Morales v. Mitchell

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 07a0440p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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Petitioner-Appellee/ -
ALFRED MORALES,
Cross-Appellant, -
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Nos. 00-3694/3787
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v. >
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Respondent-Appellant/ -
BETTY MITCHELL, Warden,
Cross-Appellee. -
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio
at Cleveland and Youngstown.
No. 95-02674—Peter C. Economus, District Judge.
Argued: April 24, 2007
Decided and Filed: November 2, 2007
Before: SUHRHEINRICH, MOORE, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Michael L. Collyer, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellant. Laurence E. Komp, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Manchester, Missouri, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Michael L. Collyer, Daniel R. Ranke, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Laurence E. Komp, ATTORNEY AT LAW, Manchester, Missouri,
Amanda Martinsek, VORYS, SATER, SEYMOUR & PEASE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CLAY, J., joined.
SUHRHEINRICH, J. (pp. 24-32), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
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OPINION
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KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellant Alfred
Morales (“Morales”) was convicted of kidnapping and aggravated murder in an Ohio state court and
sentenced to death. He petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing, inter alia,
that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective and that the trial court erroneously struck a
potential juror from the panel. The district court granted the petition, in part, vacating Morales’s
death sentence on the ground that his trial attorney had rendered ineffective assistance of counsel
1
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(“IAC”) at the penalty phase of the trial. Respondent-Appellant/Cross-Appellee Betty Mitchell
(“Mitchell” or “the state”) now appeals the district court’s issuance of the writ. Morales cross-
appeals the district court’s denial, in part, of his petition on the grounds that his counsel was not
ineffective at the guilt phase of the trial and that the trial court did not err in striking a juror that it
found was not death-qualified and lacked an adequate understanding of the proceedings. For the
reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court’s partial grant of the petition and issuance
of the writ.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The undisputed facts underlying Morales’s conviction were set forth by the Ohio Supreme
Court as follows:
Appellant, Alfred J. Morales, stands five feet, eight inches tall, weighs two
hundred twenty pounds, and is an expert in the martial arts. The Trevino family,
Mario being the youngest male member, had known appellant for many years prior
to the evening of March 2, 1985. Through their acquaintanceship with appellant, the
Trevinos were well aware of appellant’s skill in the martial arts and of his ability to
use a variety of weapons for their intended purposes.
For a time, Jesse Trevino, the victim’s older brother, and appellant had been
friends. This friendship ended at a previous time when Jesse refused to commit
perjury for appellant, thereby depriving appellant of an alibi regarding the theft of
a taxicab. As a result of Jesse’s refusal, appellant pled guilty to the theft offense and
was returned to the Mansfield Reformatory.
While in the Mansfield Reformatory, appellant wrote threatening letters to
Toby Trevino, brother of both Jesse and Mario. The letters suggested revenge upon
the whole Trevino family, including Yolanda Trevino, sister of Jesse, Toby and
Mario, who had previously refused to become appellant’s girlfriend. The envelope
of one letter contained both a drawing and the letters “D.W.C.S.,” “B.W.” and
“D.O.D.” The letters were later shown to mean “Death Will Come Soon,” “Beware”
and “Demon of Darkness,” a name appellant used for himself. The drawing on this
envelope depicts a heart pierced by a sword. Toby Trevino’s name is printed on the
heart and blood is dripping from the tip of the sword. The envelope of the second
letter likewise contained a drawing. The second drawing depicts a skull, dripping
blood, with a sword passing through it. Beneath the skull is printed the word
“DANGER.”
On February 19, 1985, appellant was released from the Mansfield
Reformatory. During the three-week period between appellant’s release and Mario’s
murder, appellant was observed watching the Trevino home while hiding in the
bushes of a house near the Trevinos’ residence. During this same time period,
appellant stated to a variety of witnesses that he was “going to kill Toby’s ass,” that
“he had some killing to do and that he knew he was going back to where he came
from,” and that “he had a killing to do, and that he knew he was going back and he
didn’t care.”
On the evening of his death, Mario left home some time after 6:00 p.m. to
play video games at a nearby store. After leaving the store, Mario was confronted
by appellant who told Mario that he wanted to talk with him regarding the problems
between appellant and the Trevino family. Mario accompanied appellant from the
store to a secretive location, approximately one and one-half to two miles from the
store. It was at this location that appellant murdered Mario.
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Following the murder, appellant went to the nearby home of an acquaintance
to wash the blood from his hands and apply ice to his knuckles to control the
swelling. When appellant left that location, he left behind the towel containing the
ice for his knuckles and his blood-stained white shirt. Soon after appellant’s
departure, the towel and blood-stained shirt were turned over to the authorities.
Later the same evening, appellant was confronted by Jesse and Toby Trevino
who, having learned that Mario had been seen in the company of appellant,
questioned appellant as to Mario’s whereabouts. Appellant responded: “I haven’t
seen Mario,” “I'm not taking the rap for nothing I didn’t do, man,” and “you know,
the next time I go into jail, it's going to be for murder.”
Early the next morning, March 3, 1985, Mario’s body was discovered. While
notifying the Trevinos of Mario’s death, the authorities were informed of the
threatening letters sent by appellant. Appellant was subsequently arrested and his
home searched. The search produced a jacket and shoes which were still wet from
having recently been washed.
After being informed of his constitutional rights, appellant therein provided
police with both oral and written statements concerning the death of Mario. In both
the oral and written statements, appellant admitted that he had confronted the boy at
the beverage store, led him to the secluded location and then brutally beat the child,
leaving Mario to die.
State v. Morales, 513 N.E.2d 267, 269-70 (Ohio 1987) (ellipses, brackets, and footnotes omitted);
see also Morales v. Coyle, 98 F. Supp. 2d 849, 855-56 (N.D. Ohio 2000) (adopting the facts as set
forth by the Ohio Supreme Court).
B. Procedural History
Following his arrest,
Appellant was . . . indicted for kidnapping in violation of [Ohio Revised Code
section (“R.C.”)] 2905.01, aggravated murder with prior calculation and design in
violation of R.C. 2903.02(A), and aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B)
with the specification that the crime was committed while appellant was committing
or attempting to commit the offense of kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01. At
his arraignment, appellant entered pleas of not guilty to all the offenses charged.
These pleas were all subsequently changed to pleas of not guilty by reason of
insanity.
State v. Morales, 513 N.E.2d at 270.
Morales’s trial began on December 2, 1985. Id. During voir dire, the trial judge and counsel
for both parties questioned a juror (“Juror B”) regarding his ability to impose the death penalty in
the event that the jury found Morales guilty of aggravated murder. At the conclusion of that voir
dire, the state moved to exclude Juror B for cause based upon his “lack of basic understanding of
what we’re here about, and [because] he’s also indicated that he could not join in a verdict where
the death penalty is a possible sentence.” J.A. at 828 (Trial Tr. at 704). The trial court granted the
motion over the objection of defense counsel, stating, “It’s obvious to the Court that he is
unprepared to take on the challenge of this jury, and that he more than a dozen times said he could
never accept the death penalty.” J.A. at 828-29 (Trial Tr. at 704-05).
The guilt phase of Morales’s trial lasted until December 18, 1985. State v. Morales, Nos.
57868, 57869, 1991 WL 8592, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. Jan. 31, 1991). Morales’s defense was premised
upon the theory that “in no way on March 2, 1985, could Alfred Morales appreciate the
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consequences of his acts or refrain from committing those acts, or understand the difference between
right and wrong.” J.A. at 832 (Trial Tr. at 1014 (defense opening statement)). In support of that
theory, defense counsel presented the testimony of five witnesses who testified to Morales’s
consumption of alcohol on the day of the murder, three witnesses in the field of Native American
affairs, and one expert witness in the field of psychology.
The first defense witness, Noel Camaigo (“Camaigo”), testified that, between 7:00 or 7:30
p.m. and 9:30 p.m. on the day of the murder, he saw Morales consume “almost two and one half
fifths” of Wild Irish Rose wine and three or four forty-ounce bottles of malt liquor. Supp. J.A. at
1013-15 (Trial Tr. at 1394-96). Camaigo stated that “[w]hen I got there I see he be just starting to
drink. So as time running along he started getting tipsy there and kept going back to the store. Here,
I’d say he was drunk. When he left the house he was drunk.” Supp. J.A. at 1015-16 (Trial Tr. at
1396-97). On cross-examination, however, Camaigo admitted that the wine and malt liquor were
shared among six people. On redirect, Camaigo estimated that Morales drank “about a fifth and one
half, almost two fifths” of wine and beer between 7:00 p.m. and 9:30 p.m. Supp. J.A. at 1041-42
(Trial Tr. at 1420-21).
Mary Ellen Tyler, at whose home Morales consumed the beer and wine, testified that, by the
time he left, she could tell from his demeanor that he had been drinking. On cross-examination, she
stated that, at the time he left, Morales had still been functioning well enough to speak coherently
and to purchase something at a store. She further testified that, when Morales returned to her home
at around 11:00 p.m. that night, he was not so drunk that he was unable to walk up and down steps.
Mary Ellen Tyler’s brother-in-law, Richard Tyler, who lived in the same home as Mary Ellen
Tyler and her husband, testified that he saw Morales consume a “good quantity,” or “quite a bit,”
of alcohol at the Tyler home between approximately 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. on the evening of the
murder. Supp. J.A. at 1065-66 (Trial Tr. at 1444-45). Richard Tyler stated, “It was—I—to the best
of my recollection I suppose he had to have been intoxicated” by 8:00 p.m. that night. Supp. J.A.
at 1066 (Trial Tr. at 1445). According to Richard Tyler, Morales “was still somewhat intoxicated”
when he returned to the Tyler house about an hour later, “though not quite as much” as he had been
when he left. Supp. J.A. at 1067 (Trial Tr. at 1446). During cross-examination, Richard Tyler
conceded that Morales had no trouble walking, talking, or socializing either between 6:00 p.m. and
8:00 p.m. or when he returned to the Tyler home later that night. On redirect examination, Richard
Tyler recalled that, when Morales returned at 11:00 p.m., “[t]here was slurred speech so there was
some intoxication” on Morales’s part, but “to what degree I can’t say.” Supp. J.A. at 1080 (Trial
Tr. at 1459).
Mary Ellen Tyler’s husband, Roderick Tyler, next testified, estimating that Morales had
consumed a bottle of wine and a forty-ounce bottle of beer between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. but
“wasn’t in too bad of shape.” Supp. J.A. at 1083-84 (Trial Tr. at 1462-63). According to Roderick
Tyler’s testimony on cross-examination, Morales was still capable of walking, talking, and carrying
on conversations when he left the Tyler house at 8:00 p.m. or 8:30 p.m. Roderick Tyler stated that
Morales had returned at approximately midnight, climbed several flights of steps without falling,
used the bathroom, and left without incident.
Defense counsel also presented the testimony of Morales’s father, Richard Morales, who
testified that Morales first came home drunk at the age of twelve and was frequently intoxicated
from that time forward. Richard Morales stated, “[A] number of times I’ve battled him tooth and
nail trying to stop him from drinking, and he wouldn’t listen.” J.A. at 850 (Trial Tr. at 1481). He
further testified that:
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I got him a job at American Greetings and he got paid one morning, 8:00, and
3:00 in the afternoon they brought him home barefooted. He didn’t even know
where he was at. And we put him to bed. And the next day he didn’t even remember
what happened. How he got home. This happened a number of times.
One time I found him on 47th on the corner there drinking, and he was passed
out underneath the tree. And I was on my way to work and I brought him home and
put him in the house, and put him to bed. I had a number of times when I talked to
him and I tried to—
****
Tried to get him counseling. I had an Indian counselor on 65th and Detroit
to try to get him counseling. He didn’t want to go there. I had him tested at BVR,
because he didn’t have no education and I work for the Indian Service here,
Cleveland.
J.A. at 850-51 (Trial Tr. at 1481-82). According to Richard Morales, Morales was drunk three or
four times a week between 1978 and 1985.
Morales’s father also discussed Morales’s prior criminal acts, all of which occurred while
Morales was drunk:
Well, I’m a dialysis patient. I was laying on the bed because I had just come
home from dialysis and he comes in. He was staggering in the kitchen. I got up to
see what was the matter, and him and his mother were arguing. And he took some
hamburger to cook it and he couldn’t even hold it. He dropped it on the floor. Then
he went to the bedroom and before I could even get in there I tried to stop him from
going out and he went out by the door. He staggered in and he fell right off the
stairway. He fell right—we have about five steps down and I couldn’t catch him
because I was pretty weak after treatment. He took off, and the next thing I know he
got in trouble that night.
