Monique Roman v. Western Manufacturing, Inc.

Case: 10-31271 Document: 00511960780 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/17/2012
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
August 17, 2012
No. 10-31271 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
MONIQUE ROMAN, Administratrix of the Succession of Doral Roman
Plaintiff-Appellee Cross-Appellant
v.
WESTERN MANUFACTURING, INCORPORATED,
Defendant-Appellant Cross-Appellee
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Louisiana
Before JONES, Chief Judge, PRADO, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
LESLIE H. SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judge:
A jury found Western Manufacturing, Inc. liable to Dorel Roman under the
Louisiana Products Liability Act for injuries caused by a defect that render one
of its stucco pumps unreasonably dangerous. Western argues the expert
testimony underlying Roman’s case was inadmissible under the Federal Rules
of Evidence and insufficient under Louisiana law to sustain liability; it also
argues the district court’s increase of the jury’s damage award violated the
Seventh Amendment. Roman cross-appeals. We AFFIRM.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Western is a California corporation that produces the mobile Predator
Pump for the commercial application of stucco. While working with one of these
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pumps on July 10, 2007, Dorel Roman sustained multiple bone fractures and
extensive soft-tissue injuries when a high-pressure hose dislodged and struck his
legs. The previous day, Roman had taken delivery of the pump and an
accompanying high-pressure hose directly from Western’s manufacturing plant.
The pump had been running less than 15 minutes on its first operation when the
accident occurred.
Roman owned a stucco business. He received the stucco subcontract for
a construction project. Roman had substantial experience using stucco pumps
in his home country of Romania, in Germany, and in the United States where
he had lived since 2001. On July 10, he transported the pump to the job site. He
was accompanied by Michael Funk, an employee familiar with the Western
brand of pumps. Funk was the nozzle operator performing the physical stucco
application. The general contractor, Richard Delahoussaye,1 was present during
the pump set-up and visually inspected it prior to use. Roman testified that he
read the instruction manual at least twice and that Funk also read it to ensure
correct set-up and operation.
The Predator Pump consists of a diesel engine, a mixer for the stucco, a
batch hopper, and the pumping mechanism, all mounted on a two-wheel trailer
that can be hitched to a passenger truck. Its design is a positive displacement
pump that pulls the slurry from the hopper into a thick 250 foot-long rubber
hose for application. The pump must be primed and lubricated with water. The
slurry is made with cement and water in the mixer, and then added to the
hopper. A Cam-Lok fitting (a metal coupling) attaches to the pump’s manifold
and secures the hose in place. The fitting becomes fully engaged and locked
when both “arms or ears are pulled down”; those arms have two locking pins.
Roman, Funk, and Delahoussaye all testified that they observed that the Cam-
1
He was also the uncle of Roman’s wife.
2
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Lok was fully engaged and secured. At trial, Western argued that the jury
should disbelieve this.
The pump’s key safety feature is a pressure relief valve (“PRV”). The valve
consists of a brass port assembly that contains a red polyurethane ball. All the
stucco travels across the valve, which is located next to the manifold with the
hose. According to the operating manual in evidence:
The PRV is designed to protect the hose assembly from extreme
pressures. . . . The ball will stay in place until enough pressure
occurs that will cause the ball to blow out through the opening in
the brass cap and release the pressure.
Roman testified to standing 18 to 20 feet from the right side of the machine,
which is the side with the hose. Funk began operating the pump and spraying
stucco through the nozzle. Roman testified he checked the stucco and was
walking away from the pump when he heard a pop and fell to the ground.
According to Funk, the slurry seemed to be flowing properly through the
machine when he also heard that pop. Roman’s theory at trial was that the
Cam-Lok ruptured under excessive pressure, causing the hose, which was
attached to a piece of the metal Cam-Lok, to strike him.
The parties consented to have a magistrate judge preside over the jury
trial.2 The parties filed competing evidentiary motions in limine. Roman sought
to exclude Western’s mechanical engineer Robert Gregory. Western sought
exclusion of Roman’s liability and causation experts, Dr. Kurt Vandervort and
Dr. Kenneth R. Riggs, and exclusion of an economist and a vocational specialist
who gave opinions about future lost income. After an evidentiary hearing, the
court denied the motions against the economist, the vocational specialist, and
Dr. Vandervort, while reserving objections to Riggs for trial. During trial,
Western reurged its motions as to Riggs and Vandervort. They were denied.
2
All references to the court or district court concern actions by the magistrate.
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Trial commenced on September 20, and the jury returned its verdict ten
days later. The jury found liability on one of two potential theories under the
Louisiana Products Liability Act. It concluded that Western’s pump was
defective in “construction or composition” but assigned no liability based upon
a dangerous design. Responding to interrogatories, the jury found that although
Roman had used the pump “in a reasonably anticipated manner,” he had also
been negligent, such that 70 percent of the fault rested with him. It assigned
Western the remaining 30 percent of fault by virtue of its pump’s defect. It
awarded a total of $1,665,000 in damages, which netted Roman $499,500 when
adjusted to reflect comparative fault. Damages were itemized by the jury across
nine categories, including pain and suffering, past and future medical expenses,
physical disability, and loss of life enjoyment.
