Ye v. Zhang

Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
____________ FILED
June 8, 2023
No. 22-20026 Lyle W. Cayce
____________ Clerk
Hui Ye,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
Xiang Zhang; Wing Lau,
Defendants—Appellees.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 4:18-CV-4729
______________________________
Before Wiener, Southwick, and Duncan, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam: *
Hui Ye and Xiang Zhang are former business partners who, along with
Zhang’s wife, Wing Lau, became embroiled in disputes over dividing up their
co-owned businesses. Following a bench trial, the district court ruled in favor
of Zhang and Lau’s unjust enrichment claim and granted them declaratory
judgment concerning the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a
warehouse. The court also awarded them attorney’s fees and costs under the
_____________________
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
No. 22-20026
governing Texas statute. We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment and fee
award, and REMAND to allow the district court to determine whether
Zhang and Lau are entitled to appellate attorney’s fees.
I.
Ye and Zhang, joint owners of six companies in the water-filtration
and logistics industries, decided to part ways and divide up their businesses.
Zhang would retain the logistics companies, while Ye would retain the water-
filtration companies. As they disentangled their businesses, however,
disputes arose.
Ye sued Zhang and his wife, Wing Lau, alleging they had mismanaged
the companies and converted various assets. He asserted claims for
fraudulent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, fraudulent
concealment, and conversion as well as a claim under the Texas Theft
Liability Act (“TTLA”). He also sought a declaratory judgment on his rights
to inspect and audit the companies. Zhang and Lau countersued. They
asserted claims for unjust enrichment based on their personal payments to
the companies, and they also sought a declaratory judgment concerning the
distribution of proceeds from the sale of a company-owned warehouse. The
six companies were named as “Nominal Defendants,” as the parties
requested liquidation of the companies following resolution of their claims.
The district court first dismissed all claims against Lau. After Ye
presented his case-in-chief at a bench trial, the court granted Zhang’s motion
for judgment on partial findings, dismissing all of Ye’s remaining claims
except for his declaratory judgment claim. After hearing Zhang and Lau’s
counterclaims, the court ruled in favor of their unjust enrichment claim,
awarding them $153,433.78. The court also entered a declaratory judgment
that the parties had orally agreed to distribute the warehouse proceeds
proportionally between Ye and Zhang.
2
Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
No. 22-20026
Zhang and Lau moved for attorney’s fees and costs incurred in
defending against Ye’s TTLA claim. The court awarded Zhang and Lau
$341,359.16 in fees and $4,194.08 in costs, representing roughly 80% of what
they claimed.
Ye now appeals.
II.
“The standard of review for a bench trial is well established: findings
of fact are reviewed for clear error and legal issues are reviewed de novo.”
Luwisch v. Am. Marine Corp., 956 F.3d 320, 326 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Barto
v. Shore Constr., LLC, 801 F.3d 465, 471 (5th Cir. 2015)). We review an award
of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion. Merritt Hawkins & Assocs., L.L.C.
v. Gresham, 861 F.3d 143, 155 (5th Cir. 2017). “That means clear error review
of fact findings and de novo review of legal conclusions.” ATOM Instrument
Co. v. Petroleum Analyzer Co., L.P., 969 F.3d 210, 216 (5th Cir. 2020). Texas
law applies in this diversity case. Ferrer & Poirot, GP v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 36
F.4th 656, 658 (5th Cir. 2022) (per curiam); Tex. Com. Bank Nat’l Ass’n v.
Cap. Bancshares, Inc., 907 F.2d 1571, 1575 (5th Cir. 1990).
III.
On appeal, Ye argues the district court: (1) should have awarded him
100% of the warehouse sale proceeds; (2) should have denied Zhang and
Lau’s unjust enrichment claim as a matter of law; and (3) erred by awarding
attorney’s fees. We address each argument in turn.
A.
First, Ye contends the district court erred by distributing the
warehouse proceeds proportionally between him and Zhang. He claims he is
entitled to all the proceeds because the parties agreed Ye would take 100%
ownership of DeltaFill, Inc., which owned the warehouse. We disagree. The
3
Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 4 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
No. 22-20026
district court found that Ye and Zhang entered an enforceable oral agreement
to divide the sale proceeds proportionally between them following the
separation of their businesses.
