United States v. Aguirre

Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
____________ FILED
August 8, 2023
No. 22-10368
____________ Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
United States of America,
Plaintiff—Appellee,
versus
Ivan Aguirre,
Defendant—Appellant.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 3:21-CR-259-1
______________________________
Before King, Smith, and Elrod, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam: *
Defendant Ivan Aguirre participated in an investment conspiracy that
defrauded dozens of victims and caused millions of dollars of loss. After
Aguirre pleaded guilty to wire fraud, the district court sentenced him to forty-
one months’ incarceration and ordered him to pay $5,778,348.98 in restitu-
tion. On the Government’s motion, the district court amended the sentence
to add several victims, raising the total restitution amount to $6,125,737.98.
_____________________
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 2 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
On appeal, Aguirre objects to three defects in the sentence: that the
Government failed to identify several of the victims; that the district court
relied on a victim (O.W.) that Aguirre did not injure; and that the district
court lacked jurisdiction to “correct” the sentence. The Government does
not dispute the first two issues. It moves, without opposition, to remand the
case to allow the district court to remove the unidentified victims and recon-
sider the term of incarceration. But it defends the amended restitution order
and moves to dismiss the appeal as to that issue, arguing that Aguirre’s ap-
peal waiver bars him from challenging that component of the sentence.
Given the parties’ agreement on Aguirre’s first two objections, we
GRANT the Government’s motion to remand. We also conclude that the
district court lacked jurisdiction to modify the restitution order to add more
victims, and that Aguirre’s appeal waiver does not prevent him from raising
this argument. Accordingly, we REMAND the case for the district court to
take the following three actions: (1) to remove the unidentified victims from
the restitution order; (2) to consider the term of incarceration that Aguirre’s
conduct warrants without regard to victim O.W.; and (3) to remove the vic-
tims that were added with the amended sentence. We DENY the Govern-
ment’s motion to dismiss.
I
Aguirre’s conviction arises out of a Ponzi scheme organized by Rudy
Avila. In 2016, Avila began soliciting investments in illegitimate companies,
diverting most of the funds for personal gain. Avila recruited Aguirre in Sep-
tember of 2019 to assist with the conspiracy. According to the Government,
Aguirre’s primary responsibility was to oversee the bank accounts where in-
vestors deposited their funds. Aguirre did this until January of 2021, at which
point law enforcement discovered his role in the scheme. He proceeded to
plead guilty to one count of wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. As
2
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 3 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
part of the plea agreement, Aguirre waived his right to appeal.
At sentencing, much attention was given to a statement submitted by
a victim identified pseudonymously as O.W. The statement explained that
O.W. withdrew $40,000 from a retirement account to invest in the fraudu-
lent scheme, that he could not afford medical treatment for his ailing wife as
a result of losing his investment, and that the scheme had “shaken [his] faith
in mankind.” The district court expressly relied on the O.W. victim state-
ment and read from it at length at the sentencing hearing. And when Aguirre
requested a downward variance from the calculated sentence of forty-one
months, the district court cited O.W.’s circumstances as a reason to decline
to impose a lighter sentence.
It turned out, however, that O.W. was not actually injured by Aguirre.
Rather, as the Government admits, “O.W.’s investments occurred prior to
Aguirre’s involvement in the scheme.” Gov. Motion at 5. O.W. made pay-
ments to Avila’s scheme in late 2016—well before Aguirre joined the con-
spiracy in September of 2019.
The district court also ordered Aguirre to pay restitution for the loss
that his conduct caused various investment victims. The initial amount re-
quested by the Government was $5,778.348.98. This included $212,600 for
a victim listed as “Payor Details Not Provided” and $4,547 for a victim listed
as “Payor Not Provided.” At the sentencing hearing, the district court orally
pronounced a restitution order in the amount of $5,778.348.98.