Western‘s renewed motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50 for
judgment as a matter of law as to the construction/composition theory was
denied. Roman’s first Rule 50 motion came after the verdict. Over objection, the
court granted a motion by Roman to amend the judgment, increasing the jury’s
award of “past medical expenses” from $15,000 to $168,804.22.
Roman and Western both timely appeal. Western argues liability fails on
the construction claim, while Roman argues that liability should also be imposed
under the design defect theory. Each side also appeals the admission of the
opposing party’s experts and challenges the jury’s apportionment of comparative
fault. Finally, Western contends that the increase of damages violated the
Seventh Amendment.
On January 7, 2011, soon after filing a notice of appeal, Roman died at age
33. Monique Roman, as administratrix of his estate, has been substituted as a
party.3 See Fed. R. App. P. 43(a). Our jurisdiction is based on the diversity of
3
Throughout, references to Roman refer either to the decedent or to the administratrix
as the party on appeal depending on the context.
4
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the parties; Roman is a Louisiana citizen and Western has its principal place of
business in California and is incorporated there. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1).
DISCUSSION
When properly preserved, this court reviews a district court’s decision on
a motion for judgment as a matter of law de novo. Goodner v. Hyundai Motor
Co., 650 F.3d 1034, 1039 (5th Cir. 2011). “We are wary of upsetting jury verdicts
and will uphold a jury verdict unless the facts and inferences point so strongly
and so overwhelmingly in favor of one party that reasonable jurors could not
arrive at any verdict to the contrary.” Id. (quotation marks and citations
omitted). Thus, only when “there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis” will
we disturb the jury’s verdict. Id. at 1039-40. It is not our charge to decide which
side has the more persuasive case. Mosley v. Excel Corp., 109 F.3d 1006, 1009
(5th Cir. 1997). For, “it is the function of the jury as the traditional finder of the
facts, and not for the Court, to weigh conflicting evidence and inferences, and
determine the credibility of witnesses.” Id.
The central disputes in this appeal are whether the theories offered by
Roman’s experts met the standards for scientific reliability under the Federal
Rules of Evidence and whether the jury’s imposition of liability for a defect in
“construction or composition” of the pump can stand. La. Rev. Stat. § 9:2800.55.
We conclude there was no error as to those disputes. After that analysis, we
consider the comparative fault challenges, Roman’s Rule 50 motion on a design
defect under Section 9:2800.56, and finally, explain why the increase in the
medical award was appropriate.
I. Daubert Challenges
While the substantive law of Louisiana governs liability, the Federal Rules
of Evidence control the admissibility of the expert testimony. See Mathis v.
Exxon Corp., 302 F.3d 448, 459 (5th Cir. 2002).
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Before certifying an expert and admitting his testimony, a district court
must ensure that the requirements of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 have been
met. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592-93 (1993); Paz
v. Brush Engineered Materials, Inc., 555 F.3d 383, 388 (5th Cir. 2009). Often,
as here, this determination follows a pretrial Daubert hearing where the
testimony is explained and challenged in the adversarial process, without the
risk of prejudicing the jury. Wide latitude is granted to what the trial court
decides. That discretion “will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is manifestly
erroneous.” United States v. Valencia, 600 F.3d 389, 423 (5th Cir. 2010). This
deferential abuse-of-discretion standard applies to both the expert’s
qualifications and to the reliability determination. Whitehouse Hotel Ltd. P’ship
v. Comm’r, 615 F.3d 321, 330 (5th Cir. 2010).
A qualified witness may offer specialized or technical opinion evidence
when based (1) on “sufficient facts or data”; (2) “the product of reliable principles
and methods”; and (3) when “the expert has reliably applied [those] principles
and methods to the facts of the case.” Fed. R. Evid. 702. The reliability inquiry
under Daubert is a flexible one, permitting the district court to identify the most
germane considerations. Valencia, 600 F.3d at 424.
A. Expert Credentials
Both Vandervort and Riggs, whom Western challenged, worked for Stress
Engineering. Each held a Ph.D. in his respective field, mechanical engineering
and material science. Only five percent of Vandervort’s work was litigation
based. Neither had specific experience in the stucco industry. Vandervort had
worked extensively with positive displacement pumps designed like the
Predator, and Riggs’s trade as a failure analyst involved examining
malfunctioning machinery in search of the cause.
We conclude both men were well-qualified as experts “by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education.” Fed. R. Evid. 702. The conception of
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expertise urged by Western, by which Vandervort and Riggs could not testify
about a stucco pump because stucco is not their trade, could make expert
certification decisions a battle of labels – label the needed expertise narrowly
and the offered expert’s field broadly. See Huss v. Gayden, 571 F.3d 442, 455-56
(5th Cir. 2009). The district court was within its wide discretion to conclude that
these offered witnesses had the qualifications to state a reliable opinion on the
subjects for which they were certified.
