United States v. Juan Carlos Arroyo

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 23a0070n.06
No. 21-1845
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
) Feb 03, 2023
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
JUAN CARLOS ARROYO aka John Gamez, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant-Appellant. )
) OPINION
)
Before: SILER, BATCHELDER, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Juan Carlos Arroyo
appeals his Guidelines-range sentence for receipt of child pornography. Arroyo argues that the
district court substantively erred because it should have varied downward due to his background
and the circumstances of his offense. Finding no error, we AFFIRM.
I. Background and Procedural History
A. Background
Arroyo is a man with a difficult past, having suffered from several instances of sexual abuse
throughout his childhood. But Arroyo also has a history of receiving, possessing, and distributing
child pornography. In September 2019, police confiscated his cell phone and subsequently
discovered child pornography on it. In May 2020, Michigan charged him with aggravated
possession of child-sexual-abuse material and use of a computer to commit a crime. And on May
No. 21-1845, United States v. Arroyo
4, 2021, the federal government charged Arroyo with one count of receiving and one count of
possessing child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A.1
At the time of his arrest, Arroyo lived in his sister’s basement. His sister has three children,
including a two-year-old son, Arroyo’s nephew. While living with his sister, Arroyo allegedly had
graphic conversations with three other men about sexually abusing his nephew and offered his
nephew for such purposes. He also possessed child pornography and offered access to or told
others how to access it. The police recovered three images and five videos, which equates to 378
images. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(7) cmt. n.6(B)(ii).
B. Procedural History
Arroyo pleaded guilty to count one of the indictment: receipt of child pornography.
Neither Arroyo nor the government objected to the Sentencing Guidelines calculations, which
resulted in an offense level of 36, a criminal history category of I, and an imprisonment range of
188 to 235 months. Prior to sentencing, Arroyo asked the court for a downward variance from the
Guidelines because of his background, lack of criminal history, and the failure of the Guidelines
to account for “the reality of modern child-pornography offenses.” The government opposed the
motion.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court denied Arroyo’s motion for a variance due to
the totality of the circumstances and the seriousness of the offense. At the hearing, the court
discussed the advisory nature of the Guidelines and noted that the court must “make an
individualized assessment based on the facts presented.” Although the court recognized that “there
doesn’t appear to be any hands-on involvement by Mr. Arroyo with a two-year-old child or any
other child,” the court’s said its “alarm bells are up,” that his conduct was “egregious,” and that he
1
The related Michigan charges were dropped after Arroyo was arrested for these federal crimes.
-2-
No. 21-1845, United States v. Arroyo
is “a significant threat to youngsters.” The court viewed Arroyo as “a very dangerous individual”
from whom the public needs protection. On the other hand, the court also acknowledged Arroyo’s
“very very difficult history” from “his own victimization at [a] younger age,” which the court
“calculated … into the sentence” it imposed. The court recognized that Arroyo had sought help
for his mental health, but also that he waited to seek help until after law enforcement had
discovered his misconduct. The court said that it had no “policy disagreements with the contours
of the child pornography guidelines.”
The court denied Arroyo’s motion for a variance, stating that it believed a sentence in the
middle of the Guidelines range was appropriate in light of all the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors,
including promoting respect for the law, providing just punishment, deterring the defendant, and
reflecting the seriousness of the offense. The court sentenced Arroyo to 204 months’
imprisonment and eight years of supervised release. This timely appeal followed.
II. Legal Standard
This court reviews the reasonableness of a sentence under a deferential abuse-of-discretion
standard. United States v. Solano-Rosales, 781 F.3d 345, 351 (6th Cir. 2015) (quotation marks
omitted). When the defendant “raises a particular argument” for a lower sentence, “the record
must reflect both that the district [court] considered the defendant’s argument” and articulated its
reasoning “sufficiently to permit reasonable appellate review.” Id. at 352; United States v.
Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 554 (6th Cir. 2006).
“A sentence is substantively reasonable if it is proportionate to the seriousness of the
circumstances of the offense and offender, and sufficient but not greater than necessary, to comply
with the purposes of § 3553(a).” Solano-Rosales, 781 F.3d at 356 (quotation marks omitted). A
sentence is substantively unreasonable when the court “selects the sentence arbitrarily, bas[es] the
-3-
No. 21-1845, United States v. Arroyo
sentence on impermissible factors, fail[s] to consider pertinent § 3553(a) factors, or giv[es] an
unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” Id. (quotation marks omitted); United
States v. Robinson, 892 F.3d 209, 213 (6th Cir. 2018). The defendant bears the burden of rebutting
the presumption that a sentence within the Guidelines range is substantively reasonable. See
United States v. Pirosko, 787 F.3d 358, 374 (6th Cir. 2015). This court does not generally second
guess the substantive reasonableness of a Guidelines-range sentence. United States v. Simmons,
587 F.3d 348, 365 (6th Cir. 2009).
III. Discussion
On appeal, Arroyo argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable for three reasons:
(1) the district court gave an unreasonable amount of weight to his alleged dangerousness;
(2) policy reasons support a lower sentence; and (3) the district court failed to consider the
mitigating circumstances of his personal characteristics and background. We disagree.
First, the district court did not give an unreasonable amount of weight to Arroyo’s
dangerousness. Arroyo argues that, because he did not commit any “hands-on offenses,” his
sentence should be lower than those of similarly situated defendants who have committed “hands-
on offenses.” But the Guidelines do not require “hands-on” offenses for his Guidelines range.
And the district court adequately explained its reasoning, including pointing out that Arroyo, in
very graphic terms, repeatedly offered his two-year-old nephew for sexual abuse. The fact that the
record did not establish that Arroyo ever followed through with these offers provides no reason to
believe he would not follow through in the future. It was therefore not unreasonable for the district
court, when determining what sentence to impose, to conclude that Arroyo poses a threat to
children and the public.
-4-
No. 21-1845, United States v. Arroyo
Second, the district court did not err when it did not vary downward for policy reasons.
Arroyo argues that the enhancements he received were meant for more serious offenders than non-
production offenders like himself. The district court considered the policy and made it clear that
it had no disagreement with the policy underlying the Guidelines. As an initial matter, the district
court is not required to consider the policy reasons for the Guidelines range. United States v.
Brooks, 628 F.3d 791, 800 (6th Cir. 2011). Although the court may reject the Guidelines range
for policy reasons, the district court is not required to disagree with the Guidelines range, nor is it
required to reject the Guidelines range even if it does disagree. Id. at 799-800; United States v.
Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 585-86 (6th Cir. 2009) (concluding that Kimbrough v. United
States, 552 U.S. 85, 109-110 (2007) authorizes a district court to reject the Guidelines range
because it disagrees with the policy behind it). If the court disagrees with the Guidelines based on
the circumstances of the case, then, it may vary or depart up or down. Here, the district court did
not disagree with the policy reasons for the Guidelines range, nor did it find any reasons to vary
downward after considering the § 3553(a) factors. This was not unreasonable considering the
circumstances of this case.
Finally, contrary to Arroyo’s assertion, the court did consider Arroyo’s mitigating
circumstances. The court recognized Arroyo’s difficult past and how at a young age he had been
a victim of sexual abuse. The court also discussed Arroyo’s history and counseling, expressing
hope that Arroyo will benefit from counseling. The court discussed these factors and explicitly
stated that it took all of this into consideration when determining what sentence to impose.
Arroyo’s disagreement with how much weight the court gave his history in sentencing him does
not make it unreasonable.
-5-
No. 21-1845, United States v. Arroyo
Because the sentence is substantively reasonable, the court did not abuse its discretion
when it denied Arroyo’s motion for a variance.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
-6-