S&M Brands, Inc. v. Summers

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0283n.06
Filed: April 19, 2007
No. 06-5148
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
S&M BRANDS, INC., and INTERNATIONAL )
TOBACCO PARTNERS, LTD., )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
PAUL G. SUMMERS, in his official capacity as ) OPINION
Attorney General of the State of Tennessee, )
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
BEFORE: KENNEDY, MOORE, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. S&M Brands, Inc. and International Tobacco Partners, Ltd.
(“ITP”) sued Paul G. Summers in his official capacity as the Attorney General of the State of
Tennessee.1 They claim that the State of Tennessee has violated federal antitrust law and the U.S.
Constitution in its implementation and application of the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”)
between various states and major tobacco manufacturers. The district court dismissed all but one
1
On November 1, 2006, Robert E. Cooper, Jr., was sworn in as the Attorney General for the
State of Tennessee.
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of their claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).2 As explained below, we affirm the
district court’s dismissal in favor of the Attorney General.
I
The Appellants’ claims arose in connection with the MSA executed in November 1998 by
and among forty-six states (including Tennessee) and six territories as well as the four largest
domestic cigarette manufacturers (Philip Morris USA, Inc., R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Brown
& Williamson Tobacco Company, and Lorillard Tobacco Company). S&M Brands is a tobacco
product manufacturer and ITP is an importer of tobacco products. Neither company has joined the
MSA.
In their complaint, the Appellants challenge the validity of certain statutes enacted by
Tennessee pursuant to the terms of the MSA, including the Tennessee Tobacco Manufacturers’
Escrow Fund Act of 1999, Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-31-101 et seq. (“Escrow Act”) (as amended), and
the tax laws passed to aid in the enforcement of the Escrow Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-4-2601 et
seq. (collectively, the “Tobacco Statutes”). Specifically, the Appellants claim that the enactment and
enforcement of the Tobacco Statutes have had the effect of implementing an illegal combination or
“output cartel” created by the settling states and the participating manufacturers in the MSA, and that
2
On the Appellants’ remaining claim—Tennessee’s enforcement of a recent amendment to
its tobacco legislation had an impermissible retroactive effect—the district court granted partial
summary judgment to both parties. S&M Brands, Inc. v. Summers, 420 F. Supp. 2d 840 (M.D. Tenn.
2006); S&M Brands, Inc. v. Summers, No. 05-171, 2005 WL 3160869 (M.D. Tenn. Nov. 28, 2005).
They have sought review of the ruling in a separate set of appeals. S&M Brands v. Summers, Nos.
06-5828/5829. Accordingly, the Appellants’ retroactivity claim is not before us today in this appeal.
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this implementation constitutes a per se restraint of trade in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman
Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1. They further contend that the enforcement of the Tobacco Statutes violates their
rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as their First
Amendment rights of freedom of speech and freedom to petition. Finally, in their response to the
Attorney General’s motion to dismiss, the Appellants assert that the Tobacco Statutes violate their
rights to substantive and procedural due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.3
On the Attorney General’s motion, the district court dismissed the claims. The district court
held that Tennessee’s Tobacco Statutes were not preempted by the Sherman Act. S&M Brands, Inc.
v. Summers, 393 F. Supp. 2d 604, 629-30 (M.D. Tenn. 2005). On the constitutional claims, the
district court concluded that the Appellants failed to state any valid claim for relief. Id. at 630-38.
The Appellants timely appealed.
II
A. Standard of Review
We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Se. Tex. Inns,
Inc. v. Prime Hospitality Corp., 462 F.3d 666, 671 (6th Cir. 2006). To survive a motion to dismiss,
the Appellants’ complaint must allege facts which, if proved, would entitle them to relief. Id. We
construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the Appellants, accept their factual allegations
3
These claims are separate from the retroactivity claim. See supra note 2.
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as true, and determine whether they can prove no set of facts in support of their claims that would
entitle them to relief. Id.