B. Admissibility of Liability Evidence
More substantial, though also unavailing, is Western’s contention that the
theory offered by Vandervort to explain the failure of the pump was (1)
unreliable and (2) not based on a sufficient factual predicate.
At the Daubert hearing, the facts and reliability of Vandervort’s liability
and causation testimony were thoroughly explored by the parties and the court.
Assessing this testimony and the accompanying documentation ourselves, we
conclude that the district court’s decision to admit the evidence – coupled with
vigorous cross-examination – was not manifestly erroneous.
1. Reliability of the Failure Analyses
“In a case involving scientific evidence, evidentiary reliability will be based
upon scientific validity.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590 n.9. Relevant questions may
include whether a technique or theory is generally accepted in the technical or
scientific community, if it “can be or has been tested,” and the potential influence
of the rate of error. Pipitone v. Biomatrix, Inc., 288 F.3d 239, 244 (5th Cir. 2002).
The sine qua non, however, is whether in his courtroom presentation the expert
used “the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an
expert in the relevant field.” Valencia, 600 F.3d at 424 (quoting Kumho Tire Co.
v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999)).
Western claims that scientific principles did not underlie Vandervort’s
methods. This is incorrect. Vandervort connected a pressure release valve to a
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device that stores and releases energy: an accumulator. The accumulator stood
in for the pump, but allowed for experimentation. Different levels of pressure
could be replicated over different time intervals.
First came quasi-static testing, which measured baseline characteristics
of the Predator Pump. Under a “relatively slow pressurization event” the valve
functioned normally, expelling the ball at approximately 900 psi. During the
quasi-static test, the Cam-Lok ruptured at 2,007 psi. Next came the dynamic
test. It was exactly the same, except that rather than apply it slowly, pressure
was introduced in two-thousandths of a second. Vandervort hypothesized before
the test that “under a rapid pressure event that ball might be bypassed and the
fitting would fail before the ball released.” To control how much pressure was
introduced, Vandervort used a disc that is manufactured by a specialized vendor
to rupture at a given pressure, here 2,500 psi. During the dynamic test the ball
began to extrude from its brass cap, but did not escape, leading the Cam-Lok to
break as predicted, as its pins gave way.
The company makes much of the fact that Vandervort stated that no
textbook lays out these testing protocols. Vandervort explained that the
processes cannot be found in a text or manual, because
what we did is we took engineering principles, we took experience,
and we put together a plan to learn about these components. Now,
did we violate the principles and the understanding and the basics
of physics in that process? Not at all. We applied our engineering
knowledge to create a testing scenario.
The district court made a specific finding that the principles behind both the
dynamic and quasi-static failure analyses were generally “accepted in the
engineering community.” See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 594. The absence of textual
support or published studies is not dispositive when reliable methods are used.
See Knight v. Kirby Inland Marine Inc., 482 F.3d 347, 354 (5th Cir. 2007).
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Furthermore, the “district court has wide discretion to admit evidence of
experiments conducted under substantially similar conditions.” United States
v. Norris, 217 F.3d 262, 270 (5th Cir. 2000) (quoting Barnes v. Gen. Motors Corp.,
547 F.2d 275, 277 (5th Cir. 1977)). Here, the experiments reconstructed the
exact design of the Predator Pump. In fact, it is uncontroverted that the
pressure release valve, ball, and Cam-Lok were identical to the ones in the pump
used by Roman. Each item was supplied directly from Western or its suppliers
and the functioning of the system was not modified.
2. Pump’s Capacity to Generate Pressure
In addition to being based on reliable methods, expert evidence must “help
the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” Fed.
R. Evid. 702(a). “To be ‘helpful’ under Rule 702, the evidence must possess
validity when applied to the pertinent factual inquiry.” United States v. Posado,
57 F.3d 428, 433 (5th Cir. 1995). Principally this is a matter of relevance.
“Expert testimony which does not relate to any issue in the case is not relevant,
and ergo, non-helpful.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591 (quotation marks and citation
omitted).
Western argues that the expert testimony is inadmissible on this basis
because the theory promoted by Vandervort and Riggs rested on the unfounded
assumption that the pump could generate the 2,007 psi of pressure that caused
the Cam-Lok to fail during testing.4 This precise issue troubled the district court
and was the key reason it convened a Daubert hearing. After Vandervort fully
explained his method and calculations, the court held that while Western’s
“cross-examination was quite effective,” ultimately such doubts affected “the
weight of the evidence, as opposed to the admissibility of his testimony.”
4
Mathematical calculations by Vandervort based on his estimate of the shearing
strength of the pins predicted failure at 2,036 psi.
