Jose Iraheta v. Linebarger Goggan Blair, LLP, et a

Case: 17-20505 Document: 00514465007 Page: 1 Date Filed: 05/09/2018
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
17-20505
Fifth Circuit
FILED
Summary Calendar May 9, 2018
Lyle W. Cayce
JOSE D. IRAHETA, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
LINEBARGER GOGGAN BLAIR & SAMPSON, L.L.P.; PANKAJ PARMAR;
LEAH STOLAR; ROBERT CORTEZ; CYPRESS-FAIRBANKS
INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT; HARRIS COUNTY; ELISA HAND;
JOHN DOE 1 & 2, unknown persons, Linebarger Goggan Blair & Sampson
LLP’s partners; JOHN DOE 3-9, unknown persons, employees of Harris
County Tax Office and/or Harris County; JOHN DOE 10-13, unknown
persons, employees of Harris County Tax Office and/or Harris County; JOHN
DOE 14-15, unknown persons, employees of Cypress-Fairbanks Independent
School District,
Defendants - Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 4:15-CV-3227
Before KING, ELROD, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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Jose D. Iraheta, an active-duty servicemember proceeding pro se,
appeals the district court’s dismissal of his lawsuit. His complaint alleged,
among other things, that Harris County and its outside tax-collection firm
wrongfully attempted to collect unpaid property taxes from him during his
term of service. Finding no error in the rulings of the district court, we
AFFIRM.
I.
Jose D. Iraheta is a major in the U.S. Air Force. He entered active duty
in January 2003 and remains on active duty to this day.
This lawsuit arises from the defendants’ attempts to collect unpaid
property taxes from him during his term of service. In April 2007, Linebarger
Goggan Blair & Sampson, L.L.P., sued Iraheta on behalf of Harris County to
collect unpaid taxes on Iraheta’s real property. Iraheta, in turn, filed an
answer, counterclaim, and cross-claim. Within 30 days of filing, the Linebarger
firm moved to nonsuit the claims. Iraheta declined to dismiss his counterclaim.
The state suit was abated in September 2009, reactivated on Iraheta’s motion
in April 2014, and dismissed with prejudice shortly after the district court
entered judgment in this case.
Iraheta made his first salvo in federal court in the U.S. District Court for
the Middle District of Georgia. That court dismissed for lack of personal
jurisdiction. Iraheta, proceeding pro se, then refiled his complaint in the U.S.
District Court for the Southern District of Texas. He alleged causes of action
under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (“SCRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), the Texas Tax
Code, and various state-law tort theories. He named a myriad of defendants,
only some of whom remain at this juncture. The remaining defendants fall into
two groups: (1) the Linebarger defendants—i.e., the Linebarger firm, Leah
Stolar, Pankaj Parmar, Robert Cortez, and John Does 1 and 2; and (2) the
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taxing authorities—i.e., Harris County, the Cypress Fairbanks Independent
School District, Elisa Hand, and John Does 3 to 15. 1 His claims involved five
properties, for which the district court used (and we adopt) the following
names: the Main Street property, the East 27th Street property, the
Pleasantbrook Drive property, the Walton Street property, and the Madeira
Court property.
On September 27, 2016, the district court issued two orders. In the first,
it dismissed Iraheta’s state-law claims, granted summary judgment against
Iraheta’s Texas Tax Code claims, and granted summary judgment against all
claims involving the Main Street, Pleasantbrook Drive, and East 27th Street
properties. In the second, the district court denied without prejudice a motion
to dismiss and directed Iraheta to amend his complaint. Iraheta filed an
amended complaint, which the district court struck for restating dismissed
claims and adding new ones. Later, the district court granted summary
judgment in favor of the defendants on all remaining claims and entered final
judgment. Iraheta timely appealed.
II.
Iraheta’s claims on appeal fall into four categories. First, he contends
that the defendants are not entitled to sovereign immunity as to the state
1 The other defendants named below are Corelogic Tax Services, LLC; Countrywide
Home Loans, Inc.; Bank of America, N.A.; BAC Home Loan Servicing, L.P.; and Citimortgage,
Inc. These parties were either terminated in the district court or ordered dismissed from this
appeal on stipulation of the parties.