B. Antitrust Claims
Section 1 of the Sherman Act provides in part: “Every contract, combination in the form of
trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with
foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.” 15 U.S.C. § 1. State statutes that authorize or compel
private parties to act anticompetitively can violate Section 1 of the Sherman Act; however, not all
state statutes that restrain competition violate the Act. To bring a valid claim, a plaintiff must show,
among other things, that the Sherman Act preempts the state statute in question. Rice v. Norman
Williams Co., 458 U.S. 654, 659 (1982); McNeilus Truck & Mfg. Co. v. Ohio, 226 F.3d 429, 440 (6th
Cir. 2000).
After the parties filed their briefs, another panel of this court issued a published decision in
a case similar to the present one. In Tritent International Corp. v. Kentucky, 467 F.3d 547 (6th Cir.
2006), the court considered whether the State of Kentucky violated the federal antitrust laws in
connection with its implementation and application of the MSA. The court held that Kentucky’s
tobacco legislation was not preempted by the Sherman Act because the legislation did not
“mandate[] or authorize[] conduct that necessarily constitutes a violation of the antitrust laws in all
cases, or . . . place[] irresistible pressure on a private party to violate the antitrust laws in order to
comply with the statute.” Id. at 554 (quoting Rice, 458 U.S. at 661). The manufacturers’ failure to
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establish that the Sherman Act preempted Kentucky’s tobacco legislation was fatal to their antitrust
claims. Id. at 558-59.
Because Tennessee’s Tobacco Statutes are identical in all material respects to the Kentucky
legislation at issue in Tritent, we asked the parties to submit supplemental briefs on the impact of
that decision on the present appeal. The Appellants concede in their supplemental brief that “the
antitrust issues raised on that appeal [Tritent] . . . are the same as those involved here.” Plaintiffs-
Appellants Supp. Br. at 1. Our own review confirms that Tritent is directly on-point to the antitrust
claims in this appeal.
“A panel of this Court cannot overrule the decision of another panel. The prior decision
remains controlling authority unless an inconsistent decision of the United States Supreme Court
requires modification of the decision or this Court sitting en banc overrules the prior decision.”
Salmi v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 774 F.2d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 1985) (citing Timmreck v.
United States, 577 F.2d 372, 376 n.15 (6th Cir. 1978), rev’d on other grounds, 441 U.S. 780, on
remand, 600 F.2d 1228 (6th Cir. 1979)); see also 6th Cir. R. 206(c) (“Reported panel opinions are
binding on subsequent panels. Thus, no subsequent panel overrules a published opinion of a
previous panel.”). Under the reasoning of Tritent, we hold that the Sherman Act does not preempt
Tennessee’s Tobacco Statutes; therefore, we affirm the dismissal of the Appellants’ antitrust claims.
C. Constitutional Claims Raised Before the District Court
The Appellants have not raised any issues in this appeal involving their Equal Protection,
Due Process, or First Amendment claims. “Issues which were raised in the district court, yet not
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raised on appeal, are considered abandoned and not reviewable on appeal.” Renkel v. United States,
456 F.3d 640, 642 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Robinson v. Jones, 142 F.3d 905, 906 (6th Cir.
1998)). Accordingly, we will not address those claims on appeal.
D. Dormant Commerce Clause
Finally, in their supplemental brief, the Appellants argue that a claim under the dormant
Commerce Clause survives Tritent. They are correct that Tritent did not involve a claim brought
under the dormant Commerce Clause. U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3. Yet, the Appellants did not assert
a dormant Commerce Clause claim in their complaint. Nor does it appear that they otherwise
brought such a claim to the attention of the district court. See, e.g., Plaintiffs-Appellants Final Br.
at 56 n.21 (“In the event of a reversal [of the district court], plaintiffs will amend their complaint to
plead this dormant Commerce Clause violation.”).
“It is well-settled that this court will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal
unless our failure to consider the issue will result in a plain miscarriage of justice.” Overstreet v.
Lexington-Fayette Urban County Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Bailey v. Floyd
County Bd. of Educ., 106 F.3d 135, 143 (6th Cir. 1997)); see also Renkel, 456 F.3d at 642 n.1
(same). As the Appellants have not shown that failure to consider their dormant Commerce Clause
argument will result in a plain miscarriage of justice, we will not consider it for the first time on
appeal.
III
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Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
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