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“The proponent of an expert’s testimony need not prove the testimony is
factually correct . . . .” Paz, 555 F.3d at 388. Thus, as to admissibility, the issue
is not whether the pump generated the necessary pressure, but instead whether
there were enough facts to allow Vandervort’s dynamic pressure theory
to be applied reliably to this case. We agree with the district court that there
were. This evidence came in three forms, as we discuss.
First, a high-pressure event could be inferred from physical features of the
Cam-Lok and PRV ball in the actual pump that injured Roman. Riggs, the
expert metallurgist, testified at trial that a visual inspection of the pump
revealed that “[b]oth pins had been sheared, and . . . [t]he back ends of these pins
were still resident in the Cam-Lok connector, [while] the other ends were gone.”
The pump’s physical design is such that when the pins shear, the Cam-Lok arms
fall away, and the ends of the hose separate. Photographs of the accident scene
corroborated that the pins were broken and that the hose coupling had, in fact,
disengaged. One of the two sheared pins was recovered, and Western’s expert
witness Gregory admitted at the Daubert hearing that both pins sheared.
Both Riggs and Vandervort gave expert opinions that the only foreseeable
event that would cause both pins to shear as they did was exposure to high
pressure. Western posited that Roman had neglected to engage the Cam-Lok
fully, or that user manipulation caused the failure of the fitting.5 Yet, when
challenged on whether it was possible for the pins to shear if the cam arms were
not securely closed, Riggs replied:
Absolutely not. The pins – the arms have to be connected. They
have to be in contact with this male member to be loaded up by the
5
The district court held Gregory’s opinions that the Cam-Lok had either been forced
open or that it was not properly locked inadmissible. At the Daubert hearing, the court
characterized them as “speculative theories” and in ruling at trial explained: “I haven’t heard
any facts in evidence beyond Mr. Roman saying he actually connected the hose and dogged
down the ears. So saying that someone kicked the hose or things to that nature, I’m not going
to let [Gregory] testify because it’s just not there.”
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pressure-induced forces on that male member for the pins to shear.
If the arm is all the way up, it does not become engaged during the
exit of this male member, and so if it’s not engaged, it won’t shear
the pin. If one of these arms on this connector right here had been
loose, it would still be in that connector. The pin would not have
sheared and it would still be in the connector.
Riggs offered a similar opinion about how the ball had behaved. The jury was
shown a photograph of the ball after the accident. In discussing that
photograph, Riggs testified that the observable “reduction in the original
diameter” of the ball was
clear evidence that during the incident the pressure got high enough
to begin the extrusion process of this ball, and it’s clear that the ball
came through the . . . hole in the brass cap, not by . . . a shearing
process, not by a physical tearing of the material, but it actually –
it actually deformed and actually started to extrude the hole and
that’s the mechanism by which [it] works.
Second, the experts testified that the physical condition of the Cam-Lok
sheared in the dynamic test and the partially extruded ball were nearly identical
in appearance to the parts recovered from the pump involved in the accident.
Not only did the pins shear, and the hose separate in like fashion, but the ball
behaved similarly.
Third and finally, evidence that the pump could rapidly generate high
pressure came from Vandervort’s calculations. Entering the Daubert hearing,
both parties’ experts were in agreement that the pump’s diesel engine only had
enough horsepower to generate 1,600 psi under ordinary operating conditions.
Because this is less than the roughly 2,000 psi necessary under Roman’s theory
of liability, Western argues that the expert testimony lacked the factual basis for
its admissibility.
We conclude this argument fails for two reasons. (1) The valid test results,
combined with the ball’s movement and the shearing of the Cam-Lok pins
sufficiently demonstrated that a rapid high-pressure event could have occurred.
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(2) As we explain next, Vandervort also provided scientific calculations
illustrating how the pump could spike to over 2,000 psi in an instant.
The positive displacement pump continuously generates energy while
operating. A “pack-up” that interrupts the flow would cause a compression of
the stucco material’s “molecules in a smaller and smaller space.” This process
builds energy, measured as inertia, which rapidly spikes in a high-pressure
event. The district court found Vandervort’s conclusions were based “on the
principles of physics and mathematics.” Vandervort also submitted the
calculations yielding these results.6 After studying those calculations, Western’s
expert admitted that Vandervort had computed them accurately according to a
sound methodology.
While it is true that Roman did not introduce direct evidence of a pack-up,
trial evidence indicated a pack-up was neither a speculative nor a rare
phenomenon. The operating manual warned that aggregate can separate from
the stucco mixture, which “will not carry through the hose and ‘pack’ (jam up)
in the hose.” In bold typeface it further cautions that “[a]ttempting to push past
a hose pack is rarely successful and is very dangerous! . . . The Predator pump
can build dangerously high pressure very quickly as it is a positive displacement
pump.”7 Delahoussaye testified that he had witnessed pack-ups in his
experience when the hose kinks or the stucco mix is too dry. Western noted
below, and now on appeal, that Delahoussaye testified he believed that the
stucco mix was very wet on the day of the accident. From this, the company
6
In brief, based on the 120 strokes per minute generated by the pump and the 16
inches of stucco material between the pump mechanism and the coupling, over 3,000 psi could
be generated in two-thousandths of a second.
