United States v. Juan Portillo

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 15a0759n.06
Case No. 15-3124 FILED
Nov 18, 2015
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES
) DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
v. ) DISTRICT OF OHIO
)
JUAN PORTILLO, )
) OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
________________________________ )
Before: MOORE, CLAY, and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.
RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. A jury found Juan Portillo guilty of
conspiracy to distribute cocaine and heroin. Based on a prior felony drug conviction, Portillo
received a mandatory-minimum sentence of 240 months of imprisonment. Portillo now
challenges both the admission into evidence of his prior felony drug conviction and the
application of an obstruction-of-justice enhancement during sentencing. For the reasons set forth
below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual background
In August 2014, the government indicted Portillo on a charge of conspiring to distribute
at least five kilograms of cocaine and one kilogram of heroin. The evidence at trial established
that Portillo, a resident of Chicago, was supplying cocaine and heroin to Alexander Abreu in
Cleveland. Abreu, in turn, was delivering a portion of those drugs to Richard Price on
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consignment. Price was then selling the drugs to consumers and lower-level drug dealers. Both
Abreu and Price entered into plea agreements and cooperated as government witnesses during
Portillo’s trial.
Of the trio, Price was the first to come to the attention of law enforcement. The Drug
Enforcement Agency (DEA), working off a tip from an informant, began surveillance of Price’s
residence and engaged in several controlled drug purchases from Price at that address. After
setting up a pen register and a wiretap on Price’s cell phone, the DEA started to suspect that
Abreu was supplying the drugs to Price. In his trial testimony, Price confirmed this arrangement
and detailed that he would receive cocaine and heroin from Abreu and then “sell it to numerous
people.”
The DEA subsequently obtained a wiretap on Abreu’s phone. As a result of this wiretap,
the DEA intercepted several calls between Abreu and Portillo in which they discussed drug
transactions. Abreu later testified that Portillo would drive from Chicago to Cleveland to sell
him cocaine and heroin, which he would resell to Price. A phone call between Abreu and Price
on June 26, 2012 revealed that Abreu was sending “the Old Man” (later identified as Portillo) to
Price so that Price could pay Portillo directly for certain drugs that Price had received. During
DEA surveillance of Price’s residence on that same day, a Mercedes with license plates
registered to Portillo arrived. The DEA observed a hand-to-hand transaction in which Portillo
received $200 from Price for drugs that Portillo had previously delivered to Abreu.
B. Government’s motion in limine and Portillo’s testimony
After the government rested its case and before the defense’s case began, the government
moved in limine to impeach Portillo with two prior felony convictions if he decided to testify.
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The district court rejected the government’s request to introduce evidence of a 2014 conviction
for being a felon in possession of a firearm because Portillo had not yet been sentenced. The
court, however, ruled that the government could introduce evidence of a 2002 conviction for the
manufacture and delivery of cocaine. A certified copy of this cocaine conviction from the
Circuit Court of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin shows that Portillo pleaded guilty to that charge
on March 11, 2002. On April 15, 2002, the state court sentenced Portillo to 48 months of
imprisonment, divided into 20 months of confinement and 28 months of extended supervision,
and granted 51 days of credit for time served. The government argued that the 48 months of
imprisonment brought the state cocaine conviction within the 10-year window that would allow
Portillo to be impeached with this conviction under Rule 609 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Countering the government, defense counsel asserted that the documentation failed to indicate
whether Portillo had actually served the 28 months of extended supervision. Defense counsel
contended that, if Portillo had not served the 28 months of extended supervision, then Portillo’s
state cocaine conviction would fall outside the 10-year window. He conceded, however, that the
conviction would fall within the window if Portillo had served the extended supervision.
The district court, after reviewing a report from Pretrial Services, concluded that the
government could impeach Portillo with his state cocaine conviction if he testified. In reaching
this decision, the court explained that “the best evidence that we have indicates that he was under
supervision within ten years of the, you know, of the testimony today.” Other than this
statement, the court made no findings regarding the admissibility of the state cocaine conviction.