Eight days after the hearing, the Government moved to “correct” the
sentence under Rule 35(a) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. It
sought to add several victims (and their losses) to the restitution order. This
modification was requested because the Government failed to submit evi-
dence of the additional victims and their bank accounts. The district court
granted the motion, increasing the total to $6,125,737.98.
3
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 4 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
Aguirre appealed, objecting to the inclusion of the unidentified vic-
tims, the reliance on O.W.’s victim statement, and the amendment of the
sentence to add more victims. The Government concedes that the unidenti-
fied victims should be excluded from the restitution order and that the dis-
trict court should not have considered O.W.’s victim statement when decid-
ing what sentence to impose. It filed an unopposed motion to remand as to
those two issues. At oral argument, the Government confirmed its intent to
not enforce Aguirre’s appeal waiver as to the unidentified victims and the
O.W. victim statement. And it reiterated this position in a letter filed after
argument: “[I]f this Court grants the government’s motion [to remand], the
government does not seek enforcement of the appellate waiver . . . .”
The Government does, however, seek to enforce the appeal waiver as
to Aguirre’s argument that the district court lacked jurisdiction to amend the
sentence to add restitution victims. It moves to dismiss that component of
the appeal. The motions to remand and to dismiss were carried with the case
by the motions panel.
II
The parties agree that the case should be remanded for the district
court to remove the unidentified victims from the sentence and to consider
whether, accounting for the fact that O.W. was not a victim of Aguirre’s con-
duct, it would impose a different term of incarceration. Aguirre does not op-
pose the motion to remand. And the Government confirmed on multiple oc-
casions that it does not seek to enforce Aguirre’s appeal waiver as to these
issues. Accordingly, we GRANT the motion. We express no opinion what-
soever as to whether the district court should impose a different sentence in
light of the changed circumstances. 1
_____________________
1
The separate opinion dissents in part, agreeing that the Government consents to
4
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 5 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
III
The remaining issues are whether the district court lacked jurisdiction
to “correct” the sentence and whether Aguirre can lodge this objection not-
withstanding his appeal waiver. Starting with the latter, we note that the right
to appeal is statutory in nature and can be waived. United States v. Meredith,
52 F.4th 984, 986 (5th Cir. 2022). A criminal defendant is barred from rais-
ing an issue on appeal if: (1) the waiver is knowing and voluntary; and (2) it
applies to the relevant circumstances “based on the plain language of the plea
agreement.” United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th Cir. 2005).
We conclude that Aguirre’s appeal waiver does not apply to his juris-
dictional argument because that issue is not a challenge to his sentence; it is
a challenge to the district court’s modification of the sentence. Those objec-
tions are different in nature. See United States v. Thompson, 417 F. Appx. 429,
431 (5th Cir. 2011). One argues that the district court wrongfully imposed a
particular sentence. The other contends that the district court lacked author-
ity to modify that sentence. Id. The plain language of the plea agreement
does not apply to the latter. Aguirre may therefore raise this issue despite his
appeal waiver. 2
_____________________
remand on the unidentified-victims issue, but contending that the Government seeks to
enforce the appeal waiver as to O.W.’s victim statement. Post at 11–13. We respectfully
disagree with the partial dissenting opinion’s read of the record. In particular, at oral argu-
ment the Government urged the court to remand on both issues, explaining that such an
approach “would be the best course due to the irregularities in this case.” Oral Argument
Recording at 14:22–32. And the Government had good reason to make this concession.
For it agreed—as should be obvious—that it would be unjust for a defendant to be sen-
tenced based on conduct that he did not commit. Id. at 25:55–27:20. Moreover, the Gov-
ernment further confirmed that the parties agreed that the case should be remanded on the
two issues, regardless of the result on the Rule 35 issue. Id. at 20:50–58. We are confident
of the unopposed nature of these two issues given the admissions quoted above, other state-
ments made at argument, and the Government’s post-argument filing.
2
The Government denies that Aguirre appeals the modification of his sentence,
5
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 6 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
According, we now consider whether the district court had jurisdic-
tion to amend the restitution order. District courts have only limited author-
ity to modify a sentence after it has been imposed. Dillon v. United States,
560 U.S. 817, 819 (2010). Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
specifies several circumstances in which a district court has such authority.