7
The other criticisms raised on appeal by Western such as an improper bulk modulus
of stucco (its compressibility), the location of the suspected pack-up, or the strength of the
pump’s drive shaft were all contested facts about which the parties’ expert testimony could
support rival conclusions. We may not second-guess the jury’s choice between duly qualified
experts. See Coffel v. Stryker Corp., 284 F.3d 625, 631 (5th Cir. 2002).
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urges us to exclude Vandervort’s testimony. We agree with the district court’s
assessment when it refused to exclude Vandervort’s testimony:
The evidence that’s in the case is that [the hose] could have kinked.
The evidence in the case is that there could be a pack-off. Mr.
Delahoussaye could be wrong. You can draw inferences from the
testimony of the witnesses, but the evidence is that there was a
pressurization which occurred.
There was certainly contrary evidence, but that was for jurors to weigh.
Roman’s liability and causation evidence was admissible under Rule 702.
C. Other Daubert Challenges
Several other expert evidence challenges have been raised.
In his cross-appeal, Roman claims that the testimony of Western’s liability
expert, Gregory, was inadmissible. Gregory was a registered professional
engineer hired to evaluate and critique Vandervort’s opinions. Roman has not
raised any credible challenge to Gregory’s testimony, claiming only that his
“opinions defy common sense and logic.”
Western would exclude Roman’s other experts, Stephanie Chalfin, M.S.
and Dr. R. Douglas Womack. Chalfin was a vocational rehabilitation counselor
and Womack an economist who estimated the loss of income Roman would likely
incur from his leg injuries. Western objects to both individuals on Rule 702
grounds, and claims the economic evidence was irrelevant and confused the jury.
See Fed. R. Evid. 401, 403.
The district court found in denying the motion in limine to exclude these
two experts that Louisiana law permits injured plaintiffs to recover “an award
for loss of earnings and earning capacity” and pre-accident income is not
dispositive about its amount. Hobgood v. Aucoin, 574 So. 2d 344, 346 (La. 1990).
Roman’s business involved manual labor and required him to stand as many as
12 hours daily; he could no longer fulfil those responsibilities. It was not
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speculative for Chalfin to conclude that he would need to hire a supervisor in
order for his business to continue.
Western also argues that Womack’s testimony that Roman would lose
income was unreliable and factually unsupported because an unfiled tax return
from the year after the accident showed business earnings greater than those
from the preceding ones. This is not an evidentiary objection, but rather a
request for reconsideration of a factual matter resolved by the jury. We note
Roman sought over $1,000,000 in lost wages and received only $600,000,
suggesting the jury may have partly credited Western’s argument.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence – La. Rev. Stat. § 9:2800.55
Because none of the expert evidence was improperly admitted, we turn
now to Western’s sufficiency challenge.
This case was tried exclusively under the Louisiana Products Liability Act
(“LPLA”). The Act has a single cause of action holding manufacturers liable for
damages “proximately caused by a characteristic of the product that renders [it]
unreasonably dangerous when such damage arose from a reasonably anticipated
use of the product.” La. Rev. Stat. § 9:2800.54. A product can be “unreasonably
dangerous” in four different ways. Stahl v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 283 F.3d 254,
261 (5th Cir. 2002). Only two of these were put to the jury. They were the
“design defect” theory under Section 9:2800.56, and the “construction or
composition” theory under Section 9:2800.55. The jury found liability on the
latter basis, on which it had been instructed from the statute’s text, as follows.
A product is unreasonably dangerous in construction or composition
if, at the time the product left its manufacturer’s control, the
product deviated in a material way from the manufacturer’s
specifications or performance standards for the product or from
otherwise identical products manufactured by the same
manufacturer.
La. Rev. Stat. § 9:2800.55.
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Because “LPLA liability for a defect in construction or composition is strict
liability,” the plaintiff need not show that “the manufacturer knew or should
have known of the product deviation and could have prevented it,” i.e.,
negligence. John Kennedy, A Primer on the Louisiana Products Liability Act, 49
La. L. Rev. 565, 594 (1989);8 id. at 595 & n.140, 141; see also Joseph v. Bohn
Ford, Inc., 483 So. 2d 934, 940 (La. 1986); Weaver v. CCA Indus., Inc., 529 F.3d
335, 340 & n.3 (5th Cir. 2008).
Western argues that there was no legally sufficient evidentiary basis on
which the jury could reach its verdict. Because this argument was properly
preserved, we consider it de novo. Goodner, 650 F.3d at 1039. Most of Western’s
arguments for judgment as a matter of law are interwoven with its arguments
against the admission of Roman’s experts. A few independent assertions can be
discerned, and we address them as well.
