Roush v. Burt

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0544n.06
Filed: September 5, 2008
No. 06-2143
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
ANDREW ROUSH, )
)
Petitioner-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
SHERRY BURT, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
)
Before: SILER, GIBBONS and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-appellant Andrew Roush appeals
the district court’s denial of his habeas corpus petition. Roush argues that the district court erred
in not finding that his trial counsel, Virginia Cairns, was ineffective at his trial. For the following
reasons, we affirm the district court’s decision.
I.
In 1996, petitioner Andrew Roush was charged with two counts of first-degree criminal
sexual conduct. Roush v. Burt, No. 02-CV-73281-DT, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438, at *1 (E.D.
Mich. Aug. 7, 2006). These charges stemmed from allegations that in 1993 Roush sexually assaulted
his seven-year-old stepdaughter by penetrating her anus. Id. at *1-2. The child did not disclose the
alleged abuse until 1996 and she did not testify about the abuse until 1997 at which point she was
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eleven years old. Id. at *2. At trial, the prosecution presented Dr. Stephen Guertin, who testified
that “he examined the complainant about three years after the alleged crime and observed a small
scar running from the inside to the outside of her anal canal.” Id. Based on these facts and the oral
history of the child, Dr. Guertin concluded that a sexual assault had occurred. Id.
In an attempt to address these allegations, Roush’s trial attorney, Virginia Cairns, crafted an
alternative defense theory at the trial – that the victim had in fact been assaulted by her grandfather;
that the child’s confusion stemmed from the extended time between the assault and the trial; and that
the child had been prompted by both her grandmother and mother to accuse Roush. Id.
On January 23, 1997, Roush was convicted on one of the two counts of first-degree criminal
sexual conduct and sentenced to life in prison. Id. at *2-3. In an appeal of right, Roush claimed that
(1) the trial court erred in permitting Dr. Guertin to give hearsay testimony; (2) the trial court erred
in allowing Dr. Guertin to vouch for the child and allowing the prosecution to rely on that vouching
in his closing arguments; and (3) defense counsel was ineffective for inadequately objecting to these
errors. People v. Roush, 1998 Mich. App. LEXIS 862, at *1, *5, *7 (Dec. 1, 1998) (per curiam).
The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed Roush’s conviction, finding that his claims had no merit.
Id. at *7. Roush then raised these claims again before the Michigan Supreme Court, which denied
Roush leave to appeal. People v. Roush, 603 N.W.2d 265 (Mich. 1999) (table).
On October 3, 2000, Roush filed a pro se motion for relief from judgment pursuant to
Michigan Court Rules 6.501 et seq., arguing that (1) the trial court erred by admitting hearsay
evidence; (2) the trial court erred by allowing the prosecution to recall a witness over the objection
of the defendant’s counsel; and (3) his trial counsel was ineffective. The trial court denied Roush’s
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motion, responding to his ineffective assistance of counsel claim by noting that Roush’s allegations
“do not reflect deficient performance or any prejudice to the defendant.” People v. Roush, No.
96-3122 FC, slip op. at 2 (Calhoun County Cir. Ct. Nov. 17, 2000). The trial court also denied
Roush’s motion for reconsideration.
As noted by the district court, Roush then appealed the trial court’s decision, arguing that:
(1) his trial attorney was ineffective for (a) not interviewing known witnesses, (b) not
discussing the case or any trial strategy with him, (c) not performing any
investigation or obtaining any documents before trial, and (d) not permitting him to
testify and not explaining the meaning of “impeach” so that he could make an
informed decision to testify; (2) the combination of defense counsel’s errors deprived
him of effective assistance and the right to a fair trial; (3) the trial court permitted
improper hearsay evidence by a doctor; (4) the trial court abused its discretion by
permitting the prosecutor to recall the complainant over defense counsel’s objections;
(5) the trial court lacked jurisdiction to try him; and (6) the trial court should have
held an evidentiary hearing on his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
Roush, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438, at *4-5. Both the Michigan Court of Appeals and
subsequently the Michigan Supreme Court summarily denied Roush’s delayed application for leave
to appeal, stating that his applications failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief
as required by Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D). See People v. Roush, No. 236736 (Mich. Ct. App.