Relevant here, within fourteen days after the sentence is pronounced, “the
court may correct a sentence that resulted from arithmetical, technical, or
other clear error.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(a). In light of this Rule, the disposi-
tive question is whether the district court corrected “clear error” when it
amended the restitution order to include several additional victims.
We have understood “clear error” in Rule 35(a) to mean the sort of
error that is unsupportable on appeal:
The narrow authority of the sentencing court to act under Rule
35(a) extends solely to “cases in which an obvious error or mis-
take has occurred in the sentence, that is, errors which would
almost certainly result in a remand of the case to the trial court
for further action.”
United States v. Olarte-Rojas, 820 F.3d 798, 803–04 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting
Fed. R. Crim. P. 35, Advisory Committee Note). The Rule does not allow a
district court to reconsider the “appropriateness of the sentence.” United
States v. Lopez, 26 F.3d 512, 519–20 (5th Cir. 1994). And particularly relevant
here, we have held that a district court has authority to correct a restitution
order only where the original order was unlawful. See United States v. Owusu,
_____________________
pointing out that the notice of appeal was filed as to the amended final judgment, not the
order granting the Rule 35(a) motion. That distinction is immaterial. It is appropriate to
challenge a modification to a sentence via an appeal of the modified sentence. Indeed, the
Government admits that “the deadline to appeal the correction” is “controlled by the date
of the entry of the amended judgment.” Gov. Br. at 13. And we have previously considered
a challenge to a Rule 35(a) order when the defendant appealed the amended sentence itself.
See United States v. Owusu, No. 20-50630, 2021 WL 3854769, at *2 (5th Cir. Aug. 27, 2021).
6
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 7 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
No. 20-50630, 2021 WL 3854769, at *4–5 (5th Cir. Aug. 27, 2021).
We conclude that the district court lacked jurisdiction to enter the
amended sentence. That sentence does not correct an error; it merely adds
victims that were not included before. In fact, it would have been error for
the district court to award $6,125,737.98 in restitution based on the evidence
that was presented to it at sentencing. The Government bears the burden to
prove the amount of loss that the defendant caused, see United States v. Kim,
988 F.3d 803, 811 (5th Cir. 2021), and here it did not offer proof of the addi-
tional $347,389 in restitution until after the sentencing hearing. The district
court did not commit an error when, on the record before it, it ordered resti-
tution in the amount of $5,778.348.98. (The only exception is that the court
did err by including restitution attributed to unidentified victims.) Because
the change to the sentence did not “correct” a “clear error,” the district
court lacked jurisdiction to enter the amended sentence. Lopez, 26 F.3d at
520. We will therefore remand the sentence to the district court to remove
the restitution victims that were added as part of the amended sentence. 3
* * *
For the reasons explained above, this case is REMANDED to the
district court, with instructions that the court: (1) remove the unidentified
_____________________
3
The partial dissenting opinion would apply Aguirre’s appeal waiver, distinguish-
ing Thompson and maintaining that we should not “second-guess[]” the district court’s de-
cision to add restitution victims after the initial judgment. Post at 10. With respect, we see
no significant difference between this case and Thompson. As the partial dissenting opinion
agrees, an order “[t]hat is outside the authority granted by Rule 35” may be challenged
despite an appeal waiver. Id. That rule applies with equal force here, where the district
court purported to correct something that was not actually clear error. As explained above,
a district court has power to amend a sentence only if the amendment corrects a clear error.
Rather than creating a right to appeal where none exists, our holding merely applies Thomp-
son to safeguard jurisdictional limits.
7
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 8 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
victims from the restitution order; (2) consider the term of incarceration that
Aguirre’s conduct warrants without regard to victim O.W.; and (3) remove
the victims that were added in connection with the amended sentence.
