Webb v. Cardiothoracic Surg

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
For the Fifth Circuit
___________________________
No. 96-11568
___________________________
KAREN WEBB,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
VERSUS
CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY ASSOCIATES OF NORTH TEXAS, P.A.; MICHAEL
MACK, M.D.,
Defendants-Appellees.
___________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Northern District of Texas
___________________________________________________
April 30, 1998
Before DAVIS, WIENER, and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge:
Karen Webb appeals the district court’s grant of summary
judgment to Defendants, Cardiothoracic Surgery Associates of North
Texas, P.A. and Dr. Michael Mack, dismissing her claims of sexual
harassment and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17. We affirm.
I.
Karen Webb began working for Cardiothoracic Surgery Associates
of North Texas, P.A. (“CSANT”) as an insurance clerk in April of
1986. Webb worked in the Dallas area at the Medical City facility.
After approximately one year, CSANT gave her a new position
scheduling surgery for the physicians, one of whom was Dr. Michael
Mack. She worked in this position for approximately four years
until the spring of 1991, at which time she began working as Mack’s
secretary.
Webb worked for Mack exclusively until late 1992 when she took
on the additional duties of Office Manager at the Medical City
facility. In the fall of 1993, CSANT determined that Webb’s dual
roles were too much for one person and asked her to choose one
position. She elected to take the office manager position. Webb
contends that she chose the office manager position in an effort to
reduce her contact with Mack.
Webb alleges that Mack began sexually harassing her in the
spring of 1991, when she began working as his secretary. She
asserts that Mack continued this conduct until January of 1995,
when she told Lori Swalm, CSANT’s Director of Human Resources,
about Mack’s behavior. Mack’s offensive conduct included touching
Webb on the shoulder when he spoke to her and standing so close to
her that he would rub against her shoulder. Webb admits, however,
that she initially did not consider this “touching” to be
intentionally offensive or sexual in nature.
In January of 1993, both Webb and Mack, together with other
CSANT personnel, attended a business meeting in San Antonio.
According to Webb, late one evening at a bar Mack approached her,
hugged her, and whispered his hotel room number into her ear
several times. Mack allegedly asked Webb to meet him there.
Later, after everyone had left the bar and returned to the hotel,
Mack telephoned Webb in her room and asked why she had not come to
his room. Webb then promised Mack that she would indeed come to
his room. However, she never went to Mack’s room. Neither Mack
2
nor Webb ever discussed anything related to this incident again.
Nor did Webb complain about this incident; rather, she remained
silent in the hope that by ignoring “it,” the situation would “go
away.”
In February of 1993, Mack called Webb into his office.
According to Webb, Mack asked her to close the door to the office
and to sit on his side of the desk. Webb complied with this
request. Mack then discussed several problems that he was having
related to CSANT and conveyed to Webb that he was “feeling down.”
Apparently in an attempt to empathize with Mack, Webb then told him
about her pending separation from her husband. After discussing
issues relating to Webb’s personal finances, Mack asked Webb about
her home mortgage. Webb told Mack that she would probably have to
refinance her mortgage because of the separation. Mack responded
by telling Webb not to worry about money because he would give her
money without anyone else knowing. Webb then stood to leave, at
which time Mack thanked her for listening and allegedly placed his
hand on her leg and touched the inside of her thigh under her
skirt.
Before January of 1995, Webb had not complained to any CSANT
personnel regarding Mack’s behavior. Almost two years after the
incidents in January and February of 1993, Lori Swalm asked Webb to
“fill in” temporarily as Mack’s secretary. Webb declined this
request and proceeded to tell Swalm about the San Antonio incident
in partial explanation for why she did not want to have close
contact with Mack. Webb concedes that Swalm was very sympathetic
to her complaint and did not insist that Webb work closely with
3
Mack. After this conversation, Swalm instituted a specific sexual
harassment policy for CSANT and the CSANT doctors participated in
some training about sexual harassment.1 Webb also concedes that
Mack’s offensive touching ceased after her conversation with Swalm.
As office manager, Webb continued to have some contact with
Mack and, according to Webb, that relationship did not improve.
Webb alleges that Mack was rude to her both in person and on the
telephone and belittled her in front of patients and coemployees.
In April of 1995, Mack confronted Webb outside an examining room,
where, according to Webb, he spoke to her in a very demeaning and
belittling tone and threw a magazine at the floor in front of her.
Apparently, this was in response to Mack’s frustrations over
repeated requests that magazines not be put on his desk. Shortly
after this incident, Webb called the office and reported that she
was sick. On the advice of her attorney, she never returned to
work. CSANT placed Webb on a leave of absence while it
investigated her complaint.