The company first argues that Roman improperly used the evidentiary
doctrine of res ipsa loquitor, or “the thing speaks for itself.” The “doctrine means
that the circumstances surrounding an accident are so unusual as to give rise to
an inference of negligence or liability on the part of the defendant.” Jurls v.
Ford Motor Co., 752 So. 2d 260, 265 (La. Ct. App. 2000). The plaintiff has
repeatedly disavowed reliance on res ipsa loquitor. In contesting Western’s Rule
50(b) motion, counsel for Roman told the district court: “we’re not alleging res
ipsa, we’re saying what an analogy that is. . . . [The pump] is out of the box and
10 or 15 minutes later the hose explodes. So we’re not alleging that.” Given
this, it is unnecessary for us to rule whether the doctrine could have been used
in this case. We do note, however, that contrary to Western’s claims of
impropriety, the Louisiana Supreme Court has expressly held “that the doctrine
8
Courts consider Kennedy a reliable authority, in part, because he co-drafted the
LPLA. Hunter ex rel. Hunter v. Knoll Rig & Equip., Mfg. Co., 70 F.3d 803, 805 n.2 (5th Cir.
1995).
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of res ipsa loquitur is applicable to products liability actions” under the LPLA.
Lawson v. Mitsubishi Motor Sales of Am., Inc., 938 So. 2d 35, 49 (La. 2006); see
also id. at 46-51; Frank L. Maraist & Thomas C. Galligan, Jr., Louisiana Tort
Law § 15.09 (2004 ed.), at 15-17 to 15-18.
Western further contends the concept that “circumstantial evidence can
be used to infer that a product is unreasonabl[y] dangerous . . . is not the law,
and this Court should not give any value” to it. We disagree. The defect under
Section 9:2800.55 “may be established by circumstantial evidence.” Bohn Ford,
483 So. 2d at 940; see also Kennedy, supra, at 595 & n.140, 141; Hanover Am. Ins.
Co. v. Trippe Mfg. Co., 843 So. 2d 571, 576 (La. Ct. App. 2003). Leading scholars
on the LPLA explain that plaintiffs “generally rel[y] heavily on circumstantial
evidence.” Maraist & Galligan, supra, at 15-17.
The final aspect of Western’s challenge is that Roman’s evidence fell short
of what was necessary to prove by a preponderance that the pump deviated from
Western’s “specifications or performance standards, or from components in
identical” Predator Pumps. Lawrence v. Gen. Motors Corp., 73 F.3d 587, 589
(5th Cir. 1996). To prevail under the construction or composition theory,
Louisiana courts require the plaintiff to (i) set forth the manufacturer’s
specifications for the product and (ii) demonstrate “how the product materially
deviated from those standards so as to render it ‘unreasonably dangerous.’”
Jenkins v. Int’l Paper Co., 945 So. 2d 144, 150 (La. Ct. App. 2006); see also
Grenier v. Med. Eng’g Corp., 99 F. Supp. 2d 759, 764 (W.D. La. 2000). “Any
deviation that increases the propensity for injury is material.” Masters v.
Courtesy Ford Co., 758 So. 2d 171, 192 (La. Ct. App. 1999), vacated on other
grounds by 765 So. 2d 1056 (La. 2000).
The specifications Roman relied upon are clear from the record. The
performance standard was based both on the Predator Pump’s operating manual
and testimony from Western about its internal performance standards.
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Western’s general manager Darren Dyck testified that the polyurethane ball is
designed to eject when the pressure reaches between 750 and 1,000 psi.
Similarly, the operator’s manual represented that the “ball will stay in place
until enough pressure occurs that will cause the ball to blow out through the
opening in the brass cap and release the pressure.” See Hanover Am., 843 So.
2d at 577 (holding that a triable issue on construction/composition theory existed
because performance standard for an electrical component deemed “not [to]
include igniting a fire in normal operation”).
As to how the deviation occurred, the jury was entitled to credit testimony
by Vandervort and Riggs that the Cam-Lok shearing evidenced that pressures
above 2,000 psi were reached. Crucially, as recounted already, uncontroverted
evidence is that the ball on his machine, in fact, never ejected.
The defect cannot be based “solely on the fact that an accident occurred.”
Morris v. United Servs. Auto. Assoc., 756 So. 2d 549, 558 (La. Ct. App. 2000).
According to this principle, liability has been withheld when an expert could not
“offer an explanation or theory as to which component” of the product failed, or
how the failure could have caused the accident. Id. It is also inadequate if, after
the expert was excluded, the remaining evidence provided no explanation for
why the product failed. Brown v. Parker-Hannifin Corp., 919 F.2d 308, 312 (5th
Cir. 1990). However, neither defect existed here. Roman’s experts identified the
PRV ball as the root cause of the explosion and supported their theories through
the quasi-static and dynamic tests, as well as with calculations according to the
laws of physics. This was sufficient.
