Ludivina Estrada v. Michael Wallace

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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 15-41341 FILED
February 24, 2017
Lyle W. Cayce
LEANN STARNES, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
MICHAEL G. WALLACE; MICHAEL A. RICH; DONNA RICH; SHERRI
CUNNINGHAM; DONNA MAREZ; DAYBREAK PARTNERS, L.L.C.;
DAYBREAK VENTURE, L.L.C.; DAYBREAK HEALTHCARE,
INCORPORATED; DAYBREAK THERAPY, L.L.C.; HEA MANAGEMENT
GROUP, INCORPORATED; COLD SPRING HOLDINGS, L.L.C.; CANYON
RIVER HOLDINGS, L.L.C.; DENTON RIVER HOLDINGS, L.L.C.; SEVEN
FALLS HOLDINGS, L.L.C.; RED PINE HOLDINGS, L.L.C.,
Defendants - Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas
Before DAVIS, SOUTHWICK, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
GREGG COSTA, Circuit Judge:
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), passed during the New Deal to
set a federal minimum wage for certain workers, is one of the earliest federal
statutes to contain the antiretaliation provisions that in the years since have
become common in employment laws (the contemporaneous National Labor
Relations Act is another early example). The plaintiff brought this case
contending that the antiretaliation provision was violated when she was
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terminated after raising concerns about whether a coworker’s pay complied
with the FLSA. We decide whether there is sufficient evidence in support of
her claim to reach a jury. We also consider whether a Texas statute dealing
with health facilities prohibits retaliation for reporting FLSA violations.
I.
LeAnn Starnes worked at Daybreak Ventures, L.L.C., a company that
employs thousands of individuals to work at nursing homes in Texas. 1 Starnes
was a Risk Manager in the corporate office, which involved investigating work-
related injuries and reviewing any liability for the company, providing
information to the Texas Workforce Commission, reviewing and denying work-
related injury claims, working on the opposition statements for EEOC
discrimination cases, and attending mediation for lawsuits when they involved
the Risk Management Department.
Sometime in late October or early November of 2010, coworker Ludy
Estrada complained to Starnes that Daybreak was not paying Estrada’s
husband Vincent, a maintenance worker, for his travel time or overtime.
Although Starnes reviewed the information Ludy 2 provided, she referred Ludy
to Andy Shelton who was the Director of Human Resources because Starnes
believed FLSA claims were handled exclusively by his department. Ludy
refused to speak to Shelton, expressing concern that she might lose her job if
she reported the violation. Starnes then met with Shelton herself on Ludy’s
behalf. During the meeting, which took place just a few days after Ludy had
approached Starnes, Starnes told Shelton that Daybreak was “violating the
1 Because of the summary judgment stance, this recitation takes facts in the light
most favorable to Starnes.
2 We refer to the Estradas by first name because both Ludy and Vincent are mentioned
throughout the opinion.
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law by the way [it was] paying Vincent.”
Before New Year’s, Daybreak President Mike Rich pulled Starnes aside
to discuss Vincent’s situation. Starnes again reiterated that “it looked to [her]
like Daybreak was breaking the law” by the way it was paying Vincent. Rich
assured her that they would resolve the situation.
The sequence of the events that followed is disputed, but around this
time, Daybreak began requiring each employee to sign a job description.
Starnes’s own “Job Description” was dated October, 25, 2010, but she did not
sign it until March 11, 2011. According to this document, Starnes was required
to report “all allegations and findings related to violations of Federal and State
law including Anti-Kickback and fraud.” This differs from an earlier “Job
Analysis” of Starnes’s position, which appears to be written by Starnes herself
and describes the amount of time she spent on various duties, none of which
involved reporting violations of law.
Daybreak also began reclassifying maintenance workers like Vincent
Estrada from salaried employees to hourly ones who are covered by the FLSA.
Despite the reclassification, Vincent’s claim for backpay remained unresolved
for most of 2011. Moreover, Daybreak was still not paying Vincent for his
travel time.