After concluding its investigation, CSANT offered to move Webb
to a comparable position in its Plano office. CSANT also offered
to have all of Mack’s patients report to another location so that
Mack would never be required to visit the Plano office. For a
variety of reasons, Webb declined the offer.2 Webb formally
1
Prior to this time, CSANT had only a general anti-
harassment policy delineated in its employee handbook. The policy
designated Lori Swalm as the CSANT employee to be contacted by
other employees with complaints about harassment.
2
Webb stated that she did not believe that Mack would move
his patients from the Plano office. Webb further stated that she
was “horribly embarrassed and humiliated” that CSANT personnel knew
what had happened.
4
resigned effective June 30, 1995 and promptly filed her charge of
discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(“EEOC”) and the Texas Commission on Human Rights (“TCHR”) on July
17, 1995. After obtaining a notice of right to sue from the EEOC,
Webb filed suit against CSANT and Dr. Michael Mack, alleging that
she was subjected to sexual harassment and retaliation in violation
of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to
2000e-17. Webb also asserted a claim under Texas law for
intentional infliction of emotional distress. Following discovery,
the Defendants filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, which the
district court granted, resulting in the dismissal of Webb’s suit.
This appeal followed.
II.
A.
The standard of review following the grant or denial of
summary judgment is de novo. Coleman v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist.,
113 F.3d 528, 533 (5th Cir. 1997). The moving party bears the
initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis
for its motion and identifying those portions of the record which
it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material
fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct 2548,
2553 (1986). Summary judgment is proper if the evidence shows the
existence of no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(c). While we consider the evidence with all reasonable
inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, Coleman,
113 F.3d at 533, the nonmoving party must come forward with
5
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S.
574, 587, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 1356 (1986). This requires the
nonmoving party to do “more than simply show that there is some
metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Id. at 586, 106 S.
Ct. at 1356. The nonmoving party must “go beyond the pleadings and
by her own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file,’ designate ‘specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Celotex Corp.,
477 U.S. at 324, 106 S. Ct at 2553. If the record taken as a whole
could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving
party, there is no genuine issue for trial. Szabo v. Errisson, 68
F.3d 940, 942 (5th Cir. 1995).
B.
In granting summary judgment for the Defendants, the district
court reasoned that: (1) Dr. Mack could not be held individually
liable because he did not qualify as an “employer” under Title VII;
(2) the incidents in January and February of 1993 were time barred;
(3) CSANT took prompt remedial action as a matter of law with
respect to Webb’s claims of sexual harassment; (4) Webb failed to
show a causal connection between her complaints of and opposition
to Mack’s conduct and any adverse employment action so as to
establish retaliation; and (5) Mack’s conduct did not rise to the
level of “outrageous conduct” in order to state a claim under Texas
law for intentional infliction of emotional distress. We consider
below Webb’s arguments challenging the correctness of the district
6
court’s ruling.3
C.
Initially, Webb challenges the district court’s conclusion
that the incidents in January and February of 1993 were time-
barred. Webb argues that the district court erred when it found
that these incidents were discrete acts of discrimination which
triggered the start of the relevant limitations period. Webb
contends that these incidents were part of a continuing violation
and should not have been considered time-barred.
A Title VII plaintiff must file a charge of discrimination
with the EEOC within 180 days “after the alleged unlawful
employment practice occurred.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1); see also
Berry v. Board of Supervisors of L.S.U., 715 F.2d 971 (5th Cir.
1983). However, if the plaintiff has “instituted proceedings with
a State [sic] or local agency with authority to grant or seek
relief from such practice,” the limitations period for filing a
charge with the EEOC extends to 300 days. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-
5(e)(1); see also Griffin v. City of Dallas, 26 F.3d 610 (5th Cir.
1994). Because Webb instituted proceedings with the TCHR, the
relevant period of limitations on her claims is 300 days. See
Griffin, 26 F.3d at 612-13.
3
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Dr.
Mack on the ground that he was not an employer within the meaning
of Title VII and therefore had no individual liability. The grant
of summary judgment also included the dismissal of Webb’s state law
claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. Webb has
not briefed either issue. Thus, we consider these issues not
“presented for review” under Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(4) and
consequently waived. Carmon v. Lubrizol Corp., 17 F.3d 791, 794
(5th Cir. 1994) (per curiam); accord American States Ins. Co. v.
Bailey, 133 F.3d 363, 372 (5th Cir. 1998); Atwood v. Union Carbide
Corp., 847 F.2d 278, 279-80 (5th Cir. 1988).