J.A. at 853 (Trial Tr. at 1484); see also J.A. at 854 (Trial Tr. at 1485) (stating that, when Morales
stole a taxicab on a later date, “the understanding we had from the three guys he was with all were
drunk”).
Defense counsel then asked about Morales’s condition on the night of the murder, and
Richard testified as follows:
Yes. We went to the movie that day, that Saturday, and [Morales] and his
mother and myself. Chuck Norris was the movie. We remember we come back and
it was about 5:20. She was cooking supper and he went outside with the boy who
lived upstairs, we call Jesus, then he took off. And that’s the last time I seen him
until approximately about maybe a quarter to 10 in that area.
He came home and he was—he walked in there and the first thing I notice he
didn’t have his big radio with him. Then he was staggering. And I was laying on the
bed there in the living room and I said, “Son, what the heck are you drinking for?
You told me you weren’t going to drink after you got out of Mansfield
[Reformatory].” I says, “Get a chair.” And he says, “Dad, all I had was a couple.”
I said, “Don’t give me that.” I says, “I could smell wine and whiskey, whatever
you’re drinking. That’s not beer. It smells terrible.” I says, “Set down next to me
here. I want to talk to you.”
He set about from two or three feet away from me there and I says, “Son,” I
says, “what the heck are you drinking for?” I says, “You promised me at Mansfield
you wouldn’t drink anymore. Here you’re out, I got you a job, you went to work and
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 6
here you are plastered.” “Oh, Dad,” he says. He says, “I feel dizzy. I think I’m
going to go lay down.”
So he went right across to the bedroom there, and I followed him in the
bedroom there because I remember the time when he got up[,] that one felony[,] and
left. I didn’t want him to do that again as drunk as he was. So I went into the
bedroom there and I talked to him.
I says, “Son, what’s the matter? What makes you drink?” He says, “Dad,
could you give me a break? We’ll talk in the morning.” And then he went to sleep.
J.A. at 854-55 (Trial Tr. at 1485-86).
Defense counsel subsequently called to the stand Hugh Clark Hosick (“Hosick”), the
Executive Director of the North American Indian Cultural Center (“NAICC”); Milton Fletcher
(“Fletcher”), a Program Coordinator for the NAICC; and Jerome Warcloud, Executive Director of
the Cleveland American Indian Center (“CAIC”). Hosick, Fletcher, and Warcloud all testified that
Native Americans are extremely susceptible to alcoholism. On cross-examination, both Hosick and
Fletcher conceded that they had never personally counseled Morales, although Fletcher stated on
redirect that other counselors at the NAICC had counseled Morales, and Warcloud said that Morales
had “been associated with” the CAIC. Trial Tr. at 1518.
Finally, defense counsel presented the testimony of Rita Politzer, Ph.D. (“Politzer”), a
forensic psychologist who interviewed Morales twice following his arrest; administered to Morales
the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test (the “Wechsler test”), the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt
test (the “Bender test”), and the Rorschach Ink Blot test (the “Rorschach test”), and reviewed the
results of another psychologist’s administration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(the “MMPI”); interviewed Richard Morales once; spoke once with Hosick; reviewed social,
psychological, and vocational evaluations of Morales performed by various court personnel; and
performed her own social history and psychological assessment of Morales. Politzer testified that
Morales “came from a relatively intact family, but a very chaotic family situation,” in which he lived
for a time on a reservation, saw his parents separate temporarily when he was twelve years old, and
was abused by his older brother. J.A. at 890 (Trial Tr. at 1526). “[H]e had a very, very difficult
school history,” moreover:
He had difficulty staying in school, going to school, passing grades. Staying
motivated. And then following school when he dropped out finally. I found out that
he had difficulty holding jobs because of intoxication and drug use. He would fail
to get there on time. He’d fail to get there period. He’d be discharged. He’d get into
arguments with people. Many, many difficult, traumatic situations.
Id.
Politzer also addressed Morales’s extensive history of drug and alcohol abuse:
Mr. Morales started using alcohol [at] approximately the age of nine and then
progressed to using more and more alcohol as the years progressed. Also using
marijuana. Also hashish. He has smoked a variety of other substances and used a
variety of pills, but the only thing he had not done is inject heroin. He did not like
needles. That was one of the main things, he brought it out to me, that the only thing
he did not do was . . . use heroin. And extensive use throughout the time to the point
where he would black out[,] that he wouldn’t remember where he was. That he
would become violent when intoxicated and high on drugs.
J.A. at 891 (Trial Tr. at 1527).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 7
She went on to detail his criminal history, as it related to his drug and alcohol abuse:
[H]e had been involved in several different scrapes with the law, including
felonious assault, including stealing a cab and other out of—disorderly conduct
charges were also involved, and that were not listed in the reports that I had available
to me, but that Mr. Morales told me about. And most of the time these offenses were
involved when he was using alcohol or drugs, and he would get to the point where
he really wasn’t doing what he thought he should be doing. And he had served some
time, of course, in Mansfield.
J.A. at 892 (Trial Tr. at 1528).
Politzer stated that Morales had a “high addictive potential” and a “history of unstable,
unpredictable, impulsive, out-of-control, aggressive behaviors that are associated with personality
disturbance from an early age.” J.A. at 893 (Trial Tr. at 1529). Morales’s Wechsler test results
indicated “that there was a major discrepancy between his verbal processing skills and his
psychomotor processing skills,” “suggesting poor educational background, but no organic
impairment,” J.A. at 895-96 (Trial Tr. at 1531-32), and the Bender test confirmed the absence of an
organic problem.
Politzer opined that Morales was not in control of his actions at the time of the murder: “My
opinion was that Mr. Morales was unable to understand that his actions at the time were wrong, and
he was because of the mental illness—and also that because of his mental illness [he] was unable
to refrain from those actions at that time.” J.A. at 898 (Trial Tr. at 1534). Politzer concluded that
Morales “is an alcohol-dependent individual. He is a multiple drug-abusing individual and he also
suffers from a borderline personality disorder.” J.A. at 899 (Trial Tr. at 1535).
Borderline personality disorder is a personality disorder in which the
individual has a trait of an inability to control his actions. They tend to be impulsive
individuals. He’s unstable in a variety of areas of [his] life.
He is an individual with a borderline personality disorder. Also has
inappropriate intense anger or lack of control of anger, some questions about his
identity as an individual, as a productive individual [in] society, and as an individual
in general. They oftentimes will be unpredictable. They can also get involved in
potentially self-damaging acts. They do things perhaps repetitively, not learning
from experience[,] and almost put themselves in situations where they can be hurt.
So in a sense it is a self-damaging situation.
The instability, the intense unstable personal relationships, the emptiness, the
feelings of alienation are the most common aspect of the borderline personality
disorder.
J.A. at 899-900 (Trial Tr. at 1535-36).
On cross-examination, Politzer agreed that Morales was articulate, logical, and oriented to
time, place, and person; that he had a fair “storehouse of information”; that his memory was intact;
and that he was not delusional and had denied ever having experienced hallucinations. J.A. at 902
(Trial Tr. at 1538). She conceded that Morales was aware of his alcoholism but had never attempted
to overcome it, and that his behavior was impulsive and violent. She affirmed that she had found
no signs of a major thought disorder or organic brain impairment and agreed that voluntary
intoxication is not a basis for an insanity defense.
When the prosecutor drew her attention to the coroner’s finding that the victim had been
struck with a sharp-edged object, Politzer opined that Morales’s denial of having used such an object
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 8
indicated “[t]hat he was not aware of really what he was doing at the time, and I did not interpret
it as lying.” J.A. at 919 (Trial Tr. at 1555). She noted that Morales had told her that “he blacked
out as far as recollection of what went on. Let me see it—exactly what words he used.
He—‘Everything happened so fast that I blacked out,’ were his exact words.” J.A. at 929 (Trial Tr.
at 1565). Politzer conceded that her assessment was largely predicated on Morales’s own account
of the quantity of alcohol that he had consumed on the day of the murder, but noted that Morales’s
recent incarceration had probably lowered his alcohol tolerance:
In my opinion it takes, given a biological breed disposition to become alcoholic or
intoxicated, and given that Mr. Morales had had very little to drink in the month or
so prior to his release from prison, it would take less to have him become intoxicated
to a stup[o]rous blackout condition than it would somebody who is accustomed to
drinking.
J.A. at 943 (Trial Tr. at 1579).
On redirect examination, Politzer stated that mental disorders other than psychosis can render
an individual incapable of controlling his actions:
We have a variety of different disorders that might—a personality disorder under
certain circumstances, an [a]ffective disorder under certain circumstances, a
dependent alcohol or drug-dependent disorder under certain circumstances may
cause an individual to not know what he is doing is wrong or be able to refrain from
doing it, yes.
J.A. at 951-52 (Trial Tr. at 1587-88). When asked whether such circumstances were present during
the murder, such that Morales could not control himself, she answered in the affirmative, and
described the circumstances as follows:
My understanding was that he had consumed a considerable amount of
alcohol, enough to lead to intoxication in a normal individual[,] let alone an alcohol-
dependent individual. He had memory lapses at that time that suggest that he was
passing in and out of awareness of really what was going on at the time. The alcohol
as I assumed it combined with his personality disorder which leads to a lowering of
impulses as a natural train in his personality and substantiated by years of examples1
of out-of-control behavior, unpredictable, out of control[,] emotionally labile,
violent actions. Aggressive actions even to himself.
J.A. at 952-53 (Trial Tr. at 1588-89).
In rebuttal, the prosecutor called to the stand Kathleen C. Dougherty, M.D. (“Dougherty”),
a staff psychiatrist at the Court Psychiatric Clinic, who had examined Morales to determine his
competency to stand trial and his sanity at the time of the murder. Dougherty testified that, after
interviewing Morales and reviewing his social history, jail medical records, and the prosecutor’s file,
she had found him to be competent and to have been sane at the time of the act.
1
The online version of the Oxford English Dictionary defines “labile” as “liable or prone to lapse,”
“apt to slip away; slippery,” and, probably most relevant here, “prone to undergo displacement in position or
change in nature, form, chemical composition, etc.; unstable.” Labile, OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY,
http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50128535?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=labile&first=1&max_to_sh
ow=10.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 9
Q: During the course of that period of time that you had such conversations with
[Morales] and thereafter did you make a finding as to whether or not there was
any mental illness or defect apparent with respect to the Defendant?
A: Yes, I did.
Q: And what was that opinion based upon your examination, your specific
educational background and your specific periods of employment as a
psychiatrist in the past?
A: It was my opinion that he was suffering from no mental disease or defect at the
time. That the only conditions evidenced in him were voluntary intoxication[,]
self-induced.
Q: Did you further render an opinion as to his ability to refrain and/or as to his
knowledge as to the wrongfulness of his act or acts?
A: Yes, I did. All no. I didn’t feel that I needed to at that point since without any
mental disease or defect somebody cannot be insane, but I went on to address the
other issues in case there was a question about that.
Q: And in so addressing those other issues on the basis of your specific educational
background, your training as a psychiatrist, your examination with respect to Mr.
Morales in conjunction with all the other evidence available to you, did you have
occasion to obtain and/or render an opinion as to his ability to refrain and/or his
knowledge of the wrongfulness of his act?
A: Both.
Q: Can you tell us what your opinion was with respect to his ability to refrain?
A: It was my opinion that he had some impairment in his ability to refrain, which
was due to his intoxication. But, that he had voluntarily assumed that
impairment. He had caused that himself by becoming drunk.
Q: What is your opinion with respect to the wrongfulness of the act?
A: It is my opinion that he knew that the acts were wrong.
Q: How did you arrive at that opinion?
A: I went through with him what happened at the time of the instant offense. I
reviewed with him whether or not he knew what he was doing. He knew that he
was hitting Mario. He is a martial arts expert. Theoretically, he knew something
about martial arts. He did not believe that he was doing anything other than
hitting Mario. And he knew that the person that he was hitting was Mario, which
indicated to me that he knew very well what he was doing. He indicated that he
went back later and saw Mario. That he felt that he was having trouble
breathing, and that he left him there.
Trial Tr. at 1599-1601.