In November 2011, Ludy became frustrated that Vincent’s claim still had
not been resolved. She went to Shelton, the HR Director, and demanded that
Vincent be paid. Shelton asked her to put the request in writing so that it
could be presented to Rich. The Estradas ultimately requested $68,713.38 in
owed wages, and Shelton told Ludy that he would relay the request to Rich.
On December 9, 2011, Rich called Ludy into his office to talk about the amount
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of Vincent’s request. 3 Starnes, who had not had any involvement with the pay
dispute in the year since she had reported it to HR and discussed it with Rich,
was not present. Yet Rich indicated during the negotiations that he believed
that Starnes “was to blame” for the problems with Vincent’s wage claim. The
discussion between Rich and Ludy became “heated” because they disagreed as
to whether the law required payment for Vincent’s travel time. The
conversation was so loud that Starnes could overhear Rich’s angry raised voice
from her own office. After Ludy became visibly upset during the meeting, Rich
agreed to resolve Vincent’s claim and assured Ludy that she would not lose her
job. The last week of 2011, Daybreak finally settled its dispute with Vincent
for $40,000.
Just ten days later, on January 6, 2012, Daybreak laid off five employees,
including Starnes and Ludy, purportedly due to financial difficulties related to
cuts in Medicaid reimbursement rates. Yet one of these employees, Rich’s son,
had already accepted another position with a different company before being
“let go.” Two other employees were soon rehired in different positions within
Daybreak.
The two who were left without a job, Starnes and Ludy, then filed this
lawsuit asserting claims for retaliation under both the FLSA and section
260A.014(b) of the Texas Health and Safety Code, which regulates nursing
homes. Daybreak filed a 12(b)(6) motion that sought dismissal of the state law
claim and also sought a ruling that damages for emotional distress and
punitive damages are not available under the FLSA retaliation provision. The
district court granted that motion in full.
3 Starnes’s affidavit states that this meeting took place in December 2012, but given
that it clearly indicates that Starnes was still working there at the time and that it was before
the 2011 holidays, it is apparent that she meant to say December 2011.
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After discovery, Daybreak moved for summary judgment on liability
under the FLSA. The district court denied the motion with respect to Ludy. It
found that she had established a prima facie case of retaliation and that a jury
could conclude that the “cost cutting” justification for her termination was
pretextual primarily because she and Starnes were the only employees who
wanted to stay, but were “permanently let go” as a result of the supposed
downsizing. The district court reached a different result as to Starnes, finding
that she could not establish a prima facie case for two reasons. First, it
concluded she did not engage in protected activity because she did not act
outside her job duties in reporting the wage dispute. Second, it concluded that
she could not establish causation because more than a year elapsed between
her reporting activity and termination.
Ludy settled with Daybreak before trial. Starnes timely appealed all of
the district court’s rulings except the one about punitive damages.
II.
We begin with our de novo review of the district court’s summary
judgment ruling on the FLSA retaliation claim, viewing the evidence “in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Gray v. Powers, 673 F.3d 352,
354 (5th Cir. 2012). We will affirm summary judgment only “if the movant
shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).
As with most federal employment statutes that require a showing of
improper motive for which direct evidence is usually lacking, courts evaluate
FLSA retaliation claims relying on circumstantial evidence under the
evidentiary framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792
(1973). See Hagan v. Echostar Satellite, L.L.C., 529 F.3d 617, 624 (5th Cir.
2008). The first question is whether Starnes has made a prima facie showing
of: (1) participation in a protected activity under the FLSA; (2) an adverse
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employment action; and (3) a causal link between the activity and the adverse
action. Id. If she has, the burden then shifts to Daybreak to articulate a
legitimate, nonretaliatory reason for the adverse action. Id. Once it has done
so, then the burden shifts back to Starnes to identify evidence from which a
jury could conclude that Daybreak’s proffered reason is a pretext for
retaliation. Id.
A.