On the other hand, a jury inference that a clog or hose-kink occurred
would have to be despite lay testimony that the stucco slurry was flowing easily
and the absence of proof of a kink. We do not find the inference to be
impermissible. See Weber v. Fid. & Cas. Ins. Co. of N.Y., 250 So. 2d 754, 757
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(1971); Maraist & Galligan, supra, at 15-3, 15-12 to 15-17.9 “A jury may draw
reasonable inferences from the evidence, and those inferences may constitute
sufficient proof to support a verdict.” Hiltgen v. Sumrall, 47 F.3d 695, 700 (5th
Cir. 1995) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
There is no basis to set aside the jury’s finding of a defect under Louisiana
Revised Statute Section 9:2800.55.
III. Other Rule 50 Issues
Several other bases for judgment as a matter of law have been argued on
appeal. Roman seeks judgment on the alternative theory put to the jurors that
the pump was “unreasonably dangerous in design.” La. Rev. Stat. § 9:2800.56.
Both Roman and Western also want us to set aside the jury’s allocation of
comparative fault between the pump’s defect and Roman’s negligence, though
the fault they each see differs dramatically.
Joining all three challenges is the failure to raise them in the manner
dictated by Rule 50. De novo review would advantage both parties, which could
explain why neither side has raised this problem. We must determine our
standard of review. United States v. Peltier, 505 F.3d 389, 391 & n.1 (5th Cir.
2007). A Rule 50(a) motion must be pursued at some point before the return of
the jury verdict. Md. Cas. Co. v. Acceptance Indem. Ins. Co., 639 F.3d 701, 707
(5th Cir. 2011); United States ex rel. Wallace v. Flintco Inc., 143 F.3d 955, 963
(5th Cir. 1998). As the district court found, Roman did not move under Rule
50(a) at any of his available opportunities.
The pre-verdict motion must also concern the same points of error as the
renewed motion after the verdict under Rule 50(b). See 9 Moore’s Federal
Practice § 50.43[3], at 50-71 to 50-74 (3d ed. 2012); Bay Colony, Ltd. v.
9
See Kennedy, supra, at 595 (“Weber would be decided the same way under section
2800.55 as would most other pre-LPLA cases involving such defects.”).
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Trendmaker, Inc., 121 F.3d 998, 1003 (5th Cir. 1997). This ensures that the
opposing party is alert “to the specific grounds for an anticipated challenge to the
sufficiency of its proof” and allows that party “the opportunity to move to cure
any such deficiency.” Flintco, 143 F.3d at 963; see also 9 Moore’s Federal
Practice § 50.21[3], at 50-48 to 50-49. As the district court recognized, although
Western did bring a Rule 50(a) motion at the close of the plaintiff’s case as to the
“unreasonably dangerous characteristics of the Predator Pump,” it “made no
such [pre-verdict] motion with regard to the plaintiff’s comparative fault.”
Because these failures undermine the essential purposes of Rule 50, these
arguments are considered as though raised for the first time on appeal. See
Flintco, 143 F.3d at 963-64; Purcell v. Seguin State Bank & Trust Co., 999 F.2d
950, 956-57 (5th Cir. 1993). Our review is therefore for plain error, requiring us
to uphold the jury’s resolutions if we discern “any evidence” in support. Flintco,
143 F.3d at 964. That standard is satisfied both for comparative negligence and
the design defect theory of LPLA liability as we now explain.
A. Comparative Negligence
Comparative fault principles under La. Civ. Code art. 2323 apply to LPLA
claims. Scott v. Am. Tobacco, Co., 830 So. 2d 294, 303 (La. 2002) (Victory, J.,
concurring and dissenting); see Kampen v. Am. Isuzu Motors, Inc., 157 F.3d 306,
315-16 (5th Cir. 1998) (en banc). Both parties challenge the validity of the jury’s
assignment of 30 percent fault to Western and 70 percent to Roman.
Western argues that even if liability were proper, the only legally
permissible apportionment of comparative fault is that Roman was 100 percent
negligent. The manual cautions to “[n]ever stand on the side of the machine
where the hose leaves the pump while it is in operation.” Sitting en banc we
have held that “some of the plaintiff’s negligent conduct” is appropriately part
of the LPLA’s definition of the use manufacturers reasonably anticipate.
Kampen, 157 F.3d at 312. Drawing inferences in Roman’s favor as we must, the
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jury could have concluded that this warning did not literally prohibit standing
on the hose side of the pump at any and all distances, especially given that
Western shipped it with a 250-foot section of hosing. See Kennedy, supra, at
585-86 (explaining standard as those uses “a manufacturer should reasonably
expect of an ordinary consumer.”). Roman testified taht at the time of the
accident, he was 18 to 20 feet away from the pump and walking away from it at
a 45 degree angle. Rather than placing him directly in line with the hose
coupling, this places him behind the machine on the hose side.
Roman’s contrary charge that “the jury clearly did not have a sufficient
evidentiary basis to find him comparatively negligent” is close to being frivolous,
particularly given our standard of review.