During cross-examination, Dougherty stated that she was “aware that some American
Indians have an enzyme deficiency and that there is a higher incidence of alcoholism in American
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 10
Indians than in the general population,” but that she hadn’t considered that fact in evaluating
Morales’s mental state at the time of the murder because she “didn’t feel that was relevant.” Trial
Tr. at 1603-04. She further elaborated as follows:
Q: Can we agree, Doctor, can we not, that an enzyme deficiency that exists in some
American Indians reduces the ability of one to voluntarily intoxicate themselves,
as it were?
A: It reduces their tolerance for alcohol. It’s very similar to an [A]ntabuse2 effect.
American Indians who have that particular deficiency cannot drink any large
quantities of alcohol. Since Mr. Morales indicated he was able to consume large
quantities he could not have suffered from that deficiency.
Trial Tr. at 1604.
In closing, defense counsel argued that Morales’s intoxication on the night of the murder
rendered him incapable of forming a specific intent to kill. The judge then instructed the jury that
the insanity defense required Morales to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that, “at the
time of the offense and as a result of mental illness or defect[,] he did not have the capacity either
to know the wrongfulness of his conduct, or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.”
J.A. at 956 (Trial Tr. at 1682). The judge further stated that “[v]oluntary intoxication is not a
defense to any crime.” J.A. at 958 (Trial Tr. at 1684). The trial court denied, as supported by
insufficient evidence, defense counsel’s subsequent request that the instruction on voluntary
intoxication be rescinded and replaced with an instruction that voluntary intoxication could mitigate
specific intent. Trial Tr. at 1687-88.
The next day, the jury found Morales guilty of aggravated murder with a kidnapping
specification, aggravated murder with prior calculation, and kidnapping. On the following day, with
the consent of counsel for the parties, the same jury convened for the penalty phase of the trial. The
only evidence presented by the defense during this phase was Morales’s own unsworn statement,
in which Morales apologized for his actions and said that he had started drinking alcohol at a young
age because of his brother’s violence toward him, his older sister’s death, and his alienation from
his peers. He explained that his aggressiveness was the result of his resolve “to be tough” and stand
up for himself, J.A. at 961 (Trial Tr. at 1705), and stated that Jesse Trevino was the best friend he
had ever had and that he hadn’t hated Jesse or any other member of the Trevino family, even after
the taxicab incident. Morales claimed to have suffered blackouts due to alcohol consumption
throughout his life and to have noticed, after his last stint in the reformatory, that he was becoming
intoxicated and violent after drinking only a little alcohol. He stated that the letters that he wrote
to Toby Trevino while incarcerated at the reformatory were attempts to induce Toby to write back,
“to see if he was still my friend.” J.A. at 963 (Trial Tr. at 1707). Finally, Morales told the jury, “[i]t
doesn’t matter to me what happens because what I had did [sic] was real wrong . . . .” J.A. at 965-66
(Trial Tr. at 1709-10).
The jury returned a recommendation that Morales be sentenced to death on the count of
aggravated murder with a kidnapping specification. The trial court subsequently adopted that
2
“Antabuse is a medication taken several times a week and causes violent illness if alcohol is consumed.” Ruth
Shults, Nick Ellinger, Thomas Wyss, & Linda L. Chezem, Alcohol-Impaired Drivers: Reducing the Risk for Children,
33 J.L. MED. & ETHICS 49, 51 (2005).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 11
recommendation and sentenced Morales to death.3 The Ohio Court of Appeals and Ohio Supreme
Court affirmed the convictions and sentences, and the United States Supreme Court denied
Morales’s petition for a writ of certiorari. The Ohio Supreme Court then granted a stay of execution
to allow Morales to pursue state post-conviction relief, which was subsequently denied.
On December 9, 1996, Morales petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus. The
district court denied that petition on March 29, 2000. J.A. at 107-86 (Mar. 29, 2000 Dist. Ct. Mem.
Op. & Order). Morales then filed a motion to alter or amend the district court’s judgment, which
motion was granted in part on May 15, 2000, on the ground that Petitioner’s trial counsel rendered
constitutionally ineffective assistance by failing to conduct an adequate investigation of potentially
mitigating evidence. Morales v. Coyle, 98 F. Supp. 2d 849 (N.D. Ohio 2000). The district court
declined to issue a certificate of appealability. Id. at 903.
The state filed a notice of appeal on May 25, 2000, challenging the grant of habeas relief.
Morales cross-appealed on June 13, 2000, from the portion of the district court’s order partially
denying the habeas petition. We then remanded this case to the district court for reconsideration of
the certificate of appealability. On remand, the district court certified two issues: whether
Petitioner’s trial counsel was ineffective in presenting Dr. Politzer’s testimony during the guilt phase
of the trial, and whether the trial court properly dismissed Juror B.4 J.A. at 748-57 (Dec. 4, 2003
Dist. Ct. Order). On August 19, 2005, we declined to certify any additional claims.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
1. Standard of Review
“We review de novo a district court’s determinations concerning a habeas petitioner’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” Higgins v. Renico, 470 F.3d 624, 630 (6th Cir. 2006). Both
the district court’s and our own power to review the Ohio courts’ resolution of that claim is,
however, limited by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), Pub.
L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996) (codified in various sections of 28 U.S.C.):
AEDPA prohibits a federal court from granting a writ of habeas corpus to a
person in custody pursuant to a state court judgment with respect to a claim that was
adjudicated on the merits in state court
unless the adjudication of the claim—
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination
of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.
3
The trial court also sentenced Morales to ten to twenty-five years of imprisonment on the kidnapping count
and to life imprisonment on the count of aggravated murder with prior calculation and design. The Ohio Court of
Appeals later merged the two aggravated-murder convictions, reversed the life sentence imposed for the second, and left
standing the death sentence for the first.
4
The district court rejected the latter claim. Morales, 98 F. Supp. 2d at 877-78.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 12
Moss v. Hofbauer, 286 F.3d 851, 858 (6th Cir.) (quoting AEDPA, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)), cert.
denied, 537 U.S. 1092 (2002).5 While we apply AEDPA deference to the state courts’ rulings
concerning the merits of a claim, we review de novo issues not reached by the state courts. Williams
v. Anderson, 460 F.3d 789, 804 (6th Cir. 2006); Dickerson v. Bagley, 453 F.3d 690, 698 (6th Cir.
2006).
2. Legal Standard
In analyzing Morales’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, we undertake a two-part
inquiry:
A convicted defendant’s claim that counsel’s assistance was so defective as
to require reversal of a conviction or death sentence has two components. First, the
defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires
showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
“counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant
must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires
showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair
trial, a trial whose result is reliable. Unless a defendant makes both showings, it
cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the
adversary process that renders the result unreliable.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). In other words, Morales must show that his
attorney’s performance “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” id. at 687-88, and that
that performance was “prejudicial to the defense,” id. at 692. Because Ohio law requires that the
death penalty be imposed by unanimous vote, Morales may show prejudice by establishing “a
reasonable probability that one juror would have voted against death had defense counsel presented
[adequate] mitigation evidence.” Williams, 460 F.3d at 804.
We are highly deferential in our review of counsel’s performance, “judg[ing] the
reasonableness of counsel’s challenged conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the
time of counsel’s conduct.” Id. at 690. As the Supreme Court indicated in Strickland,
A convicted defendant making a claim of ineffective assistance must identify the acts
or omissions of counsel that are alleged not to have been the result of reasonable
professional judgment. The court must then determine whether, in light of all the
circumstances, the identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of
professionally competent assistance. In making that determination, the court should
keep in mind that counsel’s function, as elaborated in prevailing professional norms,
is to make the adversarial testing process work in the particular case. At the same
time, the court should recognize that counsel is strongly presumed to have rendered
adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable
professional judgment.
Id.
The right to the effective assistance of counsel applies to the investigation stage of a case.
As the Strickland Court observed,
5
“Because [Morales] filed his federal habeas corpus petition after the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (AEDPA) became effective, AEDPA’s provisions apply to this case.” Moss, 286 F.3d at 858.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 13
strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to
plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less
than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable
professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words,
counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable
decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness
case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for
reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to
counsel’s judgments.
Id. at 690-91. These basic principles from Strickland guide our evaluation of Morales’s ineffective-
assistance claims.
3. The State’s Challenge to the Finding of Ineffectiveness During the Penalty Phase
Morales claims that his counsel were ineffective in preparing for the penalty phase of his
trial. The Ohio Court of Appeals rejected this claim, finding that trial counsel had made a
permissible strategic decision to present mitigating evidence during the guilt, rather than the penalty,
phase of the trial. J.A. at 503-05 (Journal Entry at A37-A39). The state appellate court did not
expressly address Morales’s argument that counsel failed to conduct an adequate investigation,
which would have yielded significant additional evidence that could have been presented in
mitigation. And, because the Ohio court found that counsel’s performance was not deficient, it did
not reach the prejudice step of the Strickland analysis. The district court disagreed with the state
court and granted habeas relief on this claim, setting aside Morales’s death sentence and instructing
the state to conduct a new sentencing trial or impose a life sentence. Morales, 98 F. Supp. 2d at 904.
a. Deficient Performance
Because the state courts resolved the issue of deficient performance on its merits, we owe
AEDPA deference to their conclusion. We agree with the district court, however, that that
conclusion is an unreasonable application of clearly established constitutional law. In support of
its conclusion that the performance of Morales’s trial counsel was deficient, the district court cited
counsel’s failure to interview any member of Morales’s family, any of his friends, or “anyone else
who knew him”; to “search any records pertaining to [Morales’s] education, health, mental
problems, or juvenile offenses”; to retain any mitigation expert; “to adequately prepare [Morales]
to make an unsworn statement in the penalty phase of the trial”; “to adequately investigate
[Morales’s] cultural background and the effect it had on [his] life”; and “to investigate the possibility
of a neurological cause of [Morales’s] mental and emotional deficiencies due to his lifelong alcohol
consumption.” Morales, 98 F. Supp. 2d at 898-99. The district court also noted that Morales’s trial
counsel did not request time between the guilt and penalty phases to conduct a mitigation
investigation.
The district court agreed with Morales that “documentary evidence exists, which has been
a part of the record,” to support each of the points that Morales claims should have been, but were
not, raised by trial counsel, namely:
• The chaotic and dysfunctional family environment in which the Petitioner was
raised.
• The alcohol abuse by the Petitioner’s mother and father.
• The effect that his mentally retarded brother had on his life.
• The effect that the suicide of his emotionally disturbed sister had on him.
• The effect of the Petitioner’s mother’s emotional problems on his development.
• The role of alcohol in the Native American Indian culture in which he was raised.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 14
• The early (since age 9) and continued use of alcohol by the Petitioner.
• The Petitioner’s drug abuse.
• The lack of parental supervision during his youth and adolescence.
• The prejudices the Petitioner experienced.
• The lack of counseling or programming received by the Petitioner while he was
incarcerated in the Mansfield Correctional Facility.
Id. at 899-900. Accordingly, the district court determined that the state courts had unreasonably
applied Strickland in concluding that trial counsel’s performance was simply the result of an
informed strategic or tactical decision, and thus in the state courts’ view was not deficient. Id. at
899-901.
Morales’s evidence establishes that his trial counsel conducted an inadequate investigation
in preparation for the penalty phase. First, the record clearly demonstrates that defense counsel
failed to interview key witnesses for both the prosecution and the defense. Richard Tyler, who
testified in Morales’s defense during the guilt phase of the trial, states that defense counsel never
interviewed him before calling him to the stand. J.A. at 740 (Richard Tyler Aff. at 1 ¶¶ 4-5). Danny
Thompson and Georgia Lee Thompson, both prosecution witnesses, similarly aver that defense
counsel never contacted them prior to trial. J.A. at 741-42 (Thompsons Affs.).
Moreover, defense counsel did not hire a mitigation specialist or investigator and did not
himself contact any of Morales’s family members other than Morales’s father, Richard, even though
numerous other family members were willing to testify. In particular, Morales’s mother avers that
defense counsel never contacted her prior to or during Morales’s trial, despite the fact that she
attended the trial. If asked, she would have testified that both of her parents abused alcohol; that she
herself used peyote during her first marriage; that her daughter, Morales’s half-sister, “was an
emotionally disturbed child who committed suicide when she was twenty years old”; that Morales’s
brother was born mentally disabled and that Morales had felt obligated to protect his brother during
their childhood; that Morales’s brother was subsequently committed to a psychiatric hospital at least
three times for “explosive behavior”; that Morales’s father abused alcohol and neglected the family
during Morales’s youth; that Morales’s parents separated when he was young; that Morales had little
discipline growing up and began drinking and using drugs as an adolescent; that she “now realize[s]
how neglected [Morales] was while he was growing up”; and that she loves her son and does not
want him to be executed. J.A. at 722-25 (Ella Morales Aff. at 1-4 ¶¶ 7-9).