As to Starnes’s prima facie case, the parties do not dispute that her
termination was an adverse action, but they disagree about the protected
activity and causal link elements.
To engage in protected activity, the plaintiff must make a “complaint.”
Hagan, 529 F.3d at 626. We have held that:
In order for an employee’s communication to constitute a
“complaint,” the “employer must have fair notice that an employee
is making a complaint that could subject the employer to a later
claim of retaliation” and the “complaint must be sufficiently clear
and detailed for a reasonable employer to understand it, in light of
both content and context, as an assertion of rights protected by the
[FLSA] and a call for their protection.”
Lasater v. Tex. A & M Univ.-Commerce, 495 F. App’x 458, 461 (5th Cir. 2012)
(per curiam) (quoting Kasten v. Saint–Gobain Performance Plastics Corp., 131
S. Ct. 1325, 1334–35 (2011)). We have also explained that such an assertion
of rights requires that an employee step outside of his normal job role and
assert a right adverse to the company. 4 Hagan, 529 F.3d at 627. Because a
4 The Ninth Circuit has held that Kasten requires a slightly different standard than
the “manager rule” used in Hagan. Rosenfield v. GlobalTranz Enters, Inc., 811 F.3d 282,
287–88 (9th Cir. 2015). The Ninth Circuit thus requires that the plaintiff’s complaint be
“sufficiently clear and detailed for a reasonable employer to understand it, in light of both
content and context, as an assertion of rights protected by the statute and a call for their
protection.” Kasten, 131 S. Ct. at 1335. However, it has acknowledged that its rule, which
treats the plaintiff’s job duties as “one consideration” in determining whether an employee
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manager’s job duties often include “being mindful of the needs and concerns of
both sides and appropriately expressing them” when it comes to pay issues,
merely voicing such concerns does not constitute sufficient notice that the
manager is asserting rights. Id. at 628.
We thus refused to find that a manager of satellite television technicians
acted adversely to his employer when he asked an HR Manager to speak with
technicians who had raised questions about the legality of new pay practices.
See Hagan, 529 F.3d at 629–30. The Hagan manager never advocated on
behalf of his or other technician’s statutory rights. He did not even think there
was any unlawful policy and was so uninterested in the matter that he did not
attend the meeting HR had with the technicians or otherwise follow up with
HR to determine whether the change was, in fact, legal. Id. at 629–30.
Starnes’s communications went much further than that of the field
service manager in Hagan. She did not merely relay concerns of others that
Daybreak’s actions might be illegal; instead she asserted on at least two
separate occasions—first to HR and then in response to the company
president—that Daybreak was “violating the law” by not paying Vincent for
travel time or overtime.
Despite Starnes unequivocally expressing the view that her employer
was violating the law, the district court concluded that her conduct did not
involve stepping outside her role as Risk Manager. It relied on the Job
Description dated October 25, 2010, which states that Starnes investigates and
reports to President Rich all violations of federal and state law, including FLSA
violations. But factual disputes surrounding whether the Job Description
applied at the time Starnes made her report to HR make it an inappropriate
gives fair notice, and our manager rule “likely are consistent.” Rosenfield, 811 F.3d at 287.
And we have continued to apply the language both from Hagan and Kasten consistently. See
Lasater, 495 F. App’x at 461.
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vehicle to warrant judgment as a matter of law. Starnes stated that she alerted
Shelton to Vincent’s wage issue as early as late October 2010; thus, her report
may have been made before Daybreak even created the Job Description. There
is no evidence about when the new description was delivered to Starnes, and
Starnes did not even sign it until March 2011—several months after her initial
report. Daybreak points out that she did not object to the description, but that
does not rule out that it contained new responsibilities. Indeed, the earlier
created Job Analysis does not mention reporting violations of law.