7
Congress intended the limitations period contained in § 2000e-
5(e)(1) to act as a statute of limitations. Zipes v. Trans World
Airlines, Inc, 455 U.S. 385, 393-94, 102 S. Ct. 1127, 1132-33
(1982); see also United Air Lines, Inc. v. Evans, 431 U.S. 553,
558, 97 S. Ct. 1885, 1889 (1977) (“A discriminatory act which is
not made the basis for a timely charge is the legal equivalent of
a discriminatory act which occurred before the statute was
passed.”). A Title VII plaintiff who has instituted proceedings
with a state or local agency cannot sustain a claim of sexual
harassment based upon incidents that occurred more than 300 days
before the filing of a charge of discrimination. See Messer v.
Meno, 130 F.3d 130, 134 (5th Cir. 1997). Webb filed her initial
charge of discrimination on July 17, 1995. Thus, she may only
recover under Title VII for conduct that occurred after September
20, 1994, 300 days before the filing of her charge.
Webb argues that Mack’s conduct in January and February of
1993 should be considered even though it occurred more than 300
days before her charge of discrimination was lodged because this
conduct was part of a continuing violation. Courts have utilized
the theory of a continuing violation in certain exceptional
circumstances when applying the limitations period contained in
§ 2000e-5(e)(1). See Messer, 130 F.3d at 134-35. This equitable
exception arises “[w]here the unlawful employment practice
manifests itself over time, rather than as a series of discrete
acts.” Waltman v. International Paper Co., 875 F.2d 468, 474 (5th
Cir. 1989) (quoting Abrams v. Baylor College of Medicine, 805 F.2d
528, 532 (5th Cir. 1986)). Application of this theory relieves a
8
Title VII plaintiff from the burden of proving that the entire
violation occurred within the actionable period provided the
plaintiff can show a series of related acts, one or more of which
falls within the limitations period. Messer, 130 F.3d at 134-35.
The district court concluded that the events of January and
February of 1993 should have put Webb on notice that she was a
victim of sexual harassment without the necessity of learning
additional facts. Consequently, the district court rejected Webb’s
argument that Mack’s conduct was part of a series of related acts
constituting a continuing violation. We agree. As we have
previously stated,
[t]he core idea [of the continuing violation theory] is
that equitable considerations may very well require that
the filing periods not begin to run until facts
supportive of a Title VII charge or civil rights action
are or should be apparent to a reasonably prudent person
similarly situated. The focus is on what event, in
fairness and logic, should have alerted the average lay
person to act to protect his rights.
Glass v. Petro-Tex Chem. Corp., 757 F.2d 1554, 1560-61 (5th Cir.
1985) (citations omitted); see also Berry, 715 F.2d at 981.4
Here, the summary judgment evidence reflects that Webb was
immediately aware of the severity of Mack’s conduct in January and
4
Other circuits share this view. See, e.g., Speer v. Rand
McNally & Co., 123 F.3d 658, 663-64 (7th Cir. 1997) (refusing to
apply continuing violation theory when plaintiff knew the nature of
the discriminatory acts); Van Zant v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 80
F.3d 708, 713 (2d Cir. 1996) (“The timeliness of a discrimination
claim is to be measured from the date the claimant had notice of
the allegedly discriminatory action.”); Sabree v. United Bhd. of
Carpenters and Joiners Local No. 33, 921 F.2d 396, 402 (1st Cir.
1990) (“A knowing plaintiff has an obligation to file promptly or
lose his claim. This can be distinguished from a plaintiff who is
unable to appreciate that he is being discriminated against until
he has lived through a series of acts and is thereby able to
perceive the overall discriminatory pattern.”).
9
February of 1993. The district court based its decision on Webb’s
own deposition testimony describing her perception of Mack’s
conduct. Webb stated that she knew that Mack’s January 1993
conduct was sexual in nature when he tried to get Webb to come to
his hotel room in San Antonio. Further, she stated that she was
offended by his behavior. Webb also understood Mack’s conduct at
the February 1993 meeting to be a sexual gesture. After this
meeting, Webb was “shocked and frightened.” Even if the January
incident at the bar and hotel in San Antonio was insufficient to
put Webb on notice that her employment might be affected by Mack’s
conduct, when the incident in Mack’s office occurred only weeks
later, Webb was on notice that Mack’s conduct would affect her
employment. Based on this factual predicate, we agree with the
district court that Webb needed no additional facts after these two
encounters to understand that Mack was sexually harassing her.
Webb’s full knowledge of Mack’s acts in January and February of
1993 therefore triggered Webb’s duty to assert her rights.
