DiCenzi v. Rose

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 06a0197a.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
_________________
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Petitioner-Appellant, -
ALFRED L. DICENZI,
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No. 04-3571
v.
,
>
NORMAN ROSE, Warden, -
Respondent-Appellee. -
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
No. 03-00602—Ann Aldrich, District Judge.
Submitted: July 27, 2005
Decided and Filed: June 16, 2006
Before: MOORE and COLE, Circuit Judges; WISEMAN, District Judge.*
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Carlos Warner, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cleveland, Ohio,
John T. Martin, CUYAHOGA COUNTY PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant.
Stuart A. Cole, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, CORRECTIONS LITIGATION
SECTION, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
______________________
AMENDED OPINION
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R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge. Petitioner-Appellant Alfred DiCenzi appeals the district
court’s dismissal of his habeas petition on the ground that the petition was not timely filed.
Following a guilty plea to vehicular homicide, DiCenzi was given the maximum sentence under
Ohio law, but claims he was never informed by either the trial court or his attorney that Ohio affords
those sentenced to a maximum sentence a non-waivable right to a direct appeal of their sentences.
When DiCenzi finally became aware of this right, he filed a motion for delayed direct appeal, but
this motion was denied by the Court of Appeals of Ohio and the Supreme Court of Ohio. He then
filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in federal district court,
alleging that his constitutional rights had been violated both by the trial court when it did not inform
him of his right to appeal, and by the state appellate court when it refused to consider his delayed
*
The Honorable Thomas A. Wiseman, Jr., United States District Judge for the Middle District of Tennessee,
sitting by designation.
1
No. 04-3571 DiCenzi v. Rose Page 2
appeal. The district court determined that the petition was untimely, and dismissed it without
reaching the merits. Because we find that the portion of DiCenzi’s petition relating to the Ohio
appellate courts’ decisions was timely, and because we find that the district court failed to determine
conclusively whether DiCenzi was diligent during the time when he claims to have been unaware
of his appeal rights, we VACATE the district court’s dismissal of the petition and REMAND for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
On May 27, 1999, in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, DiCenzi pleaded guilty
to aggravated vehicular homicide and aggravated vehicular assault. He was sentenced to five years
imprisonment on the vehicular homicide count and eighteen months on the vehicular assault count,
to be served consecutively. This constituted the maximum possible sentence for these convictions,
and thus under Ohio law the sentencing judge was required to make certain specific factual findings
and inform DiCenzi of his right to appeal his sentence despite his guilty plea. Ohio Rev. Code
§§ 2953.08(A)(1)(b); 2953.08(A)(4). At sentencing, however, the trial judge did not inform DiCenzi
of his right to appeal his sentence.
Eight months later, in February 2000, DiCenzi’s counsel filed a motion for judicial release
in which he argued that good behavior rendered DiCenzi eligible for probation. This motion was
denied on April 14, 2000. On March 13, 2001, DiCenzi filed a pro se motion to merge his two
convictions for sentencing purposes, to avoid duplicate punishment for the same acts. No court
appears to have acted on this motion. Then, in August 2001, DiCenzi contacted the Cuyahoga
County Public Defenders’ office (“Public Defender”), who informed him of his right to appeal his
sentence. As a result, DiCenzi immediately filed a motion for leave to file a delayed appeal of his
sentence on August 23, 2001. This motion was denied by the Ohio Court of Appeals on September
25, 2001.
At this point, the Public Defender independently decided to investigate the case. After
examining the sentencing transcript and determining that DiCenzi had never been notified of his
right to appeal, the Public Defender agreed to represent DiCenzi and, pursuant to Ohio Appellate
Rule 26, filed a motion for reconsideration in the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County on October
5, 2001. The motion was denied without opinion on October 24, 2001. The Public Defender then
filed a motion to file a delayed appeal in the Supreme Court of Ohio on November 16, 2001, arguing
that DiCenzi had been denied his right to due process under the U.S. Constitution by the state’s
failure to grant him the right to a delayed appeal when he had been unaware of his right to appeal
prior to August 2001. Though this motion was granted, the Supreme Court of Ohio later dismissed
the appeal.
DiCenzi, still represented by the Public Defender, then filed a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in federal district court, alleging: (1) a Sixth Amendment
violation arising from his attorney’s failure to notify him of his appeal rights; and also three due
process violations arising from (2) the trial court’s failure to afford him the required protections of
Ohio law in imposing a maximum sentence, (3) the trial court’s “failure to advise him of his
appellate rights,” and (4) the state appellate court’s “refus[al] to allow him to file a delayed appeal.”