The Government’s unopposed motion to remand—as to the uniden-
tified victims and O.W.’s victim statement—is GRANTED. Its motion to
dismiss—as to the restitution victims that were added to the “corrected”
sentence—is DENIED.
8
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 9 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
Jerry E. Smith, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
Ivan Aguirre entered into a plea agreement. As part of the deal, he
knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to appeal his sentence and restitu-
tion order in exchange for the government’s promise not to bring any addi-
tional charges for the conduct underlying the guilty plea. 4 Undeterred by his
promise, however, Aguirre appealed anyway, contending that the district
court erred in (1) including unidentified victims in his restitution order,
(2) relying on O.W.’s victim impact statement when O.W. was not a victim
of Aguirre’s crimes, and (3) adding additional victims to Aguirre’s restitution
order via a Rule 35(a) motion.
Because the government has not invoked the appeal waiver with
respect to Aguirre’s first claim, I agree with the majority that we should
reverse and remand as to that claim. But we should hold Aguirre to his word
on the two other claims and enforce his appeal waiver. I therefore respect-
fully dissent: These claims are barred.
I.
I begin with Aguirre’s challenge to the district court’s amendment of
his restitution order via the government’s Rule 35(a) motion. The govern-
_____________________
4
Aguirre’s plea agreement stated that he
waives [his] rights . . . to appeal the conviction, sentence, fine and or-
der of restitution or forfeiture in an amount to be determined by the
district court. The defendant further waives the defendant’s right to
contest the conviction, sentence, fine, and order of restitution or for-
feiture in any collateral proceeding . . . . The defendant, however, re-
serves the rights (a) to bring a direct appeal of (i) a sentence exceeding
the statutory maximum punishment, or (ii) an arithmetic error at sen-
tencing, (b) to challenge the voluntariness of the defendant’s plea of
guilty or this waiver, and (c) to bring a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel.
9
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 10 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
ment has invoked Aguirre’s appeal waiver on that claim. Aguirre and the
majority reason that the waiver does not block the claim because it can be
framed as a challenge to “the district court’s modification of the sentence”
as distinguished from a challenge to the sentence itself. They pin their analy-
sis on an extension of the unpublished case United States v. Thompson,
417 F. App’x 429 (5th Cir. 2011).
But Thompson cannot stretch so far. I authored Thompson, where the
district court exceeded the time limits imposed by Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure Rule 35(a). That rule grants the court the power to “correct a
sentence that resulted from arithmetical, technical, or other clear error”
when done “[w]ithin 14 days after sentencing.” The district court entered
the judgment more than 14 days after sentencing. That is outside the author-
ity granted by Rule 35(a); therefore, Thompson’s challenge could be con-
strued as an attack on the district court’s authority.
Whether a sentence was amended within 14 days is a black-and-white
issue. On the other hand, whether an error is “clear,” meaning substantively
the type that can be amended via a Rule 35(a) motion, is not. Such an analysis
involves second-guessing the district court’s judgment regarding the calcula-
tion of Aguirre’s sentence and restitution order. The majority’s opinion
makes that clear: To determine whether the district court’s amendment was
within the substantive bounds of Rule 35(a), we ask whether the corrected
error would have been “unsupportable on appeal” (citing United States v.
Olarte-Rojas, 820 F.3d 798, 803–04 (5th Cir. 2016)).
The majority’s analysis runs headlong into the specific right that
Aguirre waived: the ability to appeal the way the district court calculated his
sentence and restitution order. A criminal defendant should not be able to
appeal how his sentence was calculated just because the court entered it per
a Rule 35(a) motion instead of in the original final judgment. The majority’s
10
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 11 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
holding creates another “appeal-authorizing escape hatch.” United States
Meredith, 52 F.4th 984, 987 (5th Cir. 2022); see also United States v. Bond,
414 F.3d 542, 545–46 (5th Cir. 2005).
The holding of Thompson should be limited to its unusual facts—when
a defendant contends that the district court has acted under Rule 35(a) more
than 14 days after sentencing, the defendant may appeal that action, despite
an appeal waiver. But Aguirre asks us to review whether the district court’s
original sentencing calculation involved “clear error” under Rule 35(a).