Under Texas law, to determine the “existence of an oral contract,”
courts look to “the communications between the parties and to the acts and
circumstances surrounding those communications.” Prime Prods., Inc. v.
S.S.I. Plastics, Inc., 97 S.W.3d 631, 636 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2002, pet. denied). The agreement’s terms “must be expressed with
sufficient certainty so that there will be no doubt as to what the parties
intended.” Copeland v. Alsobrook, 3 S.W.3d 598, 605 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1999, pet. denied). Courts may rely on the parties’ testimony to
determine the existence of an agreement. Ibid.The district court concluded that the parties orally agreed to distribute
60% of the warehouse proceeds to Ye and 40% to Zhang, representing the
proportion of their respective equity interests in the Nominal Defendants.
The court credited Zhang’s account that such an agreement existed. It also
found his testimony corroborated by the parties’ subsequent written
agreement that referenced the “60/40 split,” specifying that proceeds would
first apply to company debt before being distributed to the parties. See, e.g.,
Copeland, 3 S.W.3d at 606 (affirming finding of oral contract, in part, because
“the contract was later confirmed in writing”).
Additionally, the court found the parties’ agreement to allocate the
warehouse proceeds was distinct from their agreement to divide the business
entities. This finding is contrary to Ye’s argument that he was entitled to the
proceeds merely because the parties agreed he would retain ownership of
DeltaFill. Moreover, although DeltaFill held the warehouse’s legal title, the
district court found that the Nominal Defendants held the warehouse as a
4
Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 5 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
No. 22-20026
shared asset, providing further evidence of the parties’ intention to distribute
the proceeds proportionally following their separation.
Having reviewed the record, we find no legal or factual error in the
district court’s conclusion that the parties orally agreed to distribute the
warehouse sale proceeds proportionally.
B.
Ye next argues that the district court erred by granting Zhang and
Lau’s unjust enrichment claim against the Nominal Defendants. The court
found that Zhang and Lau personally paid $53,433.78 to DeltaFill so it could
pay its property taxes, allowing the warehouse sale to proceed. Additionally,
Lau paid $100,000 to the Nominal Defendants for the entities to cover two-
to-three months of operating expenses. She testified that this payment was
intended to be a short-term loan because the companies themselves could not
qualify for financing. Finding these payments were not made with gratuitous
intent, the district court concluded it would be unjust for the Nominal
Defendants to retain them.
Ye does not challenge the district court’s findings. He instead argues
that, to support an unjust enrichment claim, Zhang and Lau must prove that
the Nominal Defendants obtained the payments through fraud, duress, or
undue advantage. We disagree. Texas law recognizes two theories of unjust
enrichment. See Matter of KP Eng’g, L.P., 63 F.4th 452, 457 (5th Cir. 2023)
(quoting Dig. Drilling Data Sys., L.L.C. v. Petrolink Servs., Inc., 965 F.3d 365,
379–380 (5th Cir. 2020)). One theory—“active” unjust enrichment—
requires showing “that one party ‘has obtained a benefit from another by
fraud, duress, or the taking of an undue advantage.’” Dig. Drilling Data Sys.,
965 F.3d at 379 (quoting Heldenfels Bros., Inc. v. City of Corpus Christi, 832
S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex. 1992)). Under the second theory, however, a plaintiff
need not “plead or prove that the defendant acted wrongfully” if his unjust
5
Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 6 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
No. 22-20026
enrichment claim is based on the “passive receipt of a benefit that would be
unconscionable [for the defendant] to retain.” Matter of KP Eng’g, L.P., 63
F.4th at 457; see, e.g., Richardson Hosp. Auth. v. Duru, 387 S.W.3d 109, 114
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). The district court proceeded under this
second theory. Ye’s argument that Zhang and Lau must show the Nominal
Defendants engaged in misconduct thus fails. 1
C.