Morales’s aunt, Virginia Johnson, would, if contacted, have testified that both of her parents
(Morales’s maternal grandparents) were alcoholics; that Morales’s maternal grandfather was
murdered in jail after being arrested for drunkenness; that Morales’s half-sister was emotionally
disturbed and eventually committed suicide; that Morales’s father, Richard, “would drink most of
his money away” when Morales was a child; and that Morales’s mother neglected Morales, devoting
her attention instead to Morales’s disabled brother. J.A. at 720-21 (Johnson Aff. at 1-2 ¶¶ 1-3).
Morales’s uncle, Ron Morales, would, had he been contacted by Morales’s attorney, have
testified that Morales’s father and all of his father’s siblings drank heavily and that two of the
siblings died of cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse; that Ron Morales himself began drinking at the age
of fifteen and, for the next ten years, consumed between three and four bottles of wine per day,
suffering “numerous blackouts” and getting “into trouble frequently because of my drinking,” which
tended to lead to violent fights with his friends; that Morales was a restless child “who would try
almost anything”; that Morales’s father’s heavy drinking and his parents’ separation frequently left
Morales unsupervised and without discipline as a child; that Morales began drinking at an early age;
and that Morales’s drinking led to blackouts. J.A. at 732-33 (Ron Morales Aff. at 1-2 ¶¶ 2-3).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 15
Morales’s first cousin, Mike Morales, executed an affidavit to the effect that he would, if
contacted, have testified that Morales frequently had to stand up for his “mentally retarded” brother
as a child, a situation that “created much tension and stress” for Morales; that Morales was first
given alcohol by older Native Americans when he was in the sixth or seventh grade; that those older
Native Americans pressured young men in the community to drink alcohol and criticized as unmanly
those who refused; and that Morales had a tendency to become violent and have blackouts when he
drank. J.A. at 734-35 (Mike Morales Aff. at 1-2 ¶¶ 1, 4-5).
Morales’s father avers that he set up two appointments for defense counsel to meet potential
defense witnesses (including, presumably, the family members whose potential testimony is
described above), but counsel cancelled both meetings at the last minute. J.A. at 727 (Richard
Morales Aff. at 2 ¶ 8). Richard Morales further asserts that he met with Morales’s attorney for only
ten minutes before testifying (the only family member to do so) in Morales’s defense during the guilt
phase of the trial. J.A. at 727 (Richard Morales Aff. at 2 ¶¶ 10-11). Had he been contacted in
connection with the mitigation phase, Richard Morales would have testified that two of his siblings,
Morales’s aunt and uncle, died of cirrhosis of the liver caused by alcohol abuse; that another of
Morales’s uncles has a history of “blacking out” when drinking; that Morales “was forced into the
role of ‘protector’ for his older brother[, a] role he did not want,” that that brother was once
hospitalized after assaulting his and Morales’s mother; that Morales was often left unsupervised as
a child due to Richard Morales’s heavy drinking; that Morales did not graduate from high school;
that Morales had requested, but was denied, treatment for his alcoholism while he was incarcerated
in the Mansfield Reformatory prior to the murder; and that he, Richard Morales, loves his son and
does not want him to be executed. J.A. at 727-29 (Richard Morales Aff. at 2-4 ¶¶ 8-13).
Joseph Samson, the former principal of the high school that Morales attended (but from
which he did not graduate), avers that he would have been willing to testify that Morales “was a
victim of an inadequate home environment which lacked stability”; that Morales’s school attendance
was “very poor due to the fact that he felt like a social misfit”; and that, after Morales had dropped
out of school, he “returned . . . to visit me” several times “to demonstrate to me how manly he had
become.” J.A. at 738-39 (Samson Aff. at 1-2 ¶¶ 1, 3-5). Morales “was drunk on both [of] these
occasions and had to be escorted out of the building.” J.A. at 739 (Samson Aff. at 2 ¶ 5(H)).
The available testimony that Morales’s counsel failed to discover and, thus, to present was
significant and was not cumulative of the evidence that the defense actually presented during the
guilt and penalty phases of Morales’s trial. Notably, defense counsel presented no sworn testimony
and submitted no evidence at all during the penalty phase. In fact, counsel did not even make an
opening statement, and his closing statement was a mere three pages long. J.A. at 967-70 (Trial Tr.
at 1711-14).
The only evidence offered by the defense at the penalty hearing—Morales’s own unsworn
statement—did not include many of the salient details set forth above. Morales stated to the jury,
for example, that he had a sister who died when he was nine years old, but he did not mention her
emotional disturbance, that her death was a suicide, or the fact that she was responsible for his
welfare. He spoke briefly of his brother’s violence toward him, but he did not say that his brother
was mentally retarded and had also been violent toward their mother and had been repeatedly
hospitalized in a psychiatric institution for his dangerous behavior, nor did he discuss the onerous
pressure that he had felt, as a child, to protect his brother from other children. He made no mention
of his grandparents’, aunts’, and uncles’ alcoholism, which caused at least two of their deaths, or of
his father’s and mother’s drinking and neglect. He explained that he himself drank alcohol as a child
“because of the fact that I couldn’t deal with a lot of things,” “wasn’t able to accept a lot of things,”
and “was tired of people making fun of me, and . . . was tired of people treating me the way they
did,” but he failed to mention the pressure to drink exerted on Native American boys by older men
in the community. J.A. at 960 (Trial Tr. at 1704).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 16
It is true that not all of the undiscovered testimony reflects favorably on Morales. Morales’s
friends and family members admit that Morales was resistant to discipline as a child and repeatedly
engaged in violent and criminal acts as a young adult, usually while intoxicated. J.A. at 707-10
(Ruffin Aff. at 13-16). But the jury already knew much of this information. See J.A. at 850 (Trial
Tr. at 1481) (Richard Morales testimony) (“Then he was under the influence of alcohol then [as a
teenager], and then I—a number of times I’ve battled him tooth and nail trying to stop him from
drinking, and he wouldn’t listen.”), 852-54 (Trial Tr. at 1483-85) (Richard Morales testimony)
(describing Morales’s previous arrests and convictions), 866-68 (Trial Tr. at 1497-99) (Richard
Morales testimony) (same), 903 (Trial Tr. at 1539) (Politzer testimony) (conceding that Morales’s
behavior is “impulsive” and “violent”), 909 (Trial Tr. at 1545) (Politzer testimony) (describing a
disciplinary notice for fighting issued to Morales during his incarceration at Mansfield
Reformatory).
The United States Supreme Court has held that defendants have “a right—indeed, a
constitutionally protected right—to provide the jury with the mitigating evidence that their trial
counsel either failed to discover or failed to offer.” Terry Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 393
(2000). In Terry Williams, as here, defense counsel neglected to interview at least one witness and
failed to present evidence of “mistreatment, abuse, and neglect during [the defendant’s] early
childhood, as well as testimony that he . . . had suffered repeated head injuries, and might have
mental impairments organic in origin.” Id. at 369-70.
Similarly, the defendant in Wiggins v. Smith was deprived of competent representation when
his “counsel abandoned their investigation of [his] background after having acquired only
rudimentary knowledge of his history from a narrow set of sources.” 539 U.S. 510, 524 (2003). The
Wiggins defense team obtained the defendant’s pre-sentence investigation (“PSI”) report and records
kept by the Baltimore City Department of Social Services (“DSS”) describing Wiggins’s placements
in foster care as a child. Id. at 523. Defense counsel also had Wiggins examined by a psychologist
in preparation for trial. Id. The Supreme Court held that “[c]ounsel’s decision not to expand their
investigation beyond the PSI and the DSS records fell short of the professional standards that
prevailed in Maryland in 1989,” which required “the preparation of a social history report,” and of
the standards promulgated by the American Bar Association (“ABA”), “standards to which we long
have referred as guides to determining what is reasonable.” Id. at 524 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
The Court held in Wiggins that “[t]he scope of their investigation was also unreasonable in
light of what counsel actually discovered in the DSS records.” Id. at 525.
The records revealed several facts: Petitioner’s mother was a chronic alcoholic;
Wiggins was shuttled from foster home to foster home and displayed some emotional
difficulties while there; he had frequent, lengthy absences from school; and, on at
least one occasion, his mother left him and his siblings alone for days without food.
Id. According to the Court, “any reasonably competent attorney would have realized that pursuing
these leads was necessary,” especially as there was no evidence “that a mitigation case, in its own
right, would have been counterproductive, or that further investigation would have been fruitless.”
Id.
The Supreme Court again reaffirmed counsel’s duty to investigate under circumstances such
as those of this case, in Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374 (2005). In Rompilla, trial counsel failed
to present significant mitigating evidence concerning Rompilla’s traumatic childhood, mental
illness, and alcoholism, relying instead at the penalty phase upon his family members’ pleas for
mercy. Id. at 390. The Court held that defense counsel had a duty to examine Rompilla’s school
records and juvenile and adult incarceration records and to look for “evidence of a history of
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 17
dependence on alcohol that might have extenuating significance,” id. at 382, even though Rompilla
was “uninterested in helping” with the preparation of a case in mitigation and his family, though
cooperative, “didn’t really feel as though they knew him all that well since he had spent the majority
of his adult years and some of his childhood years in custody,” id. at 381-82 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
Our own precedents lend further support to the district court’s finding that Morales’s counsel
was ineffective. See Harries v. Bell, 417 F.3d 631, 639-40 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that counsel was
ineffective for failing to pursue “viable leads regarding Harries’s poor mental health and troubled
family background”); Hamblin v. Mitchell, 354 F.3d 482, 490 (6th Cir. 2003) (holding that counsel
was ineffective for failing to discover that “Hamblin grew up in extreme poverty and neglect,
surrounded by family violence and instability, had a poor education and likely suffers from mental
disability or disorder”), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 925 (2004); Coleman v. Mitchell, 268 F.3d 417, 450-
51 (6th Cir. 2001) (holding that counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence that the
defendant was abused, neglected, and abandoned as a child, had twice been hospitalized for head
injuries, and had dropped out of school in the ninth grade), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 1031 (2002). In
sum, the social history report, records, and testimony proffered by Morales’s habeas counsel
demonstrate conclusively that Morales’s trial attorney failed adequately to investigate and, thus, was
unable to present to the jury compelling mitigating evidence that was readily available at the time
of trial.
b. Prejudice
As noted above, the Ohio courts did not reach the prejudice step of the Strickland inquiry,
and thus we review the issue de novo. The district court determined that Morales was prejudiced
by his counsel’s deficient performance, Morales, 98 F. Supp. 2d at 901-02, and we agree.
As the district court observed, the available information that Morales’s trial counsel failed
to discover and present to the jury included “many specific details about his tumultuous life,
continued and uncontrolled alcohol and drug abuse, dysfunctional family history, potential mental
health problems, and detailed cultural background.” Id. at 902. 6 In light of the volume and
compelling nature of this evidence, there is a reasonable probability that effective counsel could
have achieved a different outcome. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; compare Dickerson, 453 F.3d
at 698-99 (holding that a petitioner satisfied the prejudice requirement by showing that his trial
counsel neglected to discover evidence that he was nearly mentally retarded, that his biological
father denied their relationship, that his family called him “the moron,” and that he grew up
“surrounded by pimps, prostitutes and drug dealers” (internal quotation marks omitted)), and
Hamblin, 354 F.3d at 489-93 (holding that a petitioner satisfied the prejudice requirement by
showing that his trial counsel neglected to discover evidence that he “grew up in extreme poverty
and neglect, surrounded by family violence and instability, had a poor education and likely suffers
from mental disability or disorder”), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 925 (2004), with Durr v. Mitchell, 487
F.3d 423, 435-36 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that a petitioner did not establish prejudice by presenting
character evidence undiscovered by trial counsel that was simply cumulative of the evidence
presented at trial), and Foley v. Parker, 488 F.3d 377, 382-83 (6th Cir. 2007) (concluding that the
state courts’ determination of no prejudice was not unreasonable where a petitioner presented no
evidence of “a difficult childhood or mental problems that might have portrayed him in a more
sympathetic light”).
6
“A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 694.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 18
Because the net effect of the undiscovered and unpresented evidence, viewed cumulatively
and in light of the totality of the circumstances, demonstrates the existence of significant mitigating
evidence that favored Morales, it is reasonably probable that at least one juror hearing that evidence
would have been persuaded to impose a life, rather than a death, sentence. Accordingly, the district
court properly granted habeas relief on the ground of ineffective assistance of counsel at the penalty
phase of Morales’s trial.