Dec. 10, 2001); People v. Roush, 649 N.W.2d 80 (Mich. 2002) (table).
Roush then filed his pro se habeas corpus petition with the district court, asserting, inter alia,
the following grounds for relief:
Petitioner is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus where defense counsel was ineffective
by not interviewing known witnesses for the Petitioner’s trial.
Petitioner is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus where defense counsel was ineffective
by not spending any time with the petitioner discussing the case or any strategy with
the Petitioner.
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Petitioner is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus where defense counsel was ineffective
by not performing any investigation or obtaining any documents prior to trial.
Petitioner is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus where (1) defense counsel was
ineffective by not having the Petitioner testify and (2) for not explaining what
‘impeach’ meant so the petitioner could make an informed decision to testify.
Petitioner is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus where if one of the errors of counsel’s
ineffectiveness alone didn’t deprive Petitioner of a fair trial a combination of all these
errors did deprive the petitioner of his right to the effective assistance of counsel and
a right to a fair trial.
Roush, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438, at *6-8. After receiving the respondent’s answer, the district
court appointed counsel for Roush, who then supplemented his habeas corpus petition with a claim
of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
The district court evaluated Roush’s claims in an order of January 18, 2005. Roush v. Burt,
No. 02-CV-73281-DT (E.D. Mich. Jan. 18, 2005). At that time, the district court ordered an
evidentiary hearing to evaluate Roush’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims. However,
following the evidentiary hearing, the district court dismissed the claims and denied his petition for
habeas corpus, concluding that “it cannot be said that Ms. Cairns was ineffective. Petitioner had a
fair trial, and he was not entitled to perfect representation.” Roush, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438,
at *29.
Roush now appeals the district court’s decision, advancing the following grounds for his
ineffective assistance of counsel claim:
Roush’s Sixth Amendment Right to the Effective Assistance Of Counsel Was
Violated By His Appointed Trial Counsel, Who Failed to Reasonably: Investigate the
State’s Alleged Medical Evidence of Abuse, Interview a Crucial Witness, or Meet
With Her Client So That He Could Meaningfully Participate In His Defense and
Make a Reasonable Decision Whether to Testify. As a Result, The State Court’s
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Finding Was Contrary to and an Unreasonable Application of Strickland.
Petitioner’s Br., at i.
II.
The warden argues that Roush’s claims have been procedurally defaulted as both the
Michigan Supreme Court and the Michigan Court of Appeals denied Roush’s application for leave
to appeal pursuant to Michigan Court Rule (“MCR”) 6.508(D). See Roush, 649 N.W.2d 80; People
v. Roush, No. 96-003122 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 10, 2001). This court has previously considered
whether and under what circumstances MCR 6.508(D) might serve as an “independent and
adequate” ground to bar review of a petitioner’s federal claims. See, e.g., Ivory v. Jackson, 509 F.3d
284, 291-93 (6th Cir. 2007); Abela v. Martin, 380 F.3d 915, 921-24 (6th Cir. 2004); Simpson v.
Jones, 238 F.3d 399, 405-08 (6th Cir. 2000). However, “‘federal courts are not required to address
a procedural-default issue before deciding against the petitioner on the merits,’ especially where the
procedural default issue is ‘complicated’ and ‘is unnecessary to [the] disposition of the case.’”
Mahdi v. Bagley, 522 F.3d 631, 635 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Hudson v. Jones, 351 F.3d 212, 216
(6th Cir. 2003)); see also Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 525 (1997) (“Judicial economy might
counsel giving the [other] question priority, for example, if it were easily resolvable against the
habeas petitioner, whereas the procedural bar issue involved complicated issues of state law.”).
Therefore, because we affirm the district court’s decision on the merits, we leave issues regarding
procedural default and the generic use of MCR 6.508(D) for another day.1
1
For these reasons, we also address the merits of Roush’s federal claims without considering
whether Roush has exhausted the remedies available to him in state court. See 28 U.S.C. §
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III.
In order to succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must satisfy
the well-rehearsed two-prong Strickland test:
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This
requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not
functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.
Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). In employing this two-prong analysis,
Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential. It is all too
tempting for a defendant to second-guess counsel’s assistance after conviction or
adverse sentence, and it is all too easy for a court, examining counsel’s defense after
it has proved unsuccessful, to conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel
was unreasonable.
Id. at 689. Thus, “[b]ecause of the difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court must
indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the
circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
In turn, “strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to
plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.” Id. at 690. However, “strategic choices made after
less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional
2254(b)(2) (“An application for a writ of habeas corpus may be denied on the merits,
notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to exhaust the remedies available in the courts of the
State.”).
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judgments support the limitations on investigation.” Id. at 690-91. In sum, “counsel has a duty to
make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations
unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly
assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to
counsel’s judgments.” Id. at 691.
As a general rule, “[w]e review de novo claims of ineffective assistance of counsel because
they are mixed questions of law and fact.” United States v. Wagner, 382 F.3d 598, 615 (6th Cir.
2004). However, “any findings of fact pertinent to the ineffective assistance of counsel inquiry are
subject to a clearly erroneous standard of review.” Tate v. United States, No. 96-2099, 1999 U.S.
App. LEXIS 17396, at *7 (6th Cir. July 21, 1999). In other words, “[a]lthough the district court’s
findings of fact are subject to the clearly erroneous standard of review . . . the performance and
prejudice components of the Strickland test are mixed questions of law and fact freely reviewable
by the appellate court.” Blackburn v. Foltz, 828 F.2d 1177, 1181 (6th Cir. 1987) (citation omitted).
As a result, the district court’s “factual findings [that] rest upon credibility determinations . . . are
afforded great deference by reviewing courts.” Tate, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS 17396, at *7. With
these standards in mind, we now turn our attention to the merits of Roush’s ineffective assistance
of counsel claim.
A.
Roush advances a two-prong argument assailing Cairns’s failure to present competing expert
testimony at trial to counter Dr. Guertin’s testimony about the scar. The existence of this scar played
a significant role in Dr. Guertin’s expert testimony at Roush’s trial, serving as foundation for Dr.
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Guertin’s conclusion that the victim was in fact raped. In the first instance, Roush claims that Cairns
did not in fact consult with an expert; in the alternative, Roush claims that even if Cairns did consult
with an expert, that consultation was wholly inadequate and constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel.
As evidence of this claim that Cairns did not in fact consult with an expert, Roush has
presented two affidavits from Dr. Leandre Bautista, the doctor with whom Cairns claims to have
consulted regarding the case, both of which state that Dr. Bautista did not, to the best of his
recollection, consult with Cairns on any sexual assault case. In fact, in his first affidavit, Dr. Bautista
completely disavows knowing Cairns. Roush argues that this fact alone, if true, would constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel, a conclusion bolstered by the Second Circuit’s proclamation in Eze
v. Senkowski: “when a defendant is accused of sexually abusing a child and the evidence is such that
the case will turn on accepting one party’s word over the other’s, the need for defense counsel to,
at a minimum, consult with an expert to become educated about the ‘vagaries of abuse indicia’ is
critical.” 321 F.3d 110, 128 (2d Cir. 2003) (citation omitted).
Cairns has emphatically contested Dr. Bautista’s affidavits, stating that she in fact consulted
with Dr. Bautista regarding Roush’s case. Cairns also provided a memorandum in which she
recounted the details of her conversation with Dr. Bautista, noting that Dr. Bautista had said “the scar
is without doubt evidence of anal injury . . . caused by blunt force trauma.” Such blunt force trauma
was “strong evidence” of a “rip.” Cairns claims that based on this evaluation she chose not to pursue
a theory at trial questioning whether a rape in fact existed, but instead chose to present a theory that
pointed to another individual, the victim’s grandfather, as the true perpetrator of the crime. Cairns,
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however, does admit that she did not send Dr. Bautista a copy of Dr. Guetin’s report, nor did she
provide Dr. Bautista any photographs or slides from the examination of the victim.
Addressing the factual dispute – whether Cairns did or did not in fact consult with Dr.
