United States v. Goliday

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0480n.06
Filed: June 8, 2005
No. 04-3834/3897
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
RALPH L. GOLIDAY, THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
OHIO
Defendant-Appellant.
/
Before: MARTIN and ROGERS, Circuit Judges, and McKINLEY, District Judge.*
BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. On March 10, 2004, a jury found the defendant,
Ralph Goliday, guilty of one count of possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine and one
count of possession with intent to distribute powder cocaine, both in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
841(a)(1). On June 3, 2004, the district court sentenced the defendant to two-hundred-forty months
imprisonment. Goliday appeals, arguing that the search that led to the discovery of the crack
cocaine and powder cocaine violated his Fourth Amendment rights, and that a firearm and bullet-
proof vest were improperly admitted into evidence at his trial. Goliday also argues that his sentence
was unconstitutionally increased based on conduct not proved beyond a reasonable doubt in
*
The Honorable Joseph H. McKinley, Jr. United States District Judge for the Western District
of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
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violation of the Sixth Amendment. For the following reasons we AFFIRM Goliday’s conviction and
sentence.
I.
Goliday was on probation and under supervision by the Trumbull County, Ohio, Adult
Probation Department during the incident in this case. Vincent Peterson was his supervising
probation officer. On the evening of August 22, 2002, Peterson received a call from Drug
Enforcement Administration Agent Melanie Gambill, who informed him that Robert Boone was
possibly located at Goliday’s known residence. Boone was a probationer that Peterson’s chief
operations officer, Keith Evans, had asked Peterson to locate. Peterson then called another
probation officer, Officer Miles, and the two of them arranged to meet and attempt to locate Boone
at Goliday’s residence. Peterson and Miles drove separately and met outside Goliday’s residence.
Peterson testified that while there were numerous cars located outside the residence, Boone’s car
was not among them. Peterson and Miles then decided to stop in to talk with Goliday, but first
dropped Miles’s car back at their office.
When they returned to Goliday’s residence, Peterson and Miles got out of Peterson’s car and
approached the house. They knocked on the door and an individual answered and asked what they
wanted. Peterson and Miles answered that they were there to see “Ralph” and were let into the
house. The door opened directly into the kitchen, which is where the Peterson and Miles were
standing when they viewed what appeared to be a clear plastic bag of marijuana sitting in plain view
on top of a drier located in the kitchen. Peterson and Miles then walked into the living room, at
which time Goliday streaked naked out of a bedroom and ran down the hallway into the bathroom.
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Peterson then walked down the hallway, stood outside the bathroom door, and asked Goliday to get
dressed and come out. Goliday agreed to come out and Peterson walked back out to the living room
while Goliday went into the bedroom and got dressed.
While standing in the living room, Peterson and Miles saw, in plain view, a pellet gun.
When Goliday entered the living room, Peterson stated that he and Miles wished to do a probation
search based on their discovery of the marijuana and Goliday’s naked run through the house.
Goliday protested and repeatedly suggested that he and the probation officers discuss the matter
outside. The officers told Goliday to sit down because they were going to search the house. While
Goliday was then repeatedly insisting that he had to return to the bathroom first, a black female
knocked on the front door. Peterson opened the door slightly and asked what she needed and she
replied, “Let me get a 20.” She then clarified to Peterson that she wanted a twenty-dollar rock of
crack cocaine and Peterson told her to leave. Then another individual, who identified himself as
Goliday’s uncle, knocked on a side-door and told the officers that he was there to collect twenty
dollars that Goliday owed him. When Peterson returned to the living room, Goliday continued to
insist that he needed to use the bathroom. Peterson then decided to search the bathroom for drugs,
and while engaged in a search he discovered what appeared to be chunks of rock cocaine in the
toilet. Peterson scooped the rocks out of the toilet with a utensil he borrowed from the kitchen. He
also noticed a green plate covered with what appeared to be a crack-like residue.
Peterson then returned to the living room, at which time a white female came to the door to
purchase the apparently quite popular twenty-dollar rock of crack cocaine. After she was turned
away, two white males came to the door also asking to purchase a twenty-dollar rock of crack
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cocaine. Peterson then noticed that the man who identified himself as Goliday’s uncle was peering
through a little window in the living room demanding his twenty-dollars. Goliday told Peterson to
“[t]ell that cat to get away from here” because he did not owe him any money. Peterson so
instructed the man.
Due to all of the activity at the residence, Peterson then decided to call Agent Gambill and
requested assistance. Peterson suspended the probation search while waiting for Gambill to arrive
because of his concern over the number of people approaching the house. Approximately thirty
minutes later Gambill arrived along with Detective Weber, and the four officers engaged in a full
search of the house. During this search they discovered additional crack cocaine, powder cocaine,
a handgun, and a bullet-proof vest. The drugs seized led to the indictment in this case. The district
court denied Goliday’s motion to suppress the evidence and Goliday was convicted after a jury trial.