A magistrate judge recommended dismissal of the petition, finding both that the petition was not
timely filed and that equitable tolling was not warranted. Over DiCenzi’s objections and after a de
novo review of the record, the district court dismissed the petition as untimely for effectively the
same reasons as those found in the magistrate judge’s recommendation, but granted a certificate of
appealability as to the timeliness issue. The Public Defender timely appealed on DiCenzi’s behalf.
No. 04-3571 DiCenzi v. Rose Page 3
II.
A. Standard of Review
Since the only issue on appeal is whether the district court properly calculated the timeliness
of DiCenzi’s habeas petition under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
(“AEDPA”), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)), we review the
district court’s interpretation of the statute de novo. See, e.g., Miller v. Collins, 305 F.3d 491, 493-
94 (6th Cir. 2002). The relevant AEDPA statute of limitations is as follows:
(d)(1) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas
corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. The
limitation period shall run from the latest of--
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion
of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;
(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created
by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United
States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such
State action;
(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially
recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly
recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable
to cases on collateral review; or
(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims
presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
diligence.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1).
DiCenzi’s petition raised four grounds for granting a writ of habeas corpus. Claims
(1) through (3) deal with matters that occurred at sentencing, and claim (4) deals specifically with
a decision of the Court of Appeals. We will consider the appeal-based claim first, and then proceed
to evaluate the sentencing-based claims.
B. Claim Based on the Ohio Court of Appeals’ Denial of Delayed Appeal
DiCenzi first claims that the appellate court improperly refused to allow him to file a delayed
appeal. This claim accrued when the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County denied DiCenzi’s
motion for delayed appeal, on September 25, 2001. Therefore, under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1), the
AEDPA “clock” began running on September 25, 2001.1 See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D) (initiating
the one-year AEDPA requirement on the date upon which the factual predicate of the claim or
claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence).
1
The Public Defender filed a motion for reconsideration in the Court of Appeals during this time, and that
motion was denied on October 24, 2001. It is unclear whether motions for reconsideration filed pursuant to Ohio App.
R. 26(A) toll AEDPA’s statute of limitations. See Draughon v. DeWitt, No. 01-3899, 65 F. App’x 949, 951 (6th Cir.
2003). Because we find DiCenzi’s petition timely even if the period between October 5 and October 24 is not tolled,
we need not decide whether motions filed pursuant to R. 26(A) toll AEDPA’s statute of limitations.
No. 04-3571 DiCenzi v. Rose Page 4
DiCenzi did not file a motion to appeal in the Supreme Court of Ohio until November 16,
2001, fifty-two days after the Court of Appeals denied DiCenzi’s motion for delayed appeal. In
DiCenzi’s November 16 motion, he presented, in accordance with Ohio procedural rules, reasons
why the Supreme Court of Ohio should hear his appeal despite the fact that the applicable time limit
for direct appeals had ended. Such a motion for delayed appeal, even if granted, does not restart the
statute of limitations, but if properly filed, it does toll the statute during the time the motion was
pending. See, e.g., Searcy v. Carter, 246 F.3d 515, 519 (6th Cir. 2001) (holding that motions for
delayed appeal toll the AEDPA statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2), but that such
motions are not part of the direct appeal for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)). Accordingly,
the AEDPA clock was stopped, with fifty-two days elapsed, as of November 16, 2001, pending the
Ohio Supreme Court’s consideration of DiCenzi’s motion.
On December 19, 2001, the Ohio Supreme Court granted DiCenzi’s motion for leave to file
the appeal, and ordered the parties to brief the jurisdictional merits of the appeal. On April 3, 2002,
the Ohio Supreme Court concluded that DiCenzi’s claim did not merit Ohio Supreme Court
jurisdiction because no significant constitutional question was presented. However, the fact that the
appeal itself was ultimately denied on its jurisdictional merits does not alter the fact that DiCenzi’s
AEDPA statute of limitations was tolled during the consideration of his motion, once it was accepted
for filing. See Bonilla v. Hurley, 370 F.3d 494, 497 (6th Cir. 2004) (distinguishing between the
denial of a motion to file a delayed appeal in the Ohio Supreme Court, a state procedural decision
that would preclude tolling, and the granting of the motion to file the appeal but subsequent
dismissal on the jurisdictional merits of the case, a decision on the merits that would not preclude
tolling). The statute of limitations was thus tolled until the April 3, 2002 decision of the Ohio
Supreme Court. Further, that court’s decision not to hear DiCenzi’s appeal, like all decisions of a
state’s highest court, could have been appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Following the
April 3, 2002 decision, DiCenzi thus had an additional ninety days’ worth of tolling in order to
petition for certiorari, whether or not he actually did so. See, e.g., Abela v. Martin, 348 F.3d 164,
172-73 (6th Cir. 2003) (en banc).
