JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 08a0443p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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JGR, INC.,
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Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,
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Nos. 07-3261/3262
v.
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Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee. -
THOMASVILLE FURNITURE INDUSTRIES, INC.,
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
No. 96-01780—Ann Aldrich, District Judge.
Argued: October 22, 2008
Decided and Filed: December 11, 2008
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Before: MARTIN and MOORE, Circuit Judges; WEBER, Senior District Judge.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: David W. DeBruin, JENNER & BLOCK, Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
Marvin L. Karp, ULMER & BERNE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Jason C. Hicks, WOMBLE, CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE & RICE, Greensboro, North
Carolina, John F. Morrow, Jr., Mark N. Poovey, WOMBLE, CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE
& RICE, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for Appellant. Marvin L. Karp, ULMER &
BERNE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
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The Honorable Herman J. Weber, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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Nos. 07-3261/3262 JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc. Page 2
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OPINION
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BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. In this contract dispute between JGR,
Inc., which operated a furniture store, and Thomasville Furniture Industries, Inc., a
furniture manufacturer, Thomasville asks us to vacate a 2006 jury award to JGR of $3.3
million for lost profits and $3.53 million for lost opportunity costs. JGR asks us to
affirm the judgment and to add to it an amount equal to interest that JGR owes
Thomasville on an unpaid 1999 judgment. For the reasons discussed below, we hold
that JGR waived any right to pursue lost profit damages at the 2006 trial because it failed
to appeal the lost profits award of zero dollars from the 2002 trial. Accordingly, we
VACATE the district court’s judgment entering the jury award, and REMAND for a new
trial for loss of business value damages.
I.
This Court has thoroughly described the history of this dispute in its two previous
opinions resolving earlier appeals. JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc., 370
F.3d 519 (6th Cir. 2004) (“JGR II”); Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc. v. JGR, Inc., 3
Fed. App’x 467 (6th Cir. Feb. 7, 2001) (“JGR I”). Only a brief procedural history is
necessary here.
Thomasville sued JGR in federal court in 1996 to collect payment for furniture
and service charges. JGR I, 3 Fed. App’x at 468. JGR filed a separate claim for breach
of oral and written contract and fraudulent misrepresentation against Thomasville in
Ohio state court, which Thomasville then removed to federal court. In 1999, the district
court granted summary judgment in Thomasville’s favor, ruling that the Ohio statute of
frauds barred JGR’s breach of oral contract claim and that its implied covenant of good
faith claim also failed because it was based on the unenforceable oral contract. Id. at
469. JGR appealed and, in 2001, this Court reversed and remanded for further
consideration of the “scope of the written terms of the 1992 Agreement.” Id. at 475.
Nos. 07-3261/3262 JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc. Page 3
At the 2002 trial, which followed the remand, a jury found that Thomasville had
breached its 1992 written contract and awarded JGR zero lost profits and $1.5 million
lost business value damages. The district court reflected this verdict when it entered a
judgment in favor of JGR for “damages in the amount of $1,500,000.00 for the value of
JGR, Inc.” Thomasville appealed the final judgment order “in favor of
Plaintiff/Appellee, JGR, Inc. and against Defendant/Appellant Thomasville Furniture
Industries, Inc . . . .” JGR cross-appealed, restricting its appeal to “the portions of the
final judgment entered by the District Court on May 28, 200[2], that denied plaintiff’s
requests and motions for prejudgment interest.” This Court affirmed the “district court’s
judgment insofar as it reflects the jury’s verdict as to liability,” but held that the district
court abused its discretion by admitting lay opinion testimony and that the improper
admission “require[d] vacature of the jury’s damages award and remand for a new trial
solely on the issue of damages.” JGR II, 370 F.3d at 521.
Before the start of the 2006 retrial on damages, the district court denied
Thomasville’s motion to preclude JGR from recovering lost profits based on its failure
to appeal the 2002 jury’s ruling of zero lost profits. At the retrial on damages, JGR
presented expert testimony on damages, specifically lost profits, and the jury awarded
JGR $3.3 million in lost profits and $3.53 million in lost opportunity costs. At the 2006
trial, the district judge did not instruct the jury regarding damages for loss of business
value, nor did the verdict form list damages for loss of business value as an option for
the jury to consider. After the trial was over, Thomasville asked for judgment as a
matter of law or for a new trial. The district court denied those motions, and also found
that JGR was entitled to prejudgment interest. The district court denied JGR’s request
to add the interest it owes Thomasville on the 1999 judgment to the award.
Thomasville now appeals, asking the Court to consider whether the district court
erred by allowing JGR to seek lost profits when JGR failed to appeal the prior jury’s
verdict of zero lost profits. Thomasville also asks for review of: its motion for judgment
as a matter of law, the admission of prebreach conduct evidence, the admission of expert
testimony, the jury instructions, statements made at trial by the judge and by JGR’s
Nos. 07-3261/3262 JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc. Page 4
counsel, and the propriety of “lost opportunity cost” damages. JGR cross-appeals,
asking for review of the district court’s refusal to add to the judgment an amount equal
to the interest it owes Thomasville.