Bautista – the district court reached the following conclusion:
Dr. Bautista’s statements cannot be reconciled with Ms. Cairns’ testimony. The
Court finds Ms. Cairns to be more credible because she has provided written
documentation demonstrating that she represented Dr. Bautista and his wife in a real
estate transaction and that she bought Mrs. Bautista’s horse. Dr. Bautista’s professed
failure to recall Ms. Cairns appears to be attributable to his fear of being sued and his
reluctance to become involved in this case. He stated at his deposition that he signed
his affidavits at the request of the Defender’s Office, and he wished that he had never
signed them.
Roush, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438, at *21-22. This credibility determination, well-grounded in
the trial record, is a reasonable conclusion given the facts of the case; as already noted, such
credibility determinations are reviewed for clear error, of which we find none.
In the alternative, Roush claims that even assuming Cairns did in fact consult with Dr.
Bautista, her strategic decision not to challenge the physical evidence at trial amounted to ineffective
assistance of counsel. To bolster this argument, Roush points to a number of cases which emphasize
the importance of investigating and challenging physical evidence even when trial counsel thinks
it in his or her client’s strategic interest to concede that the underlying acts in question occurred.
Richey v. Mitchell, 395 F.3d 660, 685 (6th Cir.) (stating that “even if counsel had reasonably
believed that [the fire had been started by someone else], he could not have made an informed choice
without reasonably investigating the alternatives”) vacated sub nom. Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S.
74 (2005); Gersten v. Senkowski, 426 F.3d 588, 610-11 (2d Cir. 2005) (“There was nothing strategic
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about a decision to concede the physical evidence, with no educated basis for doing so, in favor of
uninvestigated and uninvestigatable theories about the victim’s relationship with her boyfriend and
her ability or willingness to testify against her own father.”); Foster v. Lockhart, 9 F.3d 722, 726 (8th
Cir. 1993) (“The attorney’s presentation of an alibi defense does not excuse his failure to investigate
further and present evidence of [the defendant’s] impotency. A tactical decision to pursue one
defense does not excuse failure to present another defense that would bolster rather than detract from
the primary defense.” (internal brackets, quotation marks, and citation omitted)).
As the district court explained, however, the core problem with Roush’s argument is that
Cairns’s strategic decision not to pursue further medical expert consultation for presentation at trial
was because of the risk to Roush:
Ms. Cairns has said that she decided to use Dr. Stephen Guertin’s testimony to
support the defense theory that someone other than Petitioner sodomized the
complainant. Ms. Cairns concluded that relying on Dr. Guertin’s testimony was less
risky than using her own expert because the anal scar on the complainant had an
indefinite age. Ms. Cairns feared that, if a defense expert examined the complainant,
he or she might have found incriminating evidence, and if the defense expert talked
to the complainant, the complainant might have named Petitioner as the perpetrator.
Roush, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438, at *22-23. In other words, Cairns claims to have foreclosed
further investigation not solely because she felt that she had a better alternative theory for trial, but
because further medical investigation posed too high a risk to Roush. In contrast, the cases cited by
Roush all involve circumstances where additional research and investigation by defense counsel
would not, itself, have posed a risk to the defendant. See Richey, 395 F.3d at 685 (“Given the
testimony of witnesses that Richey was upset at his ex-girlfriend and had made threatening
comments, trial counsel’s theory – that the fire was intentionally started by someone else – was
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doomed to fail”); Gersten, 426 F.3d at 610 (criticizing counsel’s performance because further
investigation would have come at no cost and noting that “[f]or counsel to forego even an
investigation of the possibility of challenging the physical evidence, in favor of an unsupported
theory that someone other than the defendant penetrated the victim, or an unsupported assumption
that the victim would not testify, was not an objectively reasonable performance”); Foster, 9 F.3d
at 726 (“Contrary to the reasoning of Foster’s attorney, an impotency defense would have reinforced
Foster’s alibi defense by showing it was even more unlikely Foster raped the victim.”).
While in hindsight we might question whether Cairns’ decision correctly balanced the risks
to Roush, “a court deciding an actual ineffectiveness claim must judge the reasonableness of
counsel’s challenged conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s
conduct.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. In turn, given Strickland’s “highly deferential” standard,
Roush simply cannot “overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 689 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
B.