Defense counsel then informed the court that he “intend[ed] to obviously voir dire [Portillo] on
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[the state cocaine conviction] before the Government gets its chance.” The court declared that it
would “note the motion in limine and [that] the objection is continuing.”
Portillo then took the stand and, in replying to a question by defense counsel during direct
examination, acknowledged his state cocaine conviction. In response to a question on cross-
examination from the government, Portillo confirmed that his state cocaine conviction was a
felony.
With respect to the allegations against him, Portillo testified that he had never conspired
with Abreu or Price to distribute drugs. He declared that he had never brought any drugs into
Cleveland for Abreu and that he had visited Abreu only to provide Abreu with spiritual guidance
in the Santeria religion, in which Portillo was a priest. Any payments that Portillo received from
Abreu were allegedly derived solely from services he provided Abreu in this spiritual capacity.
Portillo also denied ever having met or spoken to Price. In particular, he denied ownership of the
car in which he was observed receiving a drug payment from Price, saying: “That’s not my car.
If that is not my car, it can’t be my hand either.” Portillo admitted that the car had his license
plate, but he insisted that it was not his car.
In November 2014, the jury found Portillo guilty of conspiracy to distribute at least five
kilograms of cocaine and at least one kilogram of heroin. The court then scheduled Portillo’s
sentencing for February 2015.
C. Sentencing
At his sentencing hearing, Portillo objected to the recommendation in the Presentence
Report for a two-level increase for obstructing justice. The district court overruled the objection
because Portillo had provided false testimony “going to a central part of the case.” Portillo’s
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offense level therefore increased from 30 to 32 with the application of the obstruction-of-justice
enhancement.
Combined with Portillo’s criminal history, an offense level of 32 equated to a Sentencing
Guidelines range of 151 to 188 months of imprisonment. The court, however, sentenced Portillo
to 240 months of imprisonment. This sentence exceeded the calculated Sentencing Guidelines
range, but did not exceed the mandatory-minimum sentence of 240 months of imprisonment that
was triggered by a 21 U.S.C. § 851 enhancement for Portillo’s prior felony drug conviction.
This timely appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of review
With regard to Portillo’s objections on appeal to the district court’s ruling on the
government’s motion in limine, we review the ruling under the plain-error standard because
defense counsel objected at trial only on the grounds that the evidence did not demonstrate that
Portillo had served the period of extended supervision. Defense counsel did not object below to
either the court’s implicit conclusion that “extended supervision” could constitute confinement
under Rule 609 or the court’s failure to balance the probative value of Portillo’s state cocaine
conviction against its prejudicial effect—the two arguments that Portillo raises on appeal. When
a defendant objects to a Rule 609 decision on grounds different than those raised at trial, we
review the district court’s ruling under the plain-error standard. United States v. Kemp, 546 F.3d
759, 763 (6th Cir. 2008).
With regard to Portillo’s sentencing claim, we review the district court’s factual findings
underlying its decision to impose an obstruction-of-justice enhancement under the clear-error
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standard. United States v. Davist, 481 F.3d 425, 427 (6th Cir. 2007). We review de novo the
district court’s conclusions as to what facts constitute an obstruction of justice. Id. But a
procedural sentencing error, such as a miscalculation of the Sentencing Guidelines range, “is not
subject to remand for resentencing if the error is harmless.” United States v. Davis, 751 F.3d
769, 773 (6th Cir. 2014).
B. Portillo is foreclosed from challenging the admission of his state cocaine conviction
Portillo raises two objections to the district court’s ruling on the government’s motion in
limine regarding his state cocaine conviction. First, Portillo argues that the court erred in
determining that a period of “extended supervision” constituted confinement for purposes of the
10-year time limit on using Portillo’s prior conviction for impeachment purposes under Rule
609(b). Second, Portillo contends that the court violated Rule 609 by “fail[ing] to conduct any
on-the-record finding . . . balancing the probative value and prejudicial effect of permitting the
government to impeach Portillo on his prior conviction.”