4. Morales’s Claim of Ineffective Assistance During the Guilt Phase
Morales argues that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by presenting Politzer’s
testimony during the guilt phase of the trial despite knowing that Politzer did not believe that
Morales had a viable voluntary-intoxication defense. Morales contends that Politzer harmed his case
when, during cross-examination, she gave the following testimony:
Q: All right. And during that period of time that you were so under the wing of Dr.
Resnick as it were, do you agree with his position that voluntary intoxication
does not serve as a basis for the insanity defense?
****
A: Yes, I generally agree with the position.
J.A. at 913-14 (Trial Tr. at 1549-50).
It is unclear whether Morales presented this precise issue to the state courts; the last reasoned
state-court opinion on the issue—that of the Ohio Court of Appeals—characterized the argument
as alleging ineffective pretrial assistance on the ground “that trial counsel would not have pursued
the not guilty by reason of insanity defense had he conferred with his own expert, Dr. Rita Politzer.”
J.A. at 500 (Sep. 29, 1993 State Post-Conviction Op. at A34). In rejecting this contention, however,
the Ohio appellate court also addressed the argument that Morales makes here, by holding that
Politzer’s testimony supported the insanity defense by setting forth her “clearly expressed . . .
opinion that, due to a mental illness, appellant did not know that his conduct which resulted in the
death of Mario Trevino was wrong.” J.A. at 501 (Journal Entry at A35). The district court denied
habeas relief on this ground, adopting the reasoning of the state court. Morales, 98 F. Supp. 2d at
868. On appeal, Morales argues that he has satisfied the Strickland standard with respect to this
claim. The state contends that the claim is procedurally defaulted and, in any event, that the claim
is not meritorious.
a. Procedural Default
As a threshold matter, the state argues that we are precluded from considering Morales’s
guilt-phase IAC claim, because Morales procedurally defaulted that claim by failing to raise it on
direct appeal from his conviction.7 Morales responds by pointing out that the claim relies on
evidence outside of the trial record, including Politzer’s post-trial affidavit, which states that Politzer
informed Morales’s counsel before trial that she did not believe that Morales had a viable insanity
defense, as well as the affidavits of neuropharmacologist Jonathan J. Lipman, Ph.D. (“Lipman”) and
forensic psychologist James R. Eisenberg, Ph.D. (“Eisenberg”), both of whom expressed the opinion
that evidence available at the time of Morales’s trial should have led Morales’s defense team to have
Morales tested for organic impairment and extreme susceptibility to alcohol. J.A. at 361-64 (Lipman
Aff.), 654-65 (Eisenberg Aff.), 718-19 (Politzer Aff.). Morales further contends that, even if he did
7
This is the only procedural-default argument raised by the state, which does not argue, on appeal, that Morales
did not raise the argument in the state post-conviction proceedings.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 19
default the claim, that default was excused by the Ohio appellate court, which addressed the claim
on the merits.
In determining whether a claim is procedurally defaulted, we engage in a four-part inquiry,
asking whether:
(1) a state procedural rule exists that applies to the petitioner’s claim, (2) the
petitioner failed to comply with the rule, (3) the state court actually applied the state
rule in rejecting the petitioner’s claim, and (4) the state procedural rule is an
adequate and independent ground upon which the state can rely to deny relief.
Frazier v. Huffman, 343 F.3d 780, 790 (6th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1095 (2004).
“Furthermore, a procedural default does not bar consideration of a federal claim on habeas corpus
review unless the last state court rendering a reasoned opinion in the case clearly and expressly
states that its judgment rests on a state procedural bar.” Id. at 791 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Morales is correct on both counts. First, while the state points out that the trial record itself
sufficed to demonstrate or disprove Morales’s claim that Politzer’s testimony actually harmed his
case, the post-trial affidavits provide the only evidentiary support for Morales’s contention that his
counsel knew of Politzer’s negative opinion of Morales’s insanity defense and that other expert
testimony or medical evidence might have been procured that would have proven more helpful to
Morales at the guilt stage of his trial. Accordingly, Morales’s guilt-phase IAC claim relies on
evidence outside of the trial record and therefore was not defaulted when he failed to raise it on
direct appeal. White v. Mitchell, 431 F.3d 517, 527 (6th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 278
(2006), and 127 S. Ct. 581 (2006). Moreover, the Ohio appellate court did address the claim on the
merits and did not provide any procedural reason for denying it, thereby waiving any default that
might have occurred. J.A. at 500-01 (Ct. App. Journal Entry re Murnahan application at 34-35).
We therefore reach the merits of the claim.
b. Morales’s Claim
Morales contends that his defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance during the guilt
phase by presenting the testimony of Politzer, which, he claims, undermined rather than supported
the defense’s theory that Morales was not guilty by reason of insanity because he was incapable of
forming the intent to murder. In support of this theory, he cites our opinion in Combs v. Coyle, 205
F.3d 269 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1035 (2000). In Combs, the defense’s only expert witness
testified on cross-examination, during the guilt phase of the trial, “that, although intoxicated, Combs
acted purposefully and intentionally.” Id. at 287. We held that defense counsel was objectively
unreasonable (and thus ineffective) in presenting the witness without conducting a pretrial
investigation adequate to reveal this damaging opinion, in light of the fact that involuntary
intoxication is a defense, under Ohio law, only to the extent that it impairs the ability to form intent.
Id. at 288.
This case is distinguishable from Combs, however, in several crucial respects. First, unlike
Combs’s counsel, Morales’s trial attorney fully ascertained his expert witness’s opinion before trial.
J.A. at 718 (Politzer Aff. at 1 ¶ 3) (“When I talked to Mr. Damiani, I told him my findings were
more suited to a diminished capacity defense rather than [a] not guilty by reason of insanity defense.
. . . [I]n my opinion . . ., he would not be successful on a not guilty by reason of insanity defense.”).
Second, the bulk of Politzer’s testimony was helpful to the defense. Unlike the expert in Combs,
who undermined the defense in that case by testifying that the defendant was capable—despite his
intoxication—of forming the requisite intent, Politzer testified that Morales’s personality disorder,
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 20
combined with his alcohol dependency and abuse, deprived him of the ability to refrain from or
understand the wrongfulness of his actions. J.A. at 898-99 (Trial Tr. at 1534-35).
Finally, although Politzer did concede, during cross-examination, that voluntary intoxication
alone is not a basis for the insanity defense, J.A. at 913-14 (Trial Tr. at 1549-50), she also testified
that voluntary intoxication was not the only contributing factor in the murder of Mario Trevino, J.A.
at 951-53 (Trial Tr. at 1587-89). More to the point, Politzer was presented as a psychological, not
a legal, expert, and thus her response to the question on cross-examination as to the legal efficacy
of a voluntary-intoxication defense was neither relevant nor admissible. In fact, defense counsel
objected to the question, but the trial court overruled that objection and allowed Politzer to answer.
J.A. at 913-14 (Trial Tr. at 1549-50). Accordingly, because the substance of Politzer’s testimony
supported the defense theory, and because her one unhelpful comment was improperly admitted over
defense counsel’s objection, we decline to hold that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in
presenting Politzer’s testimony.
Morales also argues that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to conduct
an adequate investigation of Morales’s medical records, which would have revealed “clear
indications of underlying problems including possible neurological impairment.” Morales Br. at 41
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting J.A. at 659 (Eisenberg Aff. at 6)). According to
Morales, a review of these records would have permitted Politzer to provide more helpful testimony.
In support of this contention, he points to Politzer’s testimony, on cross-examination, that
psychological testing of Morales had revealed no signs of mental illness or organic brain
impairment. Morales Br. at 40-41 (citing J.A. at 936 (Trial Tr. at 1572)).
It is true that medical records that were available but undiscovered at the time of Morales’s
trial indicated that he may have suffered from neurological deficits. When Morales was in
kindergarten, his school psychologist determined that “he had an ‘immature neurological system’
which accounted for his behavior control problems.” J.A. at 712 (Ruffin Aff. at 18). The
psychologist prescribed Morales an unspecified medication for this condition but believed that
Morales would outgrow the problem. J.A. at 712-13 (Ruffin Aff. at 18-19). Additional evidence
indicated that Morales suffered two head injuries in 1983, only two years before the killing, and a
possible drug overdose less than a month before Mario Trevino’s murder. J.A. at 714 (Ruffin Aff.
at 20).
Even assuming, however, that trial counsel was deficient in failing to review these records
or to present them to Politzer, our precedents preclude a grant of relief on this ground, as Morales
has not demonstrated that he was prejudiced by counsel’s performance. We recently denied a claim
nearly identical to Morales’s on the ground that “[t]rial counsel cannot be deemed ineffective, since
even at this late date, there is no medical proof of a mental condition.” Carter v. Mitchell, 443 F.3d
517, 529 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks, brackets, and ellipsis omitted), cert. denied, 127
S. Ct. 955 (2007); see also Smith v. Mitchell, 348 F.3d 177, 202 (6th Cir. 2003) (“Dr. Smith never
states that Smith suffers from organic brain damage. The closest thing to organic brain damage in
Dr. Smith’s statement is that Smith was dependent on alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine, and that each
of these chemicals affects the central nervous system.”), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 841 (2004); Martin
v. Mitchell, 280 F.3d 594, 613 (6th Cir.) (“Martin’s initial brief completely fails to point to what
mitigating evidence further action on the part of his counsel would have uncovered.”), cert. denied,
537 U.S. 1004 (2002); Campbell v. Coyle, 260 F.3d 531, 555 (6th Cir. 2001) (denying a habeas
claim of ineffective assistance because the petitioner had provided no evidence that he suffered from
the claimed disorder), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 975 (2002).
Under these precedents, Morales’s new evidence, which—at best—indicates that he might
suffer from some unidentified and unproven organic brain dysfunction, is insufficient to demonstrate
that his trial counsel’s allegedly deficient performance prejudiced his case. Moreover, his
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 21
contention that access to the new evidence would have rendered Politzer’s testimony “dramatically
different,” Morales Br. at 41, is at least an exaggeration of the truth. By testifying that Morales had
been unable to comprehend the wrongfulness of his actions or to refrain from taking those actions
on the night of the murder, Politzer provided evidence supporting the defense’s central contention,
and that evidence was not significantly undermined by her statement that she had not detected any
evidence of organic disease. Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not err in denying
habeas relief on this ground.
B. The Exclusion of Juror B8
Finally, Morales argues that the trial court erred in striking Juror B as not death-qualified9
and as incompetent to serve on the jury. In denying Morales a writ of habeas corpus on this ground,
the district court quoted the state appellate court’s resolution of the claim:
[Juror B’s] failure to comprehend the business of the court would have
provided a sufficient basis for excusing him. Furthermore, reading his responses in
context, it is evident that [Juror B] clearly indicated to the court that he would not
follow the instructions of the trial judge and would not consider fairly the imposition
of a sentence of death in this case. Under the circumstances, the record does not
demonstrate an abuse of discretion by the trial court by excusing [Juror B] for cause.
Morales, 98 F. Supp. 2d at 877 (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court then stated
simply that “Morales fails to show that this Court may grant a writ with respect to this claim. He
fails to show that he is entitled to a writ pursuant to § 2254(d)(1) or (d)(2).” Id. at 877-78.
In Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510 (1968), the Supreme Court held that a juror may not
be excluded for cause on grounds of opposition to the death penalty unless the juror expresses an
inability or unwillingness to impose the penalty on the facts of the particular case:
A man who opposes the death penalty, no less than one who favors it, can
make the discretionary judgment entrusted to him by the State and can thus obey the
oath he takes as a juror. But a jury from which all such men have been excluded
cannot perform the task demanded of it. . . . Culled of all who harbor doubts about
the wisdom of capital punishment—of all who would be reluctant to pronounce the
extreme penalty—such a jury can speak only for a distinct and dwindling minority
[who believe in the death penalty].
Id. at 519-20 (footnote omitted); see also Gray v. Mississippi, 481 U.S. 648, 657 (1987) (“In
Witherspoon, this Court held that a capital defendant’s right, under the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments, to an impartial jury prohibited the exclusion of venire members simply because they
voiced general objections to the death penalty or expressed conscientious or religious scruples
against its infliction.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
In Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412 (1985), the Supreme Court “clarif[ied]” Witherspoon,
which, in its words,
8
Contrary to the state’s argument on appeal, this claim is not procedurally defaulted, as it was resolved on the
merits by the state courts. See J.A. at 472-74 (Ohio Ct. App. Journal Entry, Sep. 29, 1993, at A5-A7).