B. Design Defect Theory
Roman’s argument that no rational jury could have withheld liability on
the design fails. Section 9:2800.56 provides in part that:
A product is unreasonably dangerous in design if, at the time it left
its manufacturer’s control:
(1) There existed an alternative design for the product that was
capable of preventing the claimant’s damage; and
(2) The likelihood that the product’s design would cause the
claimant’s damage and the gravity of that damage outweighed the
burden on the manufacturer of adopting such alternative design and
the adverse effect, if any, of such alternative design on the utility of
the product. . . .
Thus, the statute required Roman to prove (i) that an alternative design
existed at the time Western manufactured the Predator Pump, and (ii) “that the
risk avoided by using the alternative design (magnitude of damage discounted
by the likelihood of its occurrence) would have exceeded the burden of switching
to the alternative design (added construction costs and loss of product utility).”
Lawrence, 73 F.3d at 590 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
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Roman offered two possible alternative designs at trial – safety cables and
heavier duty fittings. Roman made no serious effort to evaluate these measures’
risk/utility, as required by the LPLA. See id.
There was also testimony by Western’s general manager that the Cam-Lok
coupling conformed to industry standards. Little more was shown about the
heavy duty fittings than that they would have increased the “safety factor ratio.”
The evidence as to safety cables was even weaker. Though Western’s manager
stated he had seen safety cables used by customers, he was testifying about
fireproofing machines, not stucco pumps.
As Western notes as to both, Roman failed to “address the burdens or
adverse utility effects of his proposed changes.” Smith v. Louisville Ladder Co.,
237 F.3d 515, 520 (5th Cir. 2001). In Lawrence, we held that such a shortcoming
rendered the evidence “insufficient as a matter of law to support a finding of
design defect.” Lawrence, 73 F.3d at 590 (plaintiff’s expert testimony that
“alternative design would have been obviously inexpensive and easily
implemented” held insufficient under LPLA).
IV. Re-examination Clause
One final issue remains. In its itemization of damages, the jury returned
$15,000 in compensation for “past medical expenses.” After trial, Roman sought
to have the judgment amended to award $168,804.22 instead. The basis for the
request was that without objection Roman had entered into evidence copies of
medical records and bills totaling that sum. Without cross-examination from
Western, three doctors – an orthopedist, plastic surgeon, and wound therapist
– had explained the treatment in those records, and testified that the care had
related to the July 10, 2007 accident and was medically necessary.
Given these facts, and that at no time had Western disputed the treatment
or its value during trial, the court found that the jury had no valid basis in
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evidence for its $15,000 sum, as opposed to the full measure of medical costs.
The court modified the judgment to reflect the $168,804.22 and correctly reduced
it according to the jury’s comparative fault assignment.
Western argues this modification was impermissible additur that violated
the Seventh Amendment’s Re-examination Clause:
[N]o fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any
Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the
common law.
U.S. Const. amend. VII. Trial courts have the power to grant a new trial when
the verdict is “against the weight of the evidence.” Gasperini v. Ctr. for
Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 433 (1996) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). Implicit in the court’s new-trial power is the prerogative, when
damages are too great, to instead secure agreement from the “plaintiff to remit
excessive damages.” Dimick v. Schiedt, 293 U.S. 474, 486-87 (1935). As a
general matter, the Supreme Court has held that this “remittur withstands
Seventh Amendment attack,” while proposing the opposite bargain, known as
“additur, [is] unconstitutional.” Gasperini, 518 U.S. at 433.
Nonetheless, “[t]he constitutional rule against additur is not violated in a
case where the jury ha[s] properly determined liability and there is no valid
dispute as to the amount of damages. In such a case the court is in effect simply
granting summary judgment on the question of damages.” Moreau v.
Oppenheim, 663 F.2d 1300, 1311 (5th Cir. 1981) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). This principle is firmly recognized across the circuits.10
The district court thus correctly concluded, under these facts, that this
exception applies. Id.; see also Liriano v. Hobart Corp., 170 F.3d 264, 272-73 (2d
10
See, e.g., E.E.O.C. v. Massey Yardley Chrysler Plymouth, Inc., 117 F.3d 1244, 1252
(11th Cir. 1997) (“Courts recognize an exception to Dimick where the jury has found the
underlying liability and there is no genuine issue as to the correct amount of damages.”);
Decato v. Travelers Ins. Co., 379 F.2d 796, 798 (1st Cir. 1967) (similar).
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Cir. 1999) (holding no Re-examination Clause violation when, in products
liability action, district court added cost of a hospital bill submitted to jury to
total damage award). These instances of uncontested damages “do not
technically involve additur, because the correct figure is divined as a matter of
law, and the plaintiff is not made to choose between the increased damage award
and a new trial.” 12 Moore’s Federal Practice § 59.13[2] at 59-80.
We AFFIRM the judgment on the jury verdict as modified by the district
court.
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