Accordingly, ninety days after April 3, 2002, or as of July 2, 2002, the AEDPA clock began
running again. From this time, DiCenzi had one year minus fifty-two days to file his federal habeas
claim, or until May 11, 2003. His habeas petition was in fact filed on April 3, 2003. Accordingly,
at least as to his claim that the Ohio Court of Appeals denied him due process when it denied his
motion for delayed appeal, DiCenzi’s petition was timely under AEDPA, since the petition was filed
before the expiration of the statute of limitations.
C. Claims Based on Errors at Sentencing
DiCenzi’s three other claims, that he was (1) denied his Sixth Amendment rights when his
counsel was ineffective by not informing DiCenzi of his appeal rights; and that he was denied due
process when the district court (2) sentenced DiCenzi to an illegal sentence under Ohio law, and
(3) failed to inform DiCenzi of his right to appeal despite his guilty plea, all relate to events that took
place at sentencing on June 30, 1999. Since there was no timely-filed direct appeal, DiCenzi’s
sentence became final on July 30, 1999, see Ohio App. R. 4(A), and unless another provision of 28
U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) applies, he had one year from this date to file a habeas petition under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d)(1)(A). Obviously, even assuming that all of his later actions tolled the statute for certain
periods of time, DiCenzi’s habeas petition, filed on April 3, 2003, was not filed within one year of
July 30, 1999. Accordingly, if the statute of limitations did indeed begin running on that date,
DiCenzi’s petition was not timely filed.
The main thrust of the non-equitable-tolling portion of DiCenzi’s claim is that he could not
have known about his right to a direct appeal of his maximum sentence until he spoke to the Public
Defender in the summer of 2001, and thus that the statute of limitations on these claims should have
No. 04-3571 DiCenzi v. Rose Page 5
started running only at that time, under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). This section of AEDPA starts
the statute of limitations running on “the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims
presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” Id. Despite DiCenzi’s
explicit argument in his petition that he could not have reasonably known about his appeal rights
before he went to the Public Defender, the district court did not consider what diligence DiCenzi
reasonably could have exercised, but rather simply concluded that the AEDPA clock began running
on July 30, 1999, 30 days following the imposition of DiCenzi’s sentence. See D. Ct. Op. at 3-4.
DiCenzi argues that he was indeed duly diligent during the time between June of 1999 and August
of 2001, and thus that the statute should not have started running until August 2001 when he was
informed by the Public Defender that he had the right to an appeal.
Of course, during all this time, had DiCenzi merely inquired of a court or a public defender
regarding whether he had the right to an appeal, he could have found out that he did. He argues,
however, that it is not reasonable to expect a defendant who pleaded guilty to be aware of mandatory
statutory appeal rights from the sentence imposed, especially when neither the court nor his attorney
at sentencing informed him of any such rights. In support of this argument, DiCenzi cites Granger
v. Hurt, 90 Fed. Appx. 97, 99-101 (6th Cir. Jan. 23, 2004) (unpublished opinion), wherein an Ohio
prisoner (Granger) had been told by his attorney that the attorney would appeal Granger’s
conviction. The attorney then failed to do so, and Granger did not discover this failure until he
called the attorney to check on the status of his appeal two months after the deadline for filing the
appeal had passed. The district court held that the proper date for starting the statute of limitations
was the deadline for filing a notice of appeal of his sentence, since Granger could have discovered
his attorney’s failure on that date. We reversed, holding that the district court’s decision “ignores
the reality of the prison system and imposes an unreasonable burden on prisoners seeking to appeal,”
and noting that § 2244(d)(1)(D) “does not require the maximum feasible diligence, only ‘due,’ or
reasonable, diligence.” Granger, 90 Fed. Appx. at 100 (citing Wims v. United States, 225 F.3d 186,
190 n.4 (2d Cir. 2000)); see also, e.g., Moore v. Knight, 368 F.3d 936, 940 (7th Cir. 2004)
(evaluating a prisoner’s due diligence in investigating trial errors, and noting the difficulties inherent
in the prison environment); Aron v. United States, 291 F.3d 708, 712 (11th Cir. 2002) (same).
Finding that “the two months that Granger waited before inquiring about his appeal was, under the
circumstances, not unreasonable,” we held that Granger had exercised due diligence and thus that
the AEDPA statute of limitations began running on the date he learned from his attorney that the
appeal had not been filed. Granger, 90 Fed. Appx. at 100.
Accordingly, as noted by the Second Circuit,
The proper task in a case such as this one is to determine when a duly diligent person
in petitioner’s circumstances would have discovered [his right to an appeal]. After
that date, petitioner was entitled to further delay (whether in actually making the
discovery, or in acting on a previously made discovery, or for any other reason
whatsoever), so long as he filed his petition within one year of the date in which the
discovery would have been made in the exercise of due diligence.
Wims, 225 F.3d at 190. In the instant case, the district court simply did not