II.
We first consider whether JGR waived its right to seek lost profit damages at the
2006 trial because it did not appeal the 2002 jury award of zero lost profits. The district
court ruled that JGR was not barred from seeking lost profits damages at retrial, and we
review this legal conclusion de novo. Kalamazoo River Study Group v. Rockwell Int’l.
Corp., 355 F.3d 574, 589 (6th Cir. 2004).
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c)(B) requires “parties to designate the
judgment, order, or part thereof being appealed in the notice of appeal.” Fed. R. App.
P. 3(c)(B). Although a notice of appeal should be given a liberal construction, Smith v.
Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248 (1992), a court of appeals has jurisdiction only over the areas
of a judgment specified in the notice of appeal as being appealed. Id.; see also United
States v. Universal Mgmt. Servs., Inc., Corp., 191 F.3d 750, 756-57 (6th Cir. 1999); 20
Moore’s Federal Practice § 303.21[3][c][vi]. A party that fails to appeal an issue
“waive[s] his right to raise the[] issue[] before the district court on remand or before this
court on appeal after remand. The law-of-the case doctrine bars challenges to a decision
made at a previous stage of litigation which could have been challenged in a prior
appeal, but were not.” United States v. Adesida, 129 F.3d 846, 850 (6th Cir. 1997).
Finally, when a judgment or order describes several different types of damages, but the
notice of appeal specifies only a part of the judgment or order, the Court considers only
the types of damages described in the notice of appeal. Drayton v. Jiffee Chem. Corp.,
591 F.2d 352, 361 n.10 (6th Cir. 1978).
In this case, the district court entered judgment in favor of JGR for “damages in
the amount of $1,500,000 for the value of JGR, Inc.” Thomasville appealed the final
judgment “in favor of [JGR]” and JGR cross-appealed, but limited its appeal to “the
portions of the final judgment entered by the District Court on May 28, 2000 [sic], that
Nos. 07-3261/3262 JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc. Page 5
denied plaintiff’s requests and motions for prejudgment interest.” In JGR II, we
observed that Thomasville “appeals $1,500,000 judgment in favor of JGR, Inc. and JGR
cross-appeals the denial of pre-judgment interest.” 370 F.3d at 521. We explained that
our opinion would “VACATE the jury’s damages award and REMAND for a new trial
solely on the issue of damages.” Id. at 527.
The district court interpreted our decision to allow JGR to pursue damages for
lost profits at the retrial, just as it had in the first trial. At the pre-trial conference
denying Thomasville’s motion to preclude JGR from asking for lost profits, the district
court expressed its understanding that: “[w]hen the [Sixth] Circuit vacated the damages
award, they meant vacate, so I’m denying that motion in limine as well . . . .” Yet, when
we vacated the award for loss of business value, we lacked jurisdiction to vacate the lost
profit award of zero because neither party designated it in their notice of appeal or even
briefed the issue. Certainly, Thomasville did not consider an award of “zero” as a part
of the judgment “in favor of Plaintiff . . . and against Defendant . . .,” as it styled its
notice of appeal. And JGR’s notice of appeal specified only “portions of the final
judgment.” Indeed, JGR made no mention of lost profits in its 2004 appellate briefs,
focusing instead on the merits of Thomasville’s appeal and prejudgment interest. Thus,
JGR did not challenge the zero lost profits award on appeal, and because of this, it
waived any right to relitigate the issue in the retrial for damages. See Adesida, 129 F.3d
at 850. Further, because our appellate jurisdiction extends only to the areas of a
judgment specified in the notice of appeal, when we “vacated the jury’s damages
award,” we only had the power to vacate the damages for loss of business – the subject
of the judgment Thomasville appealed. See Smith, 502 U.S. at 248; Universal Mgmt.
Servs., 191 F.3d at 756-57.
We therefore hold that JGR’s failure to appeal the zero lost profits damages
award from the first trial bars it from arguing for lost profit damages and we vacate the
2006 jury award of lost profits. Our vacature of the lost profits award requires us to also
vacate the lost opportunity cost award, because it was entirely dependent on lost profits.
Because of the confusion stemming from our last remand, the 2006 jury was not charged
Nos. 07-3261/3262 JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc. Page 6
regarding damages for loss of business value, and the verdict form for damages did not
include loss of business value as an option for the jury to consider. We therefore remand
for a new trial on damages for loss of business value.1
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the district court’s judgment entering
the jury’s damages award and REMAND for a new trial on damages for loss of business
value.
1
In light of our holding, we do not need to consider Thomasville’s other arguments, nor do we
rule on JGR’s request for damages in the amount of interest on Thomasville’s 1999 judgment against it.