In addition, the district court granted summary judgment as to all claims against the
Cypress Fairbanks Independent School District because the undisputed evidence showed
that the properties were not within its taxing jurisdiction. Iraheta has not addressed that
ruling on appeal. He has therefore forfeited any argument against it. See Yohey v. Collins,
985 F.2d 222, 225 (5th Cir. 1993) (“Although we liberally construe the briefs of pro se
appellants, we also require that arguments must be briefed to be preserved.” (quoting Price
v. Dig. Equip. Corp., 846 F.2d 1026, 1028 (5th Cir. 1988))). Even assuming that he intended
to raise such arguments, we would nonetheless affirm for the reasons explained later in this
opinion.
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claims. Second, section 31.02 of the Texas Tax Code allows him to sue
defendants for wrongfully attempting to collect delinquent taxes. Third, the
SCRA does not require him to occupy the protected properties, and, in any
event, he offered sufficient evidence that he occupied two of those properties.
Fourth, and finally, the district court abused its discretion by striking his
complaint. 2 We address and reject each claim of error in turn.
A.
State sovereign immunity deprives a court of subject matter jurisdiction.
See Stem v. Gomez, 813 F.3d 205, 214 (5th Cir. 2016); Moore v. La. Bd. of
Elementary & Secondary Educ., 743 F.3d 959, 963 (5th Cir. 2014). We review
the grant of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction de novo.
Stem, 813 F.3d at 209.
Sovereign immunity shields the State of Texas from both suit and
liability. See Reata Const. Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex.
2006). That protection extends to “political subdivisions of the State, including
counties, cities, and school districts.” Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106
S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003); see Stem, 813 F.3d at 214. It also protects
government officials sued in their official capacities, see Tex. A & M Univ. Sys.
v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 845 (Tex. 2007), and attorneys representing state
taxing entities, see, e.g., Ross v. Linebarger, Goggan, Blair & Sampson, L.L.P.,
2 Iraheta also contends that the district court violated the Due Process Clause of the
Fifth Amendment by dismissing his claims in its two September orders. Neither claim has
merit. A court does not violate a party’s rights when it properly dismisses a claim or action.
See Claus v. Gyorkey, 674 F.2d 427, 436 (5th Cir. 1982). Thus, the real question is whether
dismissal was proper. Notably, Iraheta argues only that the first September order, not the
second, was improper. Accordingly, he has forfeited any argument that the second September
order violated his due process rights (assuming there even is a colorable argument to that
effect). See Yohey, 985 F.2d at 225.
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333 S.W.3d 736, 745 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.). Only the
Texas legislature may waive that immunity. See Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d at 839.
Iraheta argues that under Texas law, a person may sue for illegally
assessed or collected taxes. But Iraheta is not suing to recover illegally
assessed or collected taxes. Rather, he is raising state-law tort claims against
the defendants for their tax-collection attempts. Against those claims, the
taxing authorities are immune: “Under the Texas Tort Claims Act, there is no
waiver of immunity for tort claims ‘arising . . . in connection with the
assessment or collection of taxes by a governmental unit.’” Vick v. Floresville
Indep. Sch. Dist., 505 S.W.3d 24, 30 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2016, pet. denied)
(quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.055(1)). Because Iraheta’s
complaint alleges actions taken by the individual defendants solely in their
capacity as agents of a taxing authority, those defendants are likewise immune
from personal liability. See id; City of Houston v. First City, 827 S.W.2d 462,
481 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied). 3
Iraheta also contends that the Texas Tort Claims Act’s reservation of
sovereign immunity is unconstitutional—though he never explains why. At
any rate, his argument lacks merit. See Grimes v. Pearl River Valley Water
Supply Dist., 930 F.2d 441, 444 (5th Cir. 1991) (holding that a state’s
reservation of sovereign immunity does not violate the Due Process Clause); cf.
Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100 (1984) (“[I]n the
absence of consent a suit in which the State or one of its agencies or
departments is named as the defendant is proscribed by the Eleventh
Amendment.”).
3 Iraheta also argues that the Linebarger defendants were acting beyond their
authority. For that argument, he relies on a contract that did not become effective until over
one-and-a-half years after the collection action was nonsuited.
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B.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants
on Iraheta’s Texas Tax Code § 31.02 claim. We review the grant of summary
judgment de novo. Cooper Indus., Ltd. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of
Pittsburgh, 876 F.3d 119, 127 (5th Cir. 2017). The key question is whether
there is a genuine dispute of material fact. See id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
In making that determination, we view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the non-movant. See id.