Other evidence reinforces the view that there is a genuine dispute about
whether reporting FLSA violations was part of Starnes’s duties. Aside from
the Vincent Estrada situation, Starnes never dealt with a pay issue during her
tenure as Risk Manager. Her primary responsibility involved insurance and
workers compensation claims. And Starnes’s conduct in handling the Vincent
Estrada issue corroborates her testimony about her responsibilities. She did
not consider the FLSA dispute to be part of her duties, first telling Ludy to take
the issue to HR. When Ludy was afraid to do so, Starnes agreed to talk with
HR. She did not take the issue directly to President Rich, which is what the
Job Description says she should do with compliance issues within her
bailiwick. Starnes’s conduct thus reflects what is typically the case in sizable
companies: a separate HR department handles pay issues.
Unlike the dispute in this case about whether Starnes had any
responsibility for pay issues, the plaintiffs whose cases were dismissed at the
summary judgment stage because they were acting in a “managerial role”
indisputably dealt with pay issues. See Lasater, 495 F. App’x at 459, 462
(Director of the Office of Financial Aid and Scholarships “had the obligation
and the discretion and authority to keep the accumulated comp hours of her
employees[, which were awarded as a substitute for overtime pay] below the
prescribed level” to ensure compliance with the FLSA and university policy);
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McKenzie v. Renberg’s Inc., 94 F.3d 1478, 1481 (10th Cir. 1996) (Personnel
Director responsible for “monitoring compliance with,” among other
employment issues, “wage and hour laws”); Claudio-Gotay v. Becton Dickinson
Caribe, Ltd., 375 F.3d 99, 101 (1st Cir. 2004) (engineer who had to approve
security guard’s “invoices for payment”); 5 Miller v. Metrocare Servs., 2015 WL
477233, at *1, *6 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 5, 2015) (HR Director responsible for ensuring
compliance with employment laws).
Another feature of those cases helps further delineate the line between
the unprotected act of “assist[ing] the company in complying with its
obligations under the FLSA” and the protected act of advocating for a coworker.
Hagan, 529 F.3d at 627. All of the cases just cited involved the plaintiff raising
concerns about the classification of all workers or entire categories of workers.
See McKenzie, 94 F.3d at 1481, 1486–87 (Director complained about the
company’s failure to pay overtime to employees); Claudio-Gotay, 375 F.3d at
102 (plaintiff raised concerns about the guards not being paid overtime);
Miller, 2015 WL 477233, at *1 (HR Director reported that the case
management employees had been misclassified as exempt from the FLSA).
That desire for full compliance with the law for all workers is what one would
expect from a manager “concerned with protecting” his employer. Claudio-
Gotay, 375 F.3d at 102. In contrast, Starnes’s concern was only about
Vincent—even though other maintenance workers were subject to the same
5 Like Hagan, Lasater, McKenzie, and Claudio-Gotay are also cases in which the
employee raised only a “concern” about liability or policy and did not make a definitive
allegation of illegality as Starnes did here. See Lasater, 495 F. App’x at 460 (plaintiff brought
up “concern[s]” about employee comp time violating university policy during a routine audit);
McKenzie, 94 F.3d at 1481 (plaintiff expressed “concerns about the company’s possible FLSA
violations”); Claudio-Gotay, 375 F.3d at 102 (plaintiff was “concerned with protecting [the
company], not asserting rights adverse to [it].”) Allegations of illegality are more indicative
that an employee is acting adversely to his employer than are concerns about liability.
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pay policies (thus the reclassification)—and is thus more akin to “asserting
rights adverse” to the company, id., by advocating “on behalf of [another’s]
statutory rights.” Hagan, 529 F.3d at 630.
We thus conclude that there is a factual dispute about whether Starnes
was stepping outside her ordinary role as Risk Manager and giving fair notice
to Daybreak that she was asserting rights adverse to it.
B.
That brings us to the second reason why the district court found Starnes
could not establish a prima facie case: its conclusion that she could not
establish a causal link because of significant passage of time—more than a
year—between her protected activity and termination. That ruling is
consistent with the closeness our case law requires when proximity between
the protected activity and adverse action alone is being used to establish
causation. See, e.g., Raggs v. Miss. Power & Light Co., 278 F.3d 463, 471–72
(5th Cir. 2002) (holding that temporal proximity alone furnished insufficient
evidence of causation to withstand motion for judgment as a matter of law
when five months had elapsed). That timing is often all that plaintiffs can
point to in trying to establish causation.