Finally, Ye challenges the award of attorney’s fees to Zhang and Lau
under the TTLA. That statute permits awarding prevailing parties
reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
§ 134.005(b); see Civelli v. J.P. Morgan Sec., L.L.C., 57 F.4th 484, 492 (5th
Cir. 2023). The district court awarded Zhang and Lau $341,359.16 in fees and
$4,194.08 in costs. Ye argues this was error because Zhang and Lau failed to
segregate their attorneys’ recoverable fees in defending against the TTLA
claim from unrecoverable fees in defending against Ye’s other claims. 2 We
disagree.
Because attorney’s fees are recoverable only if authorized by statute
or contract, prevailing parties must usually “segregate fees between claims
_____________________
1
Ye alternatively argues that Zhang and Lau were foreclosed from asserting an
unjust enrichment claim because they also alleged the dispute was governed by an express
contract. See McAfee, Inc. v. Agilysys, Inc., 316 S.W.3d 820, 828 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010,
no pet.). But Ye forfeited this argument by “failing to raise it in the first instance in the
district court.” Rollins v. Home Depot USA, 8 F.4th 393, 397 (5th Cir. 2021).
2
Ye also argues that (1) insufficient evidence supports the fee award; (2) the award
was excessive; and (3) defense counsel failed to exercise billing judgment. Ye waived these
arguments by failing to raise them before the district court. Rollins, 8 F.4th at 397. But even
had he not waived them, these arguments would fail. Trial counsel submitted, and the
district court reviewed, 185 pages of billing invoices with accompanying declarations
explaining the rates and services provided. Ye fails to explain why the district court clearly
erred in finding these records sufficient to support Zhang and Lau’s fee request.
6
Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 7 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
No. 22-20026
for which they are recoverable,” from “claims for which they are not.” Tony
Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 311 (Tex. 2006) (citations
omitted). Segregation is not required, however, “when the fees are based on
claims arising out of the same transaction that are so intertwined and
inseparable as to make segregation impossible.” Transverse, L.L.C. v. Iowa
Wireless Servs., L.L.C., 992 F.3d 336, 344 (5th Cir. 2021) (quotation omitted).
This exception applies “only when discrete legal services advance both a
recoverable and unrecoverable claim.” Chapa, 212 S.W. at 313–14.
Zhang and Lau’s attorneys submitted detailed invoices, affidavits, and
charts in support of their claim that 80% of their TTLA-related fees could not
be segregated from fees defending against Ye’s other claims. The district
court agreed. Because Ye’s suit primarily involved allegations of theft, the
court concluded that the services necessary to defeat the TTLA claim largely
overlapped with services necessary to defend against Ye’s other theft-related
claims (e.g., for fraudulent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty,
fraudulent concealment, and conversion).
Ye contends the attorneys’ evidence was inadequate to show that fee
segregation was impossible. He claims they were required to provide billing
records with line-item entries describing how each TTLA-related task could
not be segregated from a non-recoverable task. We disagree. Under Texas
law, “[a]ttorneys are not required to keep separate records documenting the
exact amount of time working on one recoverable claim versus an
unrecoverable claim.” Alief Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Perry, 440 S.W.3d 228, 246
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (citing Chapa, 212 S.W.
at 314). Instead, prevailing parties can prove inability to segregate fees
through attorney testimony, like that here, estimating the percentage of
hours devoted to non-recoverable claims. ATOM Instrument Co. 969 F.3d at
217. Ye identifies no legal or factual error in the district court’s fee award.
7
Case: 22-20026 Document: 00516779540 Page: 8 Date Filed: 06/08/2023
No. 22-20026
Additionally, Zhang and Lau seek remand for the district court to
award them appellate attorney fees. We agree. “Under Texas law, if a party
is entitled to recover attorneys’ fees in the trial court, the party is also entitled
to attorneys’ fees after successfully defending on appeal.” Id. at 218 (citing
DP Sols., Inc. v. Rollins, Inc., 353 F.3d 421, 436 (5th Cir. 2003)).
IV.
The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED. The case is
REMANDED to allow the district court to determine whether Zhang and
Lau are entitled to appellate attorney’s fees.
8