Texas Tax Code § 31.02 provides that taxes “are delinquent if not paid
before February 1 of the year following the year in which imposed.” Tex. Tax
Code § 31.02(a). An active duty servicemember “may pay delinquent property
taxes . . . without penalty or interest no later than the 60th day” after the
person is discharged, returns to non-active duty status, or returns to the state
for more than ten days, whichever is earliest. Id. § 31.02(b). The statute
prescribes the method for giving notice to the taxing authority. See id.
§ 31.02(d). If notice is properly given, the taxing authority “may not bring suit
for delinquent taxes for the tax year in which the notice is given.” Id. If the
taxing authority does bring a suit for delinquent taxes, that suit “must be
abated without cost to the defendant” upon “verification that notice was
properly filed.” Id. § 31.02(e).
Iraheta maintains that he can sue for violations of § 31.02(a), (b), and
(d). In his view, the district court erred by holding that the sole remedy for a
wrongful collections suit is abatement. We agree with the district court. As an
initial matter, subsections (a) and (b) contain no prohibition that can be
violated. Subsection (a) simply specifies when unpaid taxes become delinquent,
and subsection (b) provides only that an active-duty servicemember “may pay
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delinquent taxes” at a later time without penalty or interest. 4 More to the
point, § 31.02 provides no cause of action for its violation. Subsection (d)
commands that no suit may be filed. Subsection (e) provides the sole remedy
for a wrongful suit: abatement without cost to the defendant. Iraheta argues
that subsection (e) is only the remedy in cases where notice is not given prior
to suit. The plain language of the statute rebuts that argument: the suit “must
be abated” only “[o]n verification that notice was properly filed.” Tex. Tax Code
§ 31.02(e) (emphasis added). That subsection presumes that notice was already
filed—the verification of which triggers abatement. Accordingly, the district
court properly granted summary judgment against Iraheta’s Texas Tax Code
claims. 5
C.
The district court granted summary judgment on Iraheta’s SCRA claims
on the basis that he failed to offer any evidence that the properties were
occupied before or during his deployment. Iraheta contends that the SCRA
does not require him to occupy the properties and that, in any event, he offered
sufficient evidence of occupation for two properties.
The SCRA’s purpose is to allow “servicemembers of the United States . . .
to devote their entire energy to the defense needs of the Nation.” 50 U.S.C.
§ 3902. To that end, it provides certain relief from the consequences of tax
4 Notably, this subsection still describes the unpaid taxes as “delinquent.” See Tex.
Tax Code § 31.02(b).
5 Iraheta’s complaint alleged the violations of the Texas Tax Code under his 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 cause of action. He never argued in his briefing to the district court, however, that his
cause of action for violations of the Texas Tax Code arose under § 1983. Rather, he
represented that he was suing under Texas Tax Code § 31.02 itself, which he argued provided
an implied private right of action. Iraheta did not contest in the district court (nor has he
contested on appeal) that his § 1983 claims were predicated solely on violations of the SCRA
and RICO. In any event, “violations of state law do not—‘without more’—deprive federal
rights redressable under Section 1983.” Brown v. Sudduth, 675 F.3d 472, 478 (5th Cir. 2012)
(quoting Miller v. Carson, 563 F.2d 757, 760 n.7 (5th Cir. 1977)).
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delinquency. See id. § 3991. That relief only applies to the servicemember’s
“real property occupied for dwelling, professional, business, or agricultural
purposes by [the] servicemember or the servicemember’s dependents or
employees.” Id. § 3991(a)(2). The property must be occupied both “before the
servicemember’s entry into military service” and “during the time the tax or
assessment remains unpaid.” Id. Iraheta’s argument that the statute does not
require occupancy lacks merit. Although we must liberally construe the
SCRA’s provisions in favor of the servicemember, see Le Maistre v. Leffers, 333
U.S. 1, 6 (1948), we are not free to erase its requirements from the U.S. Code.
On appeal, Iraheta takes issue with the district’s court’s grant of
summary judgment as to only two of his properties: the Madeira Court and
Walton Street properties. We agree with the district court that Iraheta has
failed to offer evidence sufficient to create a genuine dispute of material fact.