Such a contention goes to the heart of what Aguirre’s appeal waiver barred.
He should be held to that bargain.
II.
I also disagree with the majority that “[t]he Government confirmed
on multiple occasions that it does not seek to enforce Aguirre’s appeal
waiver” regarding the district court’s reliance on O.W.’s victim statement.
The government initially submitted a motion conceding that O.W. was not a
victim of Aguirre’s and asking the motions panel to “remand this case with
instructions for the district court to determine whether it would have im-
posed the same sentence despite this information or whether it would have
imposed a lower sentence.” 5
Instead of granting the motion, the motions panel carried it with the
case. By the time the government submitted its merits brief, the government
had changed its position: The merits brief explicitly invoked Aguirre’s
appeal waiver on the claim involving O.W.
Appeal waivers are considered waived if not invoked by the govern-
_____________________
5
The request was part of a “combined motion” asking the panel to (1) remand the
unidentified victims claim, (2) remand the claim regarding O.W., and (3) dismiss the
Rule 35(a) claim as barred by Aguirre’s appeal waiver.
11
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 12 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
ment, United States v. Story, 439 F.3d 226, 231 (5th Cir. 2006), and the major-
ity claims that although the government specifically invoked Aguirre’s appeal
waiver in its merits’ brief, it waived it again at oral argument (and in a subse-
quent letter). I respectfully disagree.
At no point in oral argument or in its subsequent letter did the govern-
ment explicitly waive its earlier invocation of the appeal waiver. Instead, its
letter stated that, if we do not grant the government’s motion, it
seek[s] enforcement of the appellate waiver as to Aguirre’s
claim involving O.W. [and] it is not aware of any case that
would prevent this Court from enforcing the appellate waiver
as to the O.W. claim based solely on the fact that the govern-
ment remains willing to forego application of that waiver to the
extent the Court grants its negotiated motion.
That is far from an explicit abandonment of the government’s prior invoca-
tion. The more natural reading of its position is that if we choose not to grant
its negotiated motion in full (which, remember, asked us to affirm the Rule
35(a) issue), then it retains its invocation of the appeal waiver. 6
Because the majority has not affirmed the district court on the
Rule 35(a) issue, it has not accepted the government’s motion. I therefore
would hold that the government is deemed to have invoked the appeal waiver.
The waiver applies to Aguirre’s claim and allows appeals of his sen-
tence only if it exceeds the statutory maximum. 7 We have interpreted that
exception to apply when “the district court exceeds ‘the upper limit of pun-
_____________________
6
The government stated, “if this Court grants the government’s motion, the gov-
ernment does not seek enforcement of the appellate waiver as to the O.W. claim . . . . How-
ever, to the extent this Court denies that motion, the government does seek enforcement
of the appellate waiver.”
7
The other exceptions to his appeal waiver (arithmetic errors, ineffective assis-
tance of counsel, and involuntary or unknowing waiver) are not at issue here.
12
Case: 22-10368 Document: 00516849768 Page: 13 Date Filed: 08/08/2023
No. 22-10368
ishment that Congress has legislatively specified for violations of a statute’—
not when the sentencing judge commits any error under the sentencing stat-
ute.” Meredith, 52 F.4th at 987. Although the district court may have erred
in relying on O.W.’s statement, the resulting sentence did not exceed the
upper limit of punishment that Congress specified. In fact, the judge granted
a downward departure from the guidelines and a sentence at the bottom of
that range. Thus, Aguirre’s waiver applies and bars our consideration of the
issue.
* * * * *
Aguirre signed an agreement giving up his right to appeal his sentence
or amount of restitution. The government invoked that agreement for two of
Aguirre’s claims. Aguirre should be held to his bargain. I therefore respect-
fully dissent from the well-intentioned decision of the majority.
13