The court then sentenced Goliday to two-hundred-forty months for the crack cocaine conviction and
two-hundred-thirty-five months for the powder cocaine conviction, the sentences to be served
concurrently.
II.
A. Motion to Suppress
We review a district court’s factual findings underlying its denial of a motion to suppress for
clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. United States v. Freeman, 209 F.3d 464, 466 (6th
Cir. 2000). Because we find no error in the district court’s judgment, we affirm its denial of
Goliday’s motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the probation search.
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In Griffin v. Wisconsin, the Supreme Court made clear that a state may provide for searches
of parolees and their property without a warrant and based on less than probable cause. 483 U.S.
868, 873 (1987). Probation officers must have at least reasonable suspicion that the parolee is not
abiding by the law. United States v. Payne, 181 F.3d 781, 787-88 (6th Cir. 1999). The special needs
of the parole system justify this lesser standard and potential parolees who do not want to be subject
to these searches have the choice of remaining incarcerated. Ohio law provides for probation
searches based upon reasonable suspicion and is thus consistent with the Fourth Amendment. See
Ohio Rev. Code § 2951.02(C)(2).1
The district court found that Peterson had reasonable suspicion to search the residence upon
noticing the suspected marijuana in plain view coupled with Goliday’s naked dash through the house
and subsequent suspicious behavior. Goliday does not seem to dispute that reasonable suspicion
existed; rather, he argues that Agent Gambill’s and Detective Weber’s warrantless search violated
his Fourth Amendment rights, and further that Peterson and Miles acted as a “stalking horse” for the
police officers — that is, the probation officers used their ability to search based on less than
probable cause to gather evidence for Gambill, who could not otherwise obtain it because she lacked
probable cause for a search.
1
The statute in effect at the time provided: “During the period of a misdemeanor offender’s
probation . . . authorized probation officers who are engaged within the scope of their supervisory
duties or responsibilities may search . . . without a warrant, the person of the offender, the place of
residence of the offender, and a motor vehicle . . . if the probation officers have reasonable grounds
to believe that the offender is not abiding by the law or otherwise is not complying with the
conditions of the offender’s probation.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2951.02(C)(2) (2001).
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We agree with the district court that the circumstances provided reasonable suspicion for the
probation officers to conduct a search of Goliday’s residence. As Goliday does not seem to dispute
the district court’s finding, we decline to analyze this issue any further. We also agree with the
district court’s conclusion that Goliday failed to demonstrate that the probation officers’ search was
a ruse to gain access to Goliday’s residence on behalf of Gambill or Weber. Searches conducted by
probation officers who act as “stalking horse[s]” for police, in effect abusing their authority and
circumventing the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment, may be unlawful. See United
States v. Russ, 23 Fed. Appx. 245, 2001 WL 1136127 (6th Cir. 2001) (unpublished); United States
v. Grimes, 225 F.3d 254, 259 (2d Cir. 2000); United States v. McFarland, 116 F.3d 316, 318 (8th Cir.
1997); United States v. Ooley, 116 F.3d 370, 372 (9th Cir. 1997); United States v. McCarty, 82 F.3d
943, 947 (10th Cir. 1996). But see United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 121-22 (2001). Probation
officers and police officers nevertheless may work together in conducting a search provided that the
parole officer is pursuing parole-related objectives. Russ, 23 Fed. Appx. at 247 (citing McFarland,
116 F.3d at 318). That is, for purposes of Ohio law, the probation officer must be “engaged within
the scope of [his or her] supervisory duties or responsibilities” and has “reasonable grounds to
believe that the offender is not abiding by the law or otherwise is not complying the conditions of
the offender’s probation.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2951.02(C)(2).
We agree with the district court that there is no evidence Peterson and Miles acted as
“stalking horse[s]” for Agent Gambill or Detective Weber. The only reason Peterson and Miles
went to Goliday’s residence in the first place was because they were looking for Boone, another
probationer. After viewing numerous cars and persons at Goliday’s residence, the probation officers
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decided to stop in and speak with Goliday. They were allowed access to the house, via the kitchen,
where the observed what they believed to be was a bag of marijuana, followed by Goliday’s naked
sprint through the house. Before conducting any search, the officers met with Goliday in the living
room. During this time, a woman came to the door attempting to buy crack and a man came to the
door demanding money from Goliday. Only then did the officers begin their search and discovery
of additional crack cocaine. The search was continually interrupted by additional individuals
attempting to purchase drugs from Goliday, and only then — concerned for their safety and ability
to conduct the search — did the probation officers contact Agent Gambill to ask for assistance.