In summary, Webb was aware and knew of facts in February of
1993 that were supportive of a Title VII charge of an unlawful
employment practice. The district court correctly found that no
genuine issues of material fact existed with respect to Webb’s
knowledge and understanding of Mack’s conduct. Webb therefore
cannot rely on the equitable exception of a continuing violation
and the district court correctly concluded that Mack’s conduct
prior to September 20, 1994 was time-barred.
D.
Webb next challenges the district court’s determination that
10
CSANT took prompt remedial action that insulated it from liability
on Webb’s hostile work environment claim.
When an employee complains of a hostile work environment, an
employer may insulate itself from Title VII liability by taking
prompt action to remedy the complaint. Hirras v. National R.R.
Passenger Corp., 95 F.3d 396, 399 (5th Cir. 1996); see also Waymire
v. Harris County, 86 F.3d 424 (5th Cir. 1996); Nash v. Electrospace
Sys., Inc., 9 F.3d 401 (5th Cir. 1993). In her appeal, Webb argues
that CSANT, through Mack, was on notice in February of 1993 that
she was being subjected to a hostile work environment.
Essentially, Webb argues that notice to Mack in January and
February of 1993 that his sexual overtures were unwelcome
constituted notice to CSANT of an unlawful employment practice.
Although Webb does not challenge the adequacy of CSANT’s responses
in January of 1995, she argues that this response was not prompt as
a matter of law. Assuming without deciding that notice to Mack
served as notice to CSANT, the summary judgment evidence does not
demonstrate that Webb ever gave notice to Mack that she considered
his conduct to be unwelcome sexual harassment.5
As we stated above, Webb may only complain of conduct that
occurred during the actionable period, that is after September 20,
1994. Webb never made complaints to Mack about his behavior during
this time period. More particularly, Webb did not tell Mack not to
stand close to her, or not to brush against her when he spoke with
5
Because the summary judgment evidence does not show that
Webb gave notice to Mack that his conduct was unwelcome, we need
not decide the difficult question of whether it is proper to impute
the actions and knowledge of Dr. Mack, a founder, officer, and
executive committee member of CSANT, to Webb's employer.
11
her, or that his conduct made her uncomfortable. The first
complaint Webb made was to Lori Swalm in January of 1995. Once she
complained to Ms. Swalm, Webb concedes that Mack’s offensive
conduct stopped. We agree with the district court that based upon
the summary judgment evidence, CSANT took prompt remedial action as
a matter of law.
Webb argues that she complained to Mack as early as January of
1993. Essentially, Webb alleges that her refusal to go to Mack’s
hotel room was an implied complaint which put Mack on notice that
his conduct was unwelcome. Even if this refusal could constitute
a complaint, the incident in January of 1993 is time-barred. A
complaint about time-barred conduct does not satisfy the employee's
duty. The employee must complain about the actionable conduct so
that the employer will have an opportunity to remedy the unlawful
employment practice. Webb does not point to any summary judgment
evidence from which we could infer that Webb “complained” of Mack’s
post-September 20, 1994 conduct.6
E.
With respect to Webb’s quid pro quo claim, we elect to affirm
the grant of summary judgment on a different ground than that
relied upon by the district court. See Hetzel v. Bethlehem Steel
Corp., 50 F.3d 360, 363 (5th Cir. 1995); Thompson v. Georgia Pac.
Corp., 993 F.2d 1166, 1167 (5th Cir. 1993).
6
Webb also argues for the first time on appeal that CSANT
had constructive knowledge that Mack’s behavior was unwelcome. We
do not consider arguments advanced for the first time on appeal.
Moreover, we find no summary judgment evidence that anyone other
than Webb and Mack could have known of the complained of conduct
between September 20, 1994 and January of 1995.
12
To succeed in a quid pro quo claim, a plaintiff must show that
the harassment complained of affected tangible aspects of the
compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.
Jones v. Flagship Int’l., 793 F.2d 714, 722 (5th Cir. 1986); accord
Sanders v. Casa View Baptist Church, 134 F.3d 331, 339 (5th Cir.
1998). Webb argues that Mack treated her rudely by shouting at her
and throwing a magazine at her feet and that this constitutes a
tangible job detriment. We disagree. Webb does not complain that
her pay was affected, that her job duties changed in a negative
way, or that she failed to receive a promotion she sought. Webb
was promoted to the position of Office Manager in the fall of 1993
and remained in that position until she resigned in June of 1995.
Mack’s evaluations of Webb’s work remained consistently high.