But looking solely at temporal proximity in this case, when nearly
identical evidence of pretext was found sufficient to allow Ludy to establish a
fact issue on the ultimate question of causation, is the “rigid, mechanized, or
ritualistic” application of McDonnell Douglas that the Supreme Court has
warned against. Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 6 (2002)
6 Indeed, federal courts’ use of McDonnell Douglas has become so habitual that its
evidentiary framework has been improperly treated as a pleading standard, see Swieriweicz,
534 U.S. at 511 (holding that a plaintiff need not plead a prima facie case as McDonnell
Douglas sets forth a framework for evaluating evidence), and jury instruction, see Walther v.
Lone Star Gas Co., 952 F.2d 119, 127 (5th Cir. 1992) (explaining that jury should not be
instructed using McDonnell Douglas standard).
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(quoting Furnco Constr. Corp. v. Waters, 438 U.S. 567, 577 (1978)); see also Gee
v. Principi, 289 F.3d 342, 346 n.3 (5th Cir. 2002) (explaining that temporal
proximity is “part of [the] analysis, but not in itself conclusive” in establishing
the causal link for retaliation (quoting Shirley v. Chrysler First, Inc., 970 F.2d
39, 44 (5th Cir.1992)). Under that framework, the causation requirement for
the prima face case is considered at the initial McDonell Douglas stage, with
pretext evidence being evaluated at the separate final stage. But the big
picture is that both the “causal link” of the prima facie case and the pretext
inquiry are aimed at the ultimate question in a retaliation case: “whether the
defendant discriminated against the plaintiff because the plaintiff engaged in”
protected conduct. Long v. Eastfield Coll., 88 F.3d 300, 305 n.4 (5th Cir. 1996);
see also McCoy v. City of Shreveport, 492 F.3d 551, 562 (5th Cir. 2007)
(describing the ultimate inquiry as whether there is sufficient “evidence from
which the jury may infer that retaliation was the real motive”). The difference
is that the prima facie inquiry is the “much less stringent” causation standard.
Long, 88 F.3d at 305 n.4. We thus recently recognized in the analogous burden-
shifting framework of First Amendment retaliation claims that when plaintiffs
had produced pretext evidence indicating that their employer’s reason for
terminating them was false, they had necessarily satisfied the causation
element of the prima facie case. See Bosque v. Starr Cnty., Tex., 630 F. App’x
300, 304–05 (5th Cir. 2015) (explaining that “attempting to cabin pretext
evidence into the third prong is contrary to other precedent and
commonsense”).
Likewise here, the evidence that the district court found could allow a
finding of pretext for Ludy Estrada—that only she and Starnes, the two
individuals complaining about the FLSA violations, were permanently let go
—also helps establish the “less stringent” causation element of the prima facie
case. If a jury could disbelieve that Daybreak fired Ludy and Starnes for cost-
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cutting reasons, then that would be proof of a retaliatory motive. See Reeves v.
Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 147 (2000) (“In appropriate
circumstances, the trier of fact can reasonably infer from the falsity of the
explanation that the employer is dissembling to cover up a discriminatory
purpose.”).
And even when it comes to timing, we have recognized that the prima
facie case does not rigidly consider only one form of temporal connection. See
Gee, 289 F.3d at 347 (holding that highly critical comments made about
plaintiff by her former harasser and others with knowledge of the harassment
at selection meeting—over two years after her harassment complaint—
indicated a causal connection between her nonselection for the position and her
protected activity when meeting and nonselection occurred about a month
apart). Although Starnes was terminated more than a year after she engaged
in protected activity, the termination occurred just ten days after Daybreak
paid $40,000 to resolve the problem Starnes raised. The time when funds have
gone out the door may be when the retaliatory impulse is strongest. The
termination also came within a month of the meeting between Rich and Ludy,
in which Rich heatedly blamed Starnes for the dispute over Vincent’s pay.