Roush claims that his counsel was ineffective for failing to interview an “important witness,
Kristen Kilbourn, about her knowledge regarding the family dynamics surrounding the allegations
in this case.” More specifically, Roush contends that Kilbourn could have provided information
regarding the animosity that allegedly existed between Roush and the victim’s mother, Penny Roush,
at the time of the alleged sexual assault. This testimony, claims Roush, had a “unique ability to give
voice to Penny Roush’s powerful motive to fabricate a claim against [Roush] through her children.”
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This claim fails for a number of reasons. First, assuming arguendo that the testimony
Kilbourn could have provided would not have constituted hearsay,2 the district court, after
conducting an evidentiary hearing on the matter, appears to have concluded that Cairns did in fact
speak with Kilbourn. Roush, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438, at *16. Indeed, Roush notes this very
point but hopes to differentiate between Cairns speaking with Kilbourn and interviewing Kilbourn.
The district court’s conclusion that Cairns did speak with Kilbourn, a factual determination reviewed
for clear error, is a reasonable conclusion given the record. And, given the deferential stance
articulated by Strickland, there appears to be no reason to find that Cairns was ineffective in her
decision not to investigate further what information Kilbourn might have been able to provide as a
witness or in her decision not to have Kilbourn testify.
C.
Roush also claims that Cairns failed to adequately discuss his trial strategy with him, which
caused Cairns to present an ineffective alternative theory at trial. According to Roush, had Cairns
spent additional time discussing the circumstances surrounding the alleged rape, she would have
discovered Penny Roush’s motive to fabricate the rape. At the core of this claim stands a factual
dispute regarding the number and length of the visits paid by Cairns to Roush prior to the trial. The
district court, noting this dispute, stated, “To the extent that Petitioner’s testimony differs from Ms.
Cairns’ testimony, the Court finds Ms. Cairns to be more credible.” Roush, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
2Some of the testimony that Roush claims could have been provided by Kilbourn includes
testimony regarding statements made by Penny Roush. For this reason, respondent contends that
much of Kilbourn’s testimony would have been inadmissible hearsay.
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54438, at *19. As noted above, we review credibility determinations of the district court for clear
error; in doing so, we find that the district court did not err in finding Cairns more credible, a
determination that is dispositive of this claim.
D.
Roush further claims that Cairns “neglected to reasonably educate [him] as to his right to
testify on his own behalf.” This claim, however, is without merit. As this court discussed at length
in United States v. Webber:
Although the ultimate decision whether to testify rests with the defendant, when a
tactical decision is made not to have the defendant testify, the defendant’s assent is
presumed. This is so because the defendant’s attorney is presumed to follow the
professional rules of conduct and is strongly presumed to have rendered adequate
assistance in carrying out the general duty to advocate the defendant’s cause and the
more particular duties to consult with the defendant on important decisions and to
keep the defendant informed of important developments in the course of the
prosecution. Barring any statements or actions from the defendant indicating
disagreement with counsel or the desire to testify, the trial court is neither required
to sua sponte address a silent defendant and inquire whether the defendant knowingly
and intentionally waived the right to testify, nor ensure that the defendant has waived
the right on the record.
208 F.3d 545, 551 (6th Cir. 2000) (internal citations, quotation marks, and footnote omitted).
Indeed, when such circumstances obtain, “Petitioner’s assent is presumed as is the effectiveness of
Petitioner’s counsel, barring any indication by Petitioner at trial that he disagreed with his counsel.”
Gonzales v. Elo, 233 F.3d 348, 357 (6th Cir. 2000) (emphasis added). Citing the Elo framework,
the district court concluded, “[t]he record indicates that Petitioner and Ms. Cairns decided jointly not
to have Petitioner testify. There is no indication in the transcript of trial that Petitioner wanted to
testify or that he disagreed with defense counsel about whether he should take the stand.” Roush,
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2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54438, at *27-28. Given the controlling Webber and Elo precedent, this
factual determination by the district court, reviewed for clear error, disposes of Roush’s claim that
Cairns failed to “educate” him regarding his right to testify.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
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