Although Mack was frequently rude and abrasive to Webb and other
CSANT employees, to state a claim for quid pro quo sexual
harassment Webb must do more than simply demonstrate that Mack was
a rude or uncivil boss.7 See Sanders, 134 F.3d at 339 (finding
mild criticism of work and threats of not being promoted to
positions that did not exist insufficient to constitute tangible
job detriment); Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh, 120 F.3d 1286,
1296-97 (3d Cir. 1997) (“[N]ot every insult, slight, or
unpleasantness gives rise to a valid Title VII claim.”); Farley v.
American Cast Iron Pipe Co., 115 F.3d 1548, 1552-53 (11th Cir.
1997) (finding behavior consisting of criticizing aspects of
7
The Supreme Court has recently cautioned against the
expansion of Title VII into a general civility code. Oncale v.
Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., --- U.S. ---, 118 S. Ct. 998,
1002-03 (1998).
13
plaintiff’s job performance to be insufficient to constitute quid
pro quo harassment).
Alternatively, Webb argues that her resignation in June of
1995 amounted to a constructive discharge and that she thereby
suffered a tangible job detriment. Once again, we disagree. In
order to prove constructive discharge, Webb must establish that
working conditions at CSANT were so intolerable that a reasonable
employee in her position would feel compelled to resign. Faruki v.
Parsons S.I.P., Inc., 123 F.3d 315, 319 (5th Cir. 1997). As the
district court noted, “[p]art of an employee’s obligation to be
reasonable is an obligation not to assume the worst, and not to
jump to conclusions too fast.” Dornhecker v. Malibu Grand Prix
Corp., 828 F.2d 307, 310 (5th Cir. 1987) (quoting Garner v. Wal-
Mart Stores, Inc., 807 F.2d 1536, 1539 (11th Cir. 1987)).
The summary judgment evidence reflects that CSANT took prompt
remedial action to prevent any future harassment. This factor
alone is fatal to Webb’s claim of constructive discharge.
Dornhecker, 828 F.2d at 310 (“Because [the employer’s] prompt
response was the antithesis of ‘inaction,’ [the plaintiff] was not
constructively discharged.”); see also Landgraf v. USI Film Prods.,
968 F.2d 427, 429-30 (5th Cir. 1992). In addition to requiring
Mack to end his offensive conduct, CSANT offered to transfer Webb
to its Plano office and to take steps to ensure that Webb would
have no contact with Mack. Although Webb subjectively believed
that Mack would not honor such an agreement, she showed no
reasonable basis for this belief. We agree with the district court
that Webb’s exposure to a rude, demanding boss such as Mack did not
14
render her employment intolerable so as to support a claim of
constructive discharge. It follows that Webb's quid pro quo claim
must fail because she did not suffer a tangible job detriment.
F.
Finally, Webb challenges the district court’s rejection of her
retaliation claim. To establish a claim for retaliation, Webb must
prove (1) that she engaged in protected activity, (2) an adverse
employment action occurred, and (3) there was a causal connection
between the participation in the protected activity (her complaints
of Mack’s behavior) and the adverse employment action. Messer, 130
F.3d at 140. In a claim for retaliation under Title VII, we are
concerned only with ultimate employment decisions, including
hiring, discharging, promoting, compensating, or granting leave,
and not “every decision made by employers that arguably might have
some tangential effect upon those ultimate decisions.” Mattern v.
Eastman Kodak Co., 104 F.3d 702, 707-08 (5th Cir. 1997); accord
Messer, 130 F.3d at 140; Munday v. Waste Management of North Am.,
Inc., 126 F.3d 239, 243 (4th Cir. 1997).
Webb argues that Mack’s rude treatment of her constitutes an
adverse employment action that is causally connected to her
resistance to Mack's advances. For the reasons stated above,
Mack’s conduct in treating Webb rudely and uncivilly does not
amount to an adverse employment action. Moreover, we agree with
the district court that Webb failed to present summary judgment
evidence linking her complaints about Mack’s conduct to any adverse
employment action. Again, Webb stated in her deposition testimony
and conceded in her brief that Mack began to treat her as he did
15
the rest of the CSANT staff after she ceased being his secretary in
the fall of 1993. She points to no specific summary judgment
evidence supporting her claim that Mack treated her worse after she
complained to Lori Swalm in January of 1995. The district court
correctly concluded that no summary judgment evidence linked Mack’s
rude treatment of Webb to her complaint about an unlawful
employment practice. Therefore, the district court correctly
granted summary judgment on this issue.
III.
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the district
court correctly determined that no genuine issues of material fact
existed and that the Defendants were entitled to summary judgment
dismissing Webb’s Title VII and state law claims. We therefore
AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in all respects.
AFFIRMED.
16