Based on these circumstances, we see no evidence that the probation officers’ search was a ruse
conducted at the behest of or for the benefit of Agent Gambill or Detective Weber. We affirm the
district court’s denial of Goliday’s motion to suppress.
B. Admission of Firearm and Bullet-Proof Vest
Goliday also argues that the admission of the firearm and bullet-proof vest over his objection
was erroneous. We review a district court’s decision to admit evidence pursuant to Federal Rule of
Evidence 403 for abuse of discretion. United States v. Henley, 360 F.3d 509, 518 (6th Cir. 2004).
Relevant evidence, that is, evidence having “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is
of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence,” Fed. R. Evid. 401, is made generally admissible by Federal Rule of Evidence
402. A district court, however, may exclude relevant evidence if “its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
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Fed. R. Evid. 403. We will reverse a district court’s decision to admit relevant evidence only if it
was an abuse of discretion and the error was not harmless. Diamond v. Howd, 288 F.3d 932, 934
(6th Cir. 2002).
We have long recognized firearms and ammunition as tools of the drug trafficking trade and
have consistently concluded that a district court does not abuse its discretion by admitting such
evidence when it is related to the crime charged. United States v. Arnott, 704 F.2d 322, 325-26 (6th
Cir. 1983). We have, however, held that when a defendant is not charged with a firearms violation
and a firearm is not relevant to the crimes charged, a district court abuses its discretion in admitting
the firearm. See e.g., Brubaker v. United States, 183 F.2d 894, 898 (6th Cir. 1950) (holding that “the
presence of the revolvers in his suitcase had no bearing whatsoever upon the charge of receiving the
stolen car”). Nonetheless, we have recognized that “dealers in narcotics are well known to be
dangerous criminals usually carrying weapons,” United States v. Korman, 614 F.2d 541, 546 (6th
Cir. 1980), and in the words of the Second Circuit, “[e]xperience on the trial and appellate benches
has taught that substantial dealers in narcotics keep firearms on their premises as tools of the trade
almost to the same extent as they keep scales, glassine bags, cutting equipment and other narcotics
equipment,” United States v. Wiener, 534 F.2d 15, 18 (2d Cir. 1976).
Goliday was discovered with a substantial amount of crack cocaine and powder cocaine, and
the officers observed numerous individuals attempt to purchase narcotics from Goliday.
Additionally, the handgun and ammunition in this case was found in the northwest bedroom of
Goliday’s residence along with the cocaine and two pit-bull dogs standing guard. Under these
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circumstances, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the handgun,
ammunition, and bullet-proof vest as evidence of Goliday’s intent to engage in the drug trade.
III.
Finally, Goliday argues that he was unconstitutionally sentenced based upon the principles
articulated in Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004). Specifically, Goliday argues that the
district court improperly increased his base offense level two points because it found that a handgun
was present during the commission of the crime of possession of crack cocaine with the intent to
distribute. The Supreme Court in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), concluded that the
Sixth Amendment, as construed in Blakely, does apply to the federal sentencing guidelines. Thus,
“[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the
maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted
by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 756. This
Court, and all other circuits to have addressed the issue, however, have concluded that Booker does
not compel resentencing when the defendant receives the statutorily prescribed mandatory minimum
sentence. United States v. Joiner, 123 Fed. Appx. 681, 2005 WL 351152 (6th Cir. 2005)
(unpublished); United States v. Painter, 400 F.3d 1111, 1111 (8th Cir. 2005); United States v.
Moore, 401 F.3d 1220, 1222 n. 1 (10th Cir. 2005); United States v. Antonakopoulos, 399 F.3d 68,
75 (1st Cir. 2005) ("A mandatory minimum sentence imposed as required by a statute based on facts
found by a jury or admitted by a defendant is not a candidate for Booker error."); United States v.
Sharpley, 399 F.3d 123, 127 (2d Cir. 2005) (finding harmless error when a calculated guidelines
sentence was less than the statutory minimum and the district court gave the statutory minimum).
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On count one, Goliday received a statutorily prescribed mandatory minimum sentence of
twenty years (or two-hundred-forty months). See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). On count two, he received
a Guidelines sentence of two-hundred-thirty-five months. The two point enhancement for the
possession of the firearm increased Goliday’s sentencing range from a range of one-hundred-fifty-
one to one-hundred-eighty-eight months to a range of one-hundred-eighty-eight months to two-
hundred-thirty-five months, and thus, violated his Sixth Amendment rights. Because the district
court imposed the sentences on the two counts to run concurrently, however, resentencing on count
two is not necessary — Goliday will serve two-hundred forty months in prison regardless of any
Sixth Amendment violation on count two. We therefore decline to remand for resentencing.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Goliday’s conviction and sentence.