He testified during his deposition that he sold the Madeira Court property
sometime between 2004 and 2006, and county records showed that the
property was actually unimproved land from 2003 to 2006. Iraheta responded
to that evidence in a single sentence in an affidavit created nearly six months
after his deposition. He asserted that he and his dependents used the Madeira
Court property from June 2002 through July 2006 for “agricultural and
recreational purposes.” That bare assertion, first raised in an affidavit
manufactured to withstand a motion for summary judgment, is insufficient to
create a genuine dispute of material fact. The defendants produced evidence
that the property was raw undeveloped land that was sold by 2006. Thus,
Iraheta has failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact that he occupied
the property “during the time the tax or assessment remain[ed] unpaid.” 50
U.S.C. § 3991(a)(2)(B).
As for the Walton Street property, Iraheta testified at his deposition that
his family vacated that property in May 2003 and has not lived there since.
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Iraheta’s affidavit merely stated that he and his family occupied the Walton
Street property until June 2003 and that it became a rental property after
October 2003. Iraheta entered active duty service in 2003. Any tax due on that
property for the year 2003 would not have become delinquent until February
1, 2004. See Tex. Tax Code § 31.02(a). Therefore, he has failed to offer any
evidence that he occupied the property “during the time the tax or assessment
remain[ed] unpaid.” 50 U.S.C. § 3991(a)(2)(B).
D.
Iraheta takes issue with the district court’s decision to strike his
amended complaint. We review decisions denying leave to amend and striking
pleadings only for an abuse of discretion. See Schiller v. Physicians Res. Grp.
Inc., 342 F.3d 563, 566 (5th Cir. 2003) (denying leave to amend); Grabowski v.
Carver, 38 F.3d 5693, 1994 WL 574345, at *2 (5th Cir. 1994) (striking
pleading). 6 “Although leave to amend under Rule 15(a) is to be freely given,
that generous standard is tempered by the necessary power of a district court
to manage a case.” Schiller, 342 F.3d at 566.
We see no abuse of discretion here. The district court denied Corelogic’s
motion to dismiss Iraheta’s original complaint without prejudice. Despite
apparent deficiencies in the original complaint, the district court resolved to
give Iraheta leave to file an amended complaint addressing the shortcomings
identified in Corelogic’s motion. In doing so, it admonished him that it would
dismiss his complaint if it contained any previously dismissed claims. Iraheta
thereafter filed an amended complaint, nearly twice the length of his first. Not
only did he include the dismissed claims—some of them with the notation
“abated pending appeal,” some of them without—he added new ones as well.
6 “Unpublished opinions issued before January 1, 1996, are precedent.” 5th Cir. R.
47.5.3 (footnote omitted).
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Iraheta’s inclusion of the dismissed claims squarely flouted the district court’s
order. And the addition of new claims strayed well beyond the court’s leave.
The district court nonetheless declined the defendants’ invitation to
dismiss the action with prejudice. It opted for the lesser sanction of striking
the amended complaint. The court found that Iraheta chose not to comply with
its order. Because of its greater familiarity with the litigants and the course of
proceedings, the district court was better situated than we are to make that
determination; we defer to its finding. Cf. Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496
U.S. 384, 402 (1990) (noting that in ruling on motion for sanctions, “the district
court is better situated than the court of appeals to marshal the pertinent facts
and apply the fact-dependent legal standard” because it is more “[f]amiliar
with the issues and litigants”). The district court did not abuse its discretion
by striking the amended complaint.
E.
Finally, Iraheta asks this court to remand for a trial on all of his claims,
including his RICO and § 1983 claims. The district court dismissed his RICO
claim because a government entity cannot form the required intent. See Gil
Ramirez Grp., L.L.C. v. Hous. Indep. Sch. Dist., 786 F.3d 400, 412 (5th Cir.
2015). The district court dismissed his § 1983 claims against the Linebarger
defendants because they have absolute prosecutorial immunity against those
claims. See Modelist v. Hernandez, 482 F. App’x 971, 971 (5th Cir. 2012) (per
curiam). Moreover, the district court concluded that Iraheta could not prove a
§ 1983 violation because it had already dismissed the SCRA and RICO claims
on which the § 1983 claim was based.
Although Iraheta asks this court to restore his RICO and § 1983 claims,
he fails to explain why. As such, he has forfeited any argument against the
dismissal of those claims on appeal. See Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 225
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(5th Cir. 1993). Although we liberally construe a pro se litigant’s brief, we do
not fabricate arguments where none exist. See id.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
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