We need not address the merits of these claims, however, because the Supreme Court’s
decision in Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753 (2000), forecloses Portillo from challenging the
admission of his state cocaine conviction into evidence when that conviction was elicited during
his direct examination. See id. at 760 (“[W]e conclude that a defendant who preemptively
introduces evidence of a prior conviction on direct examination may not on appeal claim that the
admission of such evidence was error.”); see also United States v. Gunter, 551 F.3d 472, 483–84
(6th Cir. 2009) (noting that Ohler found no constitutional violation under such circumstances).
Ohler’s facts are strikingly similar to the present case. Defense counsel for both Ohler
and Portillo objected to the introduction of the defendant’s prior conviction as impeachment
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evidence if the defendant testified. Ohler, 529 U.S. at 762 (Souter, J., dissenting). Both trial
judges ruled, following a motion in limine, that the government could impeach the defendant
with a prior conviction if the defendant testified. Id. at 755. In both trials, defense counsel
brought out the defendant’s prior conviction during the direct examination before the
government could elicit the conviction on cross-examination. Id.One potentially distinguishing fact in the present case is that the district court “note[d] the
motion in limine and [that] the objection is continuing” after defense counsel informed the court
that he “intend[ed] to obviously voir dire [Portillo] on [the state cocaine conviction] before the
government gets its chance.” But this is a distinction without a difference. Any “continuing”
objection by defense counsel would be an objection to the district court’s ruling on the motion in
limine, which allowed the state cocaine conviction to come into evidence if Portillo testified.
Thus, as in Ohler, Portillo’s defense counsel objected to a ruling on a motion in limine that
allowed admission of Portillo’s prior conviction if he took the stand. And, as in Ohler, the prior
conviction was elicited on direct examination. Portillo, like Ohler, is therefore foreclosed from
challenging the admission of his prior conviction during trial.
A second potentially distinguishing fact is that, unlike in Ohler, the government asked
Portillo a question on cross-examination regarding his state cocaine conviction. But this does
not impact Ohler’s controlling weight. The government asked a simple question on cross-
examination to clarify that the conviction that Portillo first referenced during direct examination
was a felony. Because defense counsel had already opened the door by eliciting the state cocaine
conviction during direct examination, the government had the right to ask a clarifying question
on that topic during cross-examination. See United States v. Bender, 265 F.3d 464, 470–71 (6th
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Cir. 2001) (concluding that the district court did not err “in allowing the government to cross-
examine [the defendant] regarding the nature of her prior conviction” because “‘[w]hen a party
opens up a subject . . .[, she] cannot complain on appeal if the opposing party introduces
evidence on the same subject’” (quoting United States v. Ramos, 861 F.2d 461, 468–69 (6th Cir.
1988))). Accordingly, because the present case is materially indistinguishable from Ohler,
Portillo’s challenge to the introduction of his prior cocaine conviction into evidence is without
merit.
C. Portillo’s sentencing enhancement, even if erroneous, was harmless
Portillo also challenges the district court’s imposition of a two-level increase to his
Sentencing Guidelines range for obstructing justice, arguing that the court failed to “explicitly
determine whether Portillo willfully intended to provide false testimony.” Even assuming,
without deciding, that the court erred in imposing this two-level increase, any error was
harmless. As previously stated, a procedural sentencing error, such as a miscalculation of the
Sentencing Guidelines range, “is not subject to remand for resentencing if the error is harmless.”
United States v. Davis, 751 F.3d 769, 773 (6th Cir. 2014). “Sentencing errors are harmless
where this court is convinced that the error at sentencing did not cause the defendant to receive a
more severe sentence than would have existed without the error.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted).
With the two-level enhancement for obstructing justice, Portillo’s Sentencing Guidelines
range was 151 to 188 months of imprisonment. Even the top end of this range, however, is
below the 240-month mandatory-minimum sentence that Portillo received. Portillo does not
raise any objections on appeal to the application of the mandatory minimum, and he admits that
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the sentence he received “far exceeds the sentencing range that [he] would have faced after being
found by the court to have ‘obstructed justice.’” Because of the applicability of the 240-month
mandatory minimum, Portillo’s sentence therefore could not be reduced even if we concluded
that the district court inappropriately imposed the obstruction-of-justice enhancement. Portillo’s
claim accordingly fails because any error, even assuming one occurred, was harmless.
III. CONCLUSION
For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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