9
“A ‘death-qualified’ jury is one from which prospective jurors have been excluded for cause in light of their
inability to set aside their views about the death penalty that would prevent or substantially impair the performance of
their duties as jurors in accordance with their instructions and their oath.” Buchanan v. Kentucky, 483 U.S. 402, 407 n.6
(1987) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 22
reaffirm[ed] . . . the proper standard for determining when a prospective juror may
be excluded for cause because of his or her views on capital punishment. That
standard is whether the juror’s views would prevent or substantially impair the
performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.
Id. at 424 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Witt Court acknowledged the impossibility of
making each juror’s views on the death penalty “unmistakably clear” during voir dire. Id. at 424-25
(internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the Court suggested that,
[d]espite this lack of clarity in the printed record, however, there will be situations
where the trial judge is left with the definite impression that a prospective juror
would be unable to faithfully and impartially apply the law. . . . [T]his is why
deference must be paid to the trial judge who sees and hears the juror.
Id. at 425-26.
The Supreme Court has recently characterized Witherspoon, Witt, and their progeny as
“establish[ing] at least four principles of relevance” to the question of a juror’s death-qualification.
Uttecht v. Brown, 127 S. Ct. 2218, 2224 (2007).
First, a criminal defendant has the right to an impartial jury drawn from a venire that
has not been tilted in favor of capital punishment by selective prosecutorial
challenges for cause. Second, the State has a strong interest in having jurors who are
able to apply capital punishment within the framework state law prescribes. Third,
to balance these interests, a juror who is substantially impaired in his or her ability
to impose the death penalty under the state-law framework can be excused for cause;
but if the juror is not substantially impaired, removal for cause is impermissible.
Fourth, in determining whether the removal of a potential juror would vindicate the
State’s interest without violating the defendant’s right, the trial court makes a
judgment based in part on the demeanor of the juror, a judgment owed deference by
reviewing courts.
Id. (internal citations omitted). As the Supreme Court observed, “[d]eference to the trial court is
appropriate because it is in a position to assess the demeanor of the venire, and of the individuals
who compose it, a factor of critical importance in assessing the attitude and qualifications of
potential jurors.” Id.
In this case, Morales contends that Juror B indicated his willingness to consider the death
penalty by responding “I guess I could” when asked whether he could “give fair consideration to
each and every penalty and its possible effect.” J.A. at 826-27 (Trial Tr. at 702-03). Morales further
insists that Juror B stated “without hesitation or ambiguity” that he understood the tasks that he
would have to undertake as a juror. Morales Br. at 23-25. The Uttecht opinion, however, makes
clear that isolated statements indicating an ability to impose the death penalty do not suffice to
preclude the prosecution from striking for cause a juror whose responses, taken together, indicate
a lack of such ability or a failure to comprehend the responsibilities of a juror.
The prosecution in Uttecht struck for cause a juror to whom the Court referred as “Juror Z.”
127 S. Ct. at 2222. Juror Z initially indicated that he could impose the death penalty in “severe
situations.” Id. at 2226-27 (internal quotation marks omitted). When asked to give examples of
such situations, he said that the death penalty would be appropriate if a defendant affirmatively
wanted to die or would inevitably re-offend upon release. After being informed by defense counsel
that the defendant would never, under any circumstances, be released from prison, Juror Z expressed
uncertainty about his ability to impose a death sentence. Pressed by the prosecution, Juror Z
continued to equivocate regarding his willingness to consider the death penalty in the circumstances
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 23
of the particular case before him, though he generally stated “that he could consider the death
penalty or follow the law.” Id. at 2227. The prosecution challenged Juror Z for cause, citing his
confusion about the proper circumstances for the imposition of a death sentence. The defense
volunteered that it had no objection, and the trial court excused Juror Z. The Ninth Circuit granted
Brown’s federal habeas petition, holding that the state courts had not found Juror Z to be
substantially impaired and, further, that “the transcript unambiguously proved Juror Z was not
substantially impaired.” Id. at 2227-28. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the record
established that Juror Z “had both serious misunderstandings about his responsibility as a juror and
an attitude toward capital punishment that could have prevented him from returning a death sentence
under the facts of this case.” Id. at 2226.
The similarities between Uttecht and the instant case are striking.10 Juror B, like Juror Z in
Uttecht, expressed uncertainty and ambivalence regarding the death penalty many times during his
voir dire. J.A. at 811-28 (Trial Tr. at 687-704). Indeed, Juror B repeatedly stated that he was
generally opposed to the death penalty. Id. Moreover, the few circumstances under which Juror B
indicated that he might be able to impose the death penalty did not include the circumstances of the
murder with which Morales was charged. See J.A. at 825-26 (Trial Tr. at 701-02) (indicating that
Juror B could consider the death penalty in a case involving mass murder or torture).11
Furthermore, Juror B’s answers to voir dire questions provided ample cause for the trial
court’s concern regarding his ability to comprehend the proceedings. When the prosecutor asked
directly about Juror B’s feelings regarding the death penalty, Juror B responded, “What penalty
would I be thinking about?” J.A. at 820 (Trial Tr. at 696). The prosecutor then inquired whether
Juror B’s feelings in relation to the death penalty would prevent him from imposing it under any
circumstances, a question that Juror B apparently interpreted as referring to his relatives, as he
answered, “Not nothing to do with relations or anything. That’s just the way I feel about it.” J.A.
at 821 (Trial Tr. at 697). Morales’s counsel subsequently stated to Juror B that there are no wrong
answers to voir dire questions and that “[t]he only answer that is wrong is the one that you don’t
give us.” J.A. at 822 (Trial Tr. at 698). Juror B responded, “You mean the first one?” Id. Given
Juror B’s seeming inability to understand the questions being posed and the instructions given to
him, and in light of the considerable deference owed to the trial court’s judgment, we cannot
conclude that the district court erred in denying habeas relief on the basis of the trial court’s
exclusion of Juror B for cause.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of a partial writ of
habeas corpus based upon the ineffective assistance of counsel that Morales received at the penalty
phase of his trial. Accordingly, we REMAND the case to the district court with instructions to issue
a writ of habeas corpus vacating Morales’s death sentence unless the State of Ohio conducts a new
penalty proceeding within 180 days of remand.
10
We note that, unlike the defense counsel in Uttecht, Morales’s trial counsel objected to the exclusion of Juror
B. We therefore rely upon Uttecht only to the extent that it illustrates the circumstances in which a juror’s voir dire
responses support a finding that the juror is not death-qualified.
11
Juror B, like Juror Z in Uttecht, also indicated that he could impose the death penalty upon a defendant who
wished to die. J.A. at 823 (Trial Tr. at 699).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 24
________________
DISSENT
________________
SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s
opinion because Morales has not proven actual prejudice from his counsel’s alleged defective
performance, and therefore cannot establish ineffective assistance of counsel as a matter of law
under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). I would therefore reverse the district court’s
partial grant of Morales’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
This Court has held that “[t]he failure to present additional mitigating evidence that is
‘merely cumulative’ of that already presented does not” equate to prejudice. Broom v. Mitchell, 441
F.3d 392, 410 (6th Cir. 2006). Rather, “[i]n order to establish prejudice, the new evidence . . . must
differ in a substantial way–in strength and subject matter–from the evidence actually presented at
sentencing.” Hill v. Mitchell, 400 F.3d 308, 319 (6th Cir. 2005). The “new” evidence as presented
in post-conviction proceedings does not meet this standard.
The “New” Evidence Is Not New
The majority suggests that certain “key” witnesses,1 if presented during the penalty phase
2
of trial, would have testified to: (1) the history of alcohol abuse in Morales’s family; (2) the poor
emotional health and early death of Morales’s maternal step-sister; (3) the fact that Morales’s older
brother was mentally disabled and exhibited behavioral problems, and that Morales had to protect
him; (4) the separation of Morales’s parents when Morales was young and lack of stability in
Morales’s home environment; (5) Morales’s lack of discipline and drug and alcohol use at a young
age; (6) Morales’s violent nature while drinking; (7) Morales’s failure to graduate from high school;
(8) the denial of Morales’s request for treatment for his alcoholism while incarcerated prior to the
murder. But testimony pertaining to each of these matters had in fact been presented.
First: According to the majority, Morales’s mother, father, aunt, and uncle would have
testified to the prevalence of alcoholism in Morales’s immediate and extended family, including the
fact that some members of his extended family even died of cirrhosis of the liver due to their alcohol
abuse. Although none of the defense witnesses testified directly about the extent of alcohol abuse
among Morales’s family members, there was testimony concerning the prevalence of alcoholism
during Morales’s upbringing and the heightened susceptibility of Native Americans to alcoholism.
During the guilt phase, Morales’s father testified that “drinking was pretty heavy all around us” on
1
The majority does not explain with any degree of particularity how the absence of each individual’s testimony
amounts to prejudice. In its discussion of deficient performance, the majority does discuss how specific witnesses would
have testified if called at the penalty phase. These witnesses are: Ella Morales, Morales’s mother; Virginia Johnson,
Morales’s aunt; Ron Morales, Morales’s uncle; Mike Morales, Morales’s cousin; Richard Morales, Morales’s father;
and Joseph Samson, the former principle of Morales’s high school.
2
Counsel’s performance is not constitutionally deficient simply because the bulk of mitigating evidence was
presented during the guilt phase. In Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 699-700 (2002), the Supreme Court held that trial
counsel’s failure to present witnesses during the penalty phase, which began one day after the petitioner was convicted,
was not constitutionally ineffective where counsel had presented several witnesses during the guilt phase who testified
regarding mitigating circumstances in support of the capital defendant’s plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. The
Court emphasized that “[b]ecause the defense’s theory at the guilt phase was not guilty by reason of insanity, counsel
was able to put before the jury extensive testimony about what he believed to be the most compelling mitigating evidence
in the case,”and that “counsel reasonably could have concluded that the substance of their testimony was still fresh to
the jury.” Id. at 699. Thus, the question of prejudice here is whether the evidence presented during the guilt phase and
the penalty phase, collectively presented the sentencing jury with a sufficient picture of Morales’s mitigating
circumstances.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 25
the reservation. (J.A. 848). Furthermore, the majority opinion notes that three witnesses also
testified for the defense regarding the susceptibility of Native Americans to alcoholism. (J.A. 874-
76; 877-82; 883-84.) Hugh Hosick, the Executive Director of North American Indian Cultural
Center testified that there “[s]eems to be a physical need, a desire for these people to continue
drinking,” and that “it’s an accepted practice within the Native American community to do a lot of
. . . consumption.” (J.A. 1508.) Milton Fletcher, a Program Coordinator for the North American
Indian Cultural Center, testified that “alcohol has an adverse effect . . . on American Indians,” and
that “they ha[ve] a predisposition for alcohol,” “a genetic and biological difference than other races
of people about how alcohol effects them different[ly].” (J.A. 1512.) Jerome Warcloud, the
Executive Director of the Cleveland American Indian Center, testified that “Native American people
are most acutely affected by alcoholism than any other race or ethnic group in the nation.” (J.A.
884.) And the majority opinion acknowledges Dr. Politzer’s testimony that Morales has a
“biological breed disposition to become alcoholic or intoxicated.” (J.A. 943.) Thus, even had
Morales’s mother, father, aunt, and uncle testified on this matter, their testimony would not have
added substantially to the evidence the jury heard.
Second: The majority states that Morales’s mother and aunt would have testified that
Morales’s half-sister was emotionally disturbed and eventually committed suicide when she was
twenty-two years old. Although the jury did not hear this, the jury learned from Morales himself
of how his sister’s death affected him. During the penalty phase, Morales stated:
I had a sister who died when I was nine years old, and my father and my mother told
me not to cry. And I didn’t cry. But I didn’t understand why she died or anything.
But, I hated my parents because they didn’t–I felt that they didn’t tell me the truth
about what had really happened.
(J.A. 960.) Thus, it is difficult to see how the testimony of Morales’s mother and aunt could have
been more mitigating than what Morales told the jury in his own words.
Third: The majority states that Morales’s mother, father, and cousin would have testified as
to the mental disability of Morales’s brother and Morales’s obligation to protect him from his peers.