We thus find that Starnes has established the causal link required to
establish a prima facie case. 7
7 Daybreak argues Starnes is unable to establish the causal link for another reason.
It contends that Wallace, Daybreak’s Chief Financial Officer, terminated her, not Rich. This
means, in its view, there is no evidence Wallace knew about Starnes’s reporting of the Vincent
Estrada wage issue. See Russell v. McKinney Hosp. Venture, 235 F.3d 219, 226 (5th Cir.
2000) (explaining that the final decisionmaker must be aware of the protected activity or he
must have been improperly influenced by someone with retaliatory intent). In evaluating
Ludy Estrada’s claim, however, the district court found a factual dispute concerning who
terminated her. We agree with that assessment of the evidence and find there is a similar
dispute as to who terminated Starnes. As the district court noted, there is evidence that Rich
sent out the email announcing which positions were to be eliminated and personally signed
both Plaintiffs’ termination letters. Although Daybreak cites Wallace’s affidavit, in which he
states that the termination decision was made solely by him, the parties’ competing stories
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C.
For many of the reasons just discussed, the same evidence that
supported the district court’s pretext ruling as to Ludy Estrada also establishes
sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that Daybreak’s reason
for firing Starnes (financial problems related to Medicaid reimbursement cuts)
was a pretext for retaliation. See Hagan, 529 F.3d at 624. Most compelling to
the district court was that Starnes and Ludy—the two employees who reported
the alleged FLSA violation—were the only employees permanently let go who
wanted to stay at Daybreak. Daybreak counters by arguing that it never filled
either woman’s eliminated position. That may be so, and a jury may agree that
cost-cutting was the true motivation. But a reasonable juror could also find to
the contrary, especially given that the amounts paid for bonuses in 2011 and
the partners’ repeated assurances as late as the fall of 2011 that there would
be no need for layoffs paint a different financial picture.
III.
We next consider the district court’s decision to grant a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion to dismiss the request in Starnes’s complaint for emotional damages if
she were to prove a violation of the FLSA. Until recently, we had never directly
confronted this question, see Adams v. Cedar Hill Indep. Sch. Dist., 2014 WL
66488, at *6 (N.D. Tex., Jan. 8, 2014) (noting that “[t]he Fifth Circuit has not
squarely addressed” this question), and district courts in our circuit were split
on the answer. 8 While this appeal was pending, however, an opinion issued
demonstrate that there is a fact issue as to who terminated Starnes. Our review of the
evidence also indicates a dispute about whether, assuming Wallace was the decisionmaker,
he had knowledge of Starnes’s conduct before she was terminated. And it is undisputed that
Rich had such knowledge.
8 Compare Little v. Tech. Specialty Prods., LLC, 940 F. Supp. 2d 460, 479 (E.D. Tex.
2013) (holding that emotional distress damages are available under the FLSA) and Saldana
v. Zubha Foods, LLC, 2013 WL 3305542, at *6 (W.D. Tex., June 28, 2013) (same) with
Douglas v. Mission Chevrolet, 757 F. Supp. 2d 637, 639–40 (W.D. Tex. 2010) (holding that
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holding that a retaliation victim may recover emotional distress damages
under the FLSA. Pineda v. JTCH Apartments, L.L.C., 843 F.3d 1062 (5th Cir.
2016). In accord with Pineda, we conclude that the district court erred by
dismissing Starnes’s request for emotional damages. 9
IV.
