Houston.
B.
In the alternative, the Government, advances the “due
diligence” exception, recognized in United States v. Tolliver, 61
F.3d 1189 (5th Cir. 1995), that it raised in the district court.
Because the court did not reach this contention in denying
Coscarelli’s motion, the Government maintains summarily that,
should we find double jeopardy, the case should be remanded for
consideration of this alternative position.
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Obviously, our having found no double jeopardy, we do not
reach this alternative point. Instead, in our supervisory
capacity, we comment on this alternative point only in regard to
the incorrect manner in which it is addressed (better yet, not
addressed) by the Government here.
The “due diligence” point is addressed in Coscarelli’s
affirmative brief. The Government does not respond, other than, as
noted, to state summarily that, if a double jeopardy violation is
found, the case should be remanded to consider this alternative
point. The Government does not even state why the exception might
be applicable. The Government having failed to brief this point,
we would have considered it abandoned, had we been required to
reach it. FED. R. APP. P. 28(a)(9)(A), (b); 5TH CIR. R. 28.3(j);
Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 224-25 (5th Cir. 1993).
III.
For the foregoing reasons the denial of the motion to dismiss
the conspiracy count is
AFFIRMED.
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