Again, the jury learned from Morales himself that he had an older brother who was abusive towards
him. In his unsworn statement, Morales stated that he had a brother “who used to beat me all the
time, and I couldn’t understand it,” and that his older brother “put my hate into him so bad, and up
to this day I still don’t–I still don’t understand why he is like he is.” (J.A. 960.) In addition, Dr.
Politzer testified that her social history of Morales indicated that Morales’s “older brother was
abusive towards him and frequently there would be difficulties between him and the older brother
in the home.” (J.A. 890.) And again, it is difficult to see how the proposed mitigating evidence
could have been more powerful than Morales’s own reflections.
Fourth: The majority states that the former principal of Morales’s high school would have
testified that Morales “was a victim of an inadequate home environment which lacked stability.”
However, evidence of the separation of Morales’s parents during Morales’s youth and the lack of
stability in Morales’s home environment was presented through the testimony of both Morales’s
father and Dr. Politzer, as well as Morales himself. During the guilt phase, Morales’s father testified
that he and Morales had moved from Cleveland, Ohio to Susanville, California, and then back to
Cleveland. (J.A. 847-49.) He also testified that he and Morales’s mother were separated for a time.
(J.A. 849.) As the majority acknowledges, Dr. Politzer testified that Morales “came from a
relatively intact family, but a very chaotic family situation.” She also testified that Morales was
twelve when his parents separated temporarily.” The majority quotes extensively from Dr. Politzer’s
testimony in which she described Morales’s difficulty with staying in school and his eventual
dropping out. (J.A. 890.)
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 26
And Morales himself told the jury in his unsworn statement during the penalty phase that:
I don’t remember how young I was when I started drinking, but I know it was a
young age, because of the fact that I couldn’t deal with a lot of things. And growing
up in the school and in the environment that I was in, I wasn’t able to accept a lot of
things. And I couldn’t understand why I had started drinking, but because of the lack
of understanding I began to drink because I was tired of people making fun of me,
and I was tired of people treating me the way they did.
(J.A. 960.) He also described his unhappiness upon his return to Cleveland, stating that he was
picked on, and that he did not have any friends until he met Jesse Trevino during the ninth grade.
(J.A. 959-61.) The proposed testimony of the former principal of Morales’s high school on this
matter would have added little to what the jury already heard regarding the stability of Morales’s
family life.
Fifth: The majority claims that Morales’s mother, father, aunt, and uncle would have testified
as to Morales’s neglect as a child, lack of discipline, and drug and alcohol use at a young age.
However, as the majority itself notes in its description of the trial testimony, Morales’s father
testified that Morales first came home drunk at the age of twelve, and, from 1978 to 1985, Morales’s
father estimated that Morales was drunk three to four times a week. (J.A. 852.) In addition, he
testified that “I’ve always had problems with him [drinking alcohol]. I never had a lot of liquor in
my house. [Morales would] sneak away and drink it and come back with liquor on his breath, and
I’d put him to bed when he was 13, 14 on up.” He also testified that “as [Morales] got older from
18 on up he was–I’d go by the street and I’d catch him [drinking].” (J.A. 850.)
Furthermore, the majority opinion acknowledges testimony on this subject, as it quotes
extensively from the trial transcript in which Dr. Politzer testified that Morales began consuming
alcohol at the age of nine, with increasing consumption as he grew older, and also used marijuana,
hashish, and a “variety of pills.” (J.A. 891.) She also testified that Morales had difficulty staying
in school, eventually dropping out, and that Morales had trouble keeping a job because of alcohol
and drug abuse. And Morales stated to the jury that he began drinking at a young age. (J.A. 960.)
Thus, by the majority’s own account, the bulk of this evidence was presented to the jury, and the
proposed witnesses’s testimony would not have been new.
Sixth: The majority suggests that Morales was prejudiced because the jury did not hear from
his cousin, Mike Morales, that Morales had a tendency to become violent and have blackouts when
he drank. It is puzzling why the majority would consider this testimony mitigating. Still, evidence
of this matter had been presented when Dr. Politzer testified on cross-examination by the State’s
counsel that Morales exhibited impulsive and violent behavior when drinking. (J.A. 903.) And
Morales stated that:
I was drinking then [while living in California], and up until the time that I had left
for Cleveland–when I came to Cleveland, the one thing that I always wanted to be,
and that was to be tough. Because I was tired of people picking on me, and I wanted
to get to a point where–where if anybody touched me or hurt me again I would be
able to fight instead of balling up and crying somewhere in a corner.
(J.A. 961.) The majority recounted Dr. Politzer’s testimony in which she described how Morales
committed various crimes, including felonious assault, while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
(J.A. 892.) And, as the majority itself noted, Dr. Politzer in her testimony described how Morales
had a “history of unstable, unpredictable, impulsive, out-of-control, aggressive behaviors that are
associated with personality disturbance from an early age.” (J.A. 893.) Clearly, Morales’s cousin’s
proposed testimony on this matter would not have been new to the jury.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 27
Seventh: The majority faults Morales’s counsel for not presenting the testimony of Morales’s
father and former high school principal, who would have testified that Morales did not graduate
from high school and that Morales’s school attendance was “very poor due to the fact that he felt
like a social misfit.” Contrary to the majority’s assertion, the jury heard evidence regarding
Morales’s failure to graduate from high school, namely when Dr. Politzer testified that Morales had
difficulty getting passing grades and staying motivated, and eventually dropped out of high school.
(J.A. 890.) The proposed testimony of Morales’s father and the former principal of Morales’s high
school on this matter would not have been new.
Eighth: The majority claims that Morales’s father, if called during the penalty phase, would
have testified that Morales had requested, but was denied, treatment for his alcoholism while he was
incarcerated in the Mansfield Reformatory prior to the murder. During the guilt phase, however,
Morales’s father had already testified that he talked to a counselor at the Mansfield Correctional
Institution, who informed Morales’s father that Morales had applied for counseling, but was denied
because “[t]here’s no counseling for the inmates that go there.” (J.A. 873.) Moreover, the jury also
heard evidence that suggested Morales was not interested in being treated for his alcoholism. As
the majority acknowledges, Morales’s father testified that he had an Indian counselor try to get
Morales counseling, but Morales “didn’t want to go there.” (J.A. 851.) He further testified an
Indian counselor would:
pick Morales up a number of times and take him to the [Alcoholics Anonymous]
meetings, and pretty soon [Morales] told me . . . “Dad, I don’t smoke,” He says, “If
I go over there with that cigarette smell it’s killing me.” I don’t know if he used that
if he didn’t want to go or what. So then [the counselor] came back by a few more
times to try to get him to go, but he said because of that he wouldn’t go. I also had
a friend who went there and we tried to get [Morales] to go and he wouldn’t go.
(J.A. 856.) The proposed testimony of Morales’s father on this matter would have opened the door
to damaging information regarding Morales’s lack of interest in receiving treatment.
In short, although the laundry list of purportedly missing items appears substantial at first
glance, none of this information differed in strength or subject matter from that which was presented
by Morales’s counsel. Thus, its absence cannot, as a matter of law, establish prejudice under
Strickland.
The “New” Evidence Would Have Opened the Door to Prejudicial Information
There is another reason why the failure to introduce the post-conviction evidence was not
prejudicial. Had Morales’s counsel called the witnesses in question, the door would have been
opened to information damaging to Morales. With the door opened, the State would have been
permitted under both federal and state law to introduce evidence to rebut the mitigation testimony
of the witnesses in question. The United States Supreme Court has explained that sentencing courts
have long “exercise[d] a wide discretion in the sources and types of evidence used to assist [them]
in determining the kind and extent of punishment to be imposed within limits fixed by law.”
Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 246 (1949). With this in mind, the Supreme Court has held
that due process is not violated merely because a sentencing court considers a defendant’s past
criminal behavior that did not result in a conviction. See United States v. Watts, 519 U.S. 148, 157
(1997) (holding that “a jury’s verdict of acquittal does not prevent the sentencing court from
considering conduct underlying the acquitted charge, so long as that conduct has been proved by a
preponderance of the evidence”); cf. Nichols v. United States, 511 U.S. 738, 748 (1994) (holding
that a sentencing court may consider the underlying conduct that gave rise to an uncounseled
misdemeanor conviction, if proven by a preponderance of the evidence).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 28
Under Ohio’s statutory sentencing scheme, a capital defendant can introduce mitigating
evidence pertaining to such factors as the history, character, and background of the offender. See
OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 2929.04(B) (1981) (stating that the jury is to weigh against the
aggravating circumstances, inter alia, “the nature and circumstances of the offense, the history,
character, and background of the offender”). The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that the State,
at the penalty stage of a capital trial, may introduce and comment on “evidence rebutting the
existence of any statutorily defined or other mitigating factors first asserted by the defendant.” State
v. Gumm, 653 N.E.2d 253, 263 (Ohio 1995); see also id. at 262 (“Once lawfully inserted into the
sentencing considerations, admissible evidence is subject to fair comment by both parties.”). So if,
for example, a defendant introduces evidence of his history as mitigating evidence, the State could
introduce rebuttal evidence as to this mitigating factor, and thus counter the proposition that the
defendant’s history is mitigating. See State v. Raglin, 699 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ohio 1998) (following
Gumm for the proposition that “[t]he prosecution was entitled to introduce relevant evidence
rebutting the existence of any statutorily defined or other mitigating factor first asserted by the
defense,” and holding that “[t]he testimony of the state’s rebuttal witnesses was . . . relevant to rebut
mitigating evidence that had been offered by the defense that appellant was remorseful for the
killing[ and] that he would help or benefit others while serving a term of life imprisonment”).
Much of the damaging evidence that could have been introduced by the State is detailed in
the social history report produced by Rick Ruffin, a mitigation specialist for the Ohio Public
Defender Commission. Had the witnesses in question testified regarding Morales’s history,
character, or background, the jury would have learned that when Morales was growing up, he was
disciplined by his father, but the discipline had little effect on Morales. According to Morales’s
cousin, “it was like [Morales] didn’t learn how to not get spanked. He just didn’t care if he got
spanked. He would cry, then get mean–and take it out on others. He would bully them.” (J.A. 707.)
Morales also often stole money from his parents and SSI checks from his mentally retarded older
brother to buy drugs and alcohol. (J.A. 709.) He stole bicycles and car radios. While intoxicated
he threw bricks through windows, cut telephone wires, wrecked cars, punched trees, and got into
many fights. (J.A. 709.) While Morales’s father was hospitalized for kidney problems, Morales was
arrested “for intoxication and weapons charges.” (J.A. 709.) Morales and his cousin Mike drank
in excess and lost the family truck because he was drunk; on another evening, Morales passed out
in a hobo camp and could not drive home. (J.A. 709-710.) Morales continued to drink excessively
after returning from Cleveland, and committed two assaults against women. (J.A. 710.) One
incident involved Morales pushing Louise Vasquez down to the ground and ripping her blouse, and,
according to Vasquez, Morales raped her. (J.A. 711.) Morales was incarcerated for a year because
of this incident. (J.A. 710.) On another occasion, Morales slapped Yolanda Trevino. (J.A. 711.)
According to Ricky Sanchez, a friend of Morales from Cleveland, nobody in the neighborhood
trusted Morales because his behavior was so unpredictable. On one occasion Sanchez’s group of
friends had to pull Morales off an unconscious opponent because they were afraid he would kill him.
(J.A. 711.) Sanchez stated that “[w]hen Joe started to fight,” “it was hard to stop him.” (J.A. 711.)
With regard to his relationship with the Trevinos, on one occasion Morales cut the Trevino family’s
telephone line; on another, he threw a brick through the their window; and on yet another occasion,
Morales chased Toby Trevino with a knife. (J.A. 711.)
Had Morales’s counsel put Morales’s history, background, or character at issue, these
instances of Morales’s prior bad acts–which include many instances of violence and cruelty, and an
allegation of rape–could have been introduced by the State. And this information, once heard by
the jury, could only reinforce Morales’s violent nature in the eyes of the jurors. This Court has
commented that “it is far from true that bad testimony beats no testimony at all. Something . . . is
not always better than nothing given the risk that every positive argument by a defendant potentially
opens the door to a more-harmful response.” Tinsley v. Million, 399 F.3d 796, 809-10 (6th Cir.