In its motion to dismiss, Daybreak also challenged the sufficiency of the
claim Starnes asserts under section 260A.014(b) of the Texas Health and
Safety Code. That section is located in the subtitle dealing with “Licensing of
Health Facilities” and the chapter entitled “Reports of Abuse, Neglect, and
Exploitation of Residents of Certain Facilities.” TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ch. 260A. It provides a cause of action to employees who experience:
retaliat[ion] . . . for reporting to the employee’s supervisor, an
administrator of the facility, a state regulatory agency, or a law
enforcement agency a violation of law, including a violation of
Chapter 242 or 247 or a rule adopted under Chapter 242 or 247, or
for initiating or cooperating in any investigation or proceeding of a
governmental entity relating to care, services, or conditions at the
facility.
Id. § 260A.014(b).
emotional damages are not available under the FLSA); Adams, 2014 WL 66488, at *7 (N.D.
Tex. Jan. 8, 2014) (same).
9 Daybreak argues that Pineda did not address its argument that the general “legal
or equitable relief” language of the remedy provision is limited by the examples that follow:
“reinstatement, promotion, and the payment of wages lost.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Because the
listed remedies target economic harm, Daybreak contends this ejusdem generis canon—
meaning words should be interpreted to be “of the same kind”—precludes allowing emotional
damages under the general language. Even if we could use this argument to reconsider
Pineda, Daybreak misapplies this canon. It applies when “general words follow[] an
enumeration of two or more things,” not to a statute like this one that starts with the general
and follows that with specifics. ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN GARNER, READING LAW: THE
INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TEXTS 199, 203-205 (2012). Another canon is actually implicated
because the section 216(b)’s specific examples are preceded by the phrase “including without
limitation”: “the verb to include introduces examples, not an exhaustive list.” Id. at 132-33
(emphasis in original) (noting this canon is reinforced when “without limitation” in included).
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We agree with the district court’s conclusion that “a violation of law” in
this statute is limited to violations related to abuse, neglect, or exploitation of
residents at a covered facility and thus does not include whistleblowing on pay
policies. The subtitle and chapter title support that view. See TEX. GOV’T CODE
§ 311.023 (“In construing a statute, whether or not the statute is considered
ambiguous on its face, a court may consider among other matters the . . . title
(caption) . . . .”). So do the surrounding provisions in the chapter which
address, among other issues related to health facilities, requirements and
immunities for reporting acts that might impair the welfare of residents and
criminal penalties for failing to make such reports. 10 Id. §§ 260A.001–017;
Black v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co., 478 S.W.2d 434, 437 (Tex. 1972) (noting that
“[i]t is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that all sections, words and
phrases of an entire act must be considered together . . . and [that] one
provision will not be given a meaning out of harmony or inconsistent with other
provisions, although it might be susceptible of such construction if standing
alone.”) We recognize, moreover, that it would make little sense for the
legislature to carve out special protection for wage-and-hour whistleblowers in
nursing homes, but not employees of other industries. TEX. GOV’T CODE §
311.023 (allowing courts to consider the “consequences of a particular
construction” in construing a statute). For these reasons, it is not surprising
that not a single Texas court has adopted Starnes’s broad reading of the
statute. McCaig v. Wells Fargo Bank (Texas), N.A., 788 F.3d 463, 474 (5th Cir.
10 Starnes argues that the surrounding provisions support her broad interpretation of
“violation of law.” In support, she cites the incorporation of federal law as part of the
minimum standards by which Texas nursing homes are required to operate and to the
requirement that compliance with applicable federal standards must be shown to obtain a
license. HEALTH CODE §§ 242.001(b), 242.032(c)(2). But these provisions do no more than
reinforce the obvious point that simultaneous compliance with federal and state law is
required—they do not broaden the cause of action created under section 260A.014.
15
Case: 15-41341 Document: 00513888930 Page: 16 Date Filed: 02/24/2017
No. 15-41341
2015) (“[O]ur duty is to apply existing state law, not create it.”). We thus affirm
the holding that the state statute does not provide protection to employees
reporting FLSA violations.
** *
We AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Starnes’s claim for relief
under Texas Health and Safety Code section 260A.014, but we REVERSE the
judgment with respect to Starnes’s FLSA retaliation claim and her request for
emotional damages. The case is REMANDED.
16