2005) (internal citations and quotations omitted). That the presentation of the post-conviction
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 29
evidence would likely cause Morales more harm than good should militate against a finding of
prejudice.3
This Court’s precedents are consistent with this conclusion. In Carter v. Mitchell, 443 F.3d
517, 533 (6th Cir. 2006), this Court concluded that a capital petitioner was not prejudiced from his
counsel’s failure during the penalty phase to present the testimony of certain family members in
order to portray the petitioner’s troubled background, “including his experiences with drugs and
alcohol at an early age, his history of violent behavior, his experience with racial prejudice, and the
influence of his alcoholic, philandering father.” Id. at 530. The Carter court found that any
non-cumulative testimony from the petitioner’s family members would not have been mitigating,
noting that their affidavits “describe a relatively stable, although imperfect, family environment,”
with “no allegations of physical or sexual abuse of [the petitioner].” Id. at 531. As another reason
for declining to find prejudice, the Court stated that “had the family members’ testimony been
admitted, the prosecutor would have been free to extract testimony of [the petitioner’s] criminal
history, his history of drug use and alcohol abuse, and his notoriously quick temper and violent
character.” Id. The Carter court concluded that “[g]iven the lack of mitigating evidence available
in this case and the likelihood that the testimony of [the petitioner’s] family members would have
done more harm than good, [not calling the petitioner’s family members] was a sound decision.”
Id. at 532.
Importantly, the Carter court noted that “the Supreme Court has found more limited
investigations into a defendant’s background justified where any evidence presented would have a
‘double edge.’” Id. at 532 (citing Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 535 (2003); Burger v. Kemp, 483
U.S. 776 (1987); Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168 (1986)). Carter also noted that this Court has
declined to find deficient performance in a defense counsel’s “strategic decision to limit testimony
about [the defendant]’s past in order to prevent ‘opening-the-door’ to evidence of [the defendant]’s
criminal background[.]” Carter, 443 F.3d at 532 (quoting Clark v. Mitchell, 425 F.3d 270, 286 n.
6 (6th Cir. 2005)).
Also instructive is Moore v. Parker, 425 F.3d 250, 254-55 (6th Cir.2005). In Moore, this
Circuit again failed to find prejudice regarding a capital petitioner’s claim of penalty-phase
ineffective assistance of counsel. The Moore petitioner, like Morales, claimed that his counsel
should have presented, for purposes of mitigation, additional testimony concerning the petitioner’s
“various problems that began to emerge during childhood, including impulsiveness, poor judgment,
behavior control, anger, and harmful emotional attachment to others.” Moore, 425 F.3d at 254. One
potential witness included a psychologist who would have testified to “the severe neglect and
physical abuse that [the petitioner] endured, nearly forty moves to foster homes and institutions, an
alcoholic mother and abusive father,” and that “[the petitioner] and his siblings were left home alone
for extended periods of time, and relatives observed the children eating dog food and asbestos
because there was no food in the house.” Id. at 266 (Martin, J., dissenting). According to the court,
much of the evidence described by the new evidence was presented at sentencing, and the evidence
3
In fact, it would have been a valid trial strategy–not deficient performance–for Morales’s trial counsel to
decline to present Morales’s post-conviction evidence had he known of its existence. See Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776,
792 (1987) (holding that counsel’s decision not to present character witnesses during the penalty phase was not deficient
performance because prior convictions might have been introduced on cross-examination); Tinsley, 399 F.3d at 808 (“At
first blush, one might fairly question a penalty-phase strategy of [failing to introduce any mitigating evidence]. But, in
this instance, there was more method of [counsel’s] strategy than initially meets the eye. [The petitioner’s counsel] (to
say nothing of [the petition]) was not in an enviable position after the jury returned its finding of guilt. The murder was
a brutal one.”); id. at 809 (“Had [the petitioner’s counsel] tried to introduce evidence of [the petitioner’s] good character,
his proclivity toward non-violence and his model prisoner conduct, the evidence likely would have opened the door to
cross-examination on the conviction.”); Shears v. Caruso, No. 2:06-1109, 2007 WL 1582151, at *3 (E.D. Mich. May
31, 2007) (“Counsel’s decision to forego presenting character testimony, so as to avoid opening the door to potentially
damaging information about petitioner, is a valid trial strategy that defeats petitioner’s claim.”).
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 30
“cast [the petitioner] as an easily angered, impulsive, out-of-control emotional leech with poor
judgment.” Moore, 425 F.3d at 254. The Moore court concluded that “introducing more evidence
of this background, as [the petitioner] desired, would likely have made him look even worse to the
jury. Thus counsel’s failure to seek or present more background evidence was not even deficient
performance, let alone prejudicial.” Id.
In Foley v. Parker, 488 F.3d 377, 382 (6th Cir. 2007), which the majority mistakenly cites
as distinguishable, the capital petitioner alleged that his counsel was ineffective during the penalty
phase for failing “to fully investigate his background” and failing to “produce any mitigating
evidence during the penalty phase of his trial.” The Foley petitioner contended that various
individuals, namely “six family members, five friends, and a school teacher who had not seen him
since the 1970s,” should have been called to testify on his behalf as mitigation witnesses. Id. at 382-
83. The Court acknowledged that some of their testimony could be considered mitigating, in that
the petitioner was described as “nice, giving, loving, sweet, a good family man, and a hard worker.”
Id. at 383. However, the Court held that the petitioner did not establish prejudice given that much
of the post-conviction evidence “was either not mitigating or distinctly negative,” specifically the
evidence that “[s]everal witnesses mentioned [the petitioner’s] penchant for violence, a description
difficult to reconcile with the positive accounts but consistent with the crimes the jury knew [the
petitioner] had committed.” Id. at 383.
In Durr v. Mitchell, 487 F.3d 423, 436 (6th Cir. 2007), which the majority also mistakenly
cites as distinguishable, the capital petitioner alleged that his counsel was ineffective during the
penalty phase for failing to interview and present additional testimony from an ex-girlfriend, his
step-father, and two siblings, who would have testified that the petitioner “grew up in a relatively
stable home where rules were enforced, and basic needs were met.” The Durr court held that the
petitioner failed to establish prejudice because: (1) the post-conviction evidence was cumulative of
that already presented; and (2) had the petitioner’s former girlfriend testified, “the prosecution could
have introduced rebuttal evidence concerning [the petitioner’s] treatment of other women, including
[the petitioner’s] rape convictions. Id. at 436 (citing Raglin, 699 N.E.2d at 490).
Thus, as in Carter, Moore, Foley, and Durr, the defense counsel’s failure to present allegedly
new mitigation evidence cannot possibly be deemed prejudicial. As in these cases, the additional
testimony would have made Morales look like a violent and out-of-control drunk who presents a
danger to society.
The Majority Misapplies this Circuit’s Caselaw to Find Prejudice
The caselaw relied on by the majority to establish prejudice is distinguishable. In Dickerson
v. Bagley, 453 F.3d 690, 698-99 (6th Cir. 2006), this Court found prejudice under Strickland because
counsel failed to discover and present evidence that: (1) the capital petitioner’s IQ placed him in a
category slightly higher than mentally retarded; and (2) that the petitioner “was raised in a home
where his biological father denied his relationship, where he was called ‘the moron,’ and was
surrounded by ‘pimps, prostitutes and drug dealers[.]’” Id. However, unlike the petitioner’s counsel
in Dickerson, Morales’s counsel in this case presented testimony through Dr. Politzer regarding
Morales’s level of mental functioning, including his IQ, which was in the low, but still average,
range (J.A. 895-96). She also testified as to Morales’s family situation, which, while imperfect, was
still “relatively intact.” (J.A. 890.) And there is no evidence that Morales was ever physically,
sexually, or psychologically abused like the Dickerson petitioner.
Hamblin v. Mitchell, 354 F.3d 482, 489-93 (6th Cir. 2003) also is not analogous. In
Hamblin, we held that the capital petitioner was prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to present
evidence regarding his mental history and abusive childhood. Id. at 493. Hamblin is unique in that
the petitioner’s counsel “did not present the jury with any mitigating evidence.” Id. at 490
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 31
(emphasis added); see also Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510 (2003) (finding prejudice where the only
mitigating evidence heard by the jury was that the petitioner had no prior convictions; petitioner’s
counsel presented no evidence of the petitioner’s life history); Frazier v. Huffman, 343 F.3d 780 (6th
Cir.2003) (finding prejudice where counsel presented no mitigating evidence except defendant’s
one-sentence plea of mercy). That is not the case here. In fact, the majority opinion details much
of that mitigating evidence.
Moreover, the alleged mitigating evidence does not approach the extreme circumstances
concerning the backgrounds of the petitioners in those cases. The Supreme Court and this Circuit
have found prejudice when the jury was deprived of non-cumulative mitigating evidence such as
severe physical, psychological, or sexual abuse, a violent upbringing, or abject poverty. See, e.g.,
Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 392 (2005) (finding prejudice where petitioner was reared in abject
poverty and suffered extreme physical and psychological abuse, which including being locked “in
a small wire mesh dog pen that was filthy and excrement filled”); Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 534-35
(2003) (finding prejudice where petitioner suffered severe physical and sexual abuse including
“physical torment, sexual molestation, and repeated rape” during his years spent in foster care);
Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 396 (2000) (finding prejudice where the petitioner had a
“nightmarish” childhood, including that the petitioner’s parents were imprisoned for their criminal
neglect of their children, and that the petitioner was “severely and repeatedly beaten by his father”);
Harries v. Bell, 417 F.3d 631, 639 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding prejudice where petitioner suffered from
significant physical abuse during his childhood, including an incident in which he was hit on the
head with a frying pan, and another in which “choked so severely that his eyes hemorrhaged”);
Hamblin v. Mitchell, 354 F.3d 482, 490 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding prejudice where petitioner was
reared in abject poverty, suffered from significant physical abuse, and suffered from a mental
disorder which possibly resulted “from a severe blow to the head at about age [eight], inflicted by
his father with a dog chain, and from a severe infection his mother suffered while pregnant with him,
the result of a stabbing inflicted on her by [the petitioner’s] father”); Coleman v. Mitchell, 268 F.3d
417, 452 (6th Cir. 2001) (finding prejudice where petitioner’s childhood was “filled with abuse and
privation,” and petitioner exhibited “organic brain dysfunction” and was “borderline mentally
retarded”). While Morales did not have a particularly amiable childhood, the circumstances of his
upbringing contrasts markedly from these cases in which prejudice was established. Notably, Dr.
Politzer testified that Morales “came from a relatively intact family, but a very chaotic family
situation.” (J.A. 890.) Although cumulative evidence establishes that Morales was abused by his
older brother, the record is devoid of any evidence that rises to the levels of abuse described in the
aforementioned cases.
The “New” Evidence Does Not Alter the Balance Struck By The Jury
To find prejudice, there must be “a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the
sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances
did not warrant death.” Strickland,466 U.S. at 695. There is no reasonable probability that the jury
would have found other than it did. As defense counsel pointed out in its opening statement, the
facts “painted a masterpiece of horror,” in which Morales:
plotted, planned and lured a young boy to his certain death. Upon reaching a
secluded location, appellant coldly and cruelly began beating the boy to death.
During the course of this “execution,” [Morales] knocked the boy down a hill, pulled
the boy up again, and once again began systematically beating the life from his
victim. The ultimate example of the savagery and sadistic nature of appellant’s
conduct is revealed in one incident where the appellant was holding his victim in a
headlock, grabbed the victim by the hair and physically tore a large section of hair
and scalp from the victim’s skull-the boy was, in effect, scalped.
Nos. 00-3694/3787 Morales v. Mitchell Page 32
State v. Morales, 513 N.E.2d 267, 276 (Ohio 1987). The jury was confronted with the fact that
Morales was 220 pounds and an expert in the martial arts; the victim was 92 pounds and twelve
years old. Further, they heard that Morales had been considering murder as revenge for weeks
before he executed it. Although his alcoholism was purported to be a mitigating factor, he was not
so drunk on the night of the murder that he was unable to lead the young boy to a secret location one
and a half miles away before the beating began. After he finished beating Mario, Morales was
careful to wash the victim’s blood from his knuckles, ice his hands, and wash his shoes and jacket.
And on top of all this, Morales confessed to the murder–both orally and in writing.
Given these facts, I agree with the Supreme Court of Ohio’s observation that “[t]he nature
and circumstances of this offense are so horrendous that it would be difficult to imagine factors that
might be mitigating.” Morales, 513 N.E.2d at 277. Despite defense counsel’s valiant effort to cast
Morales in a tragic light, nothing in his upbringing explains the savage and sadistic nature of the
murder here. As discussed, the majority fails to point to any evidence that differs in strength and
subject matter to that which the jury heard and weighed against the aggravating factors in this case.
For these reasons, I believe the majority erred in substituting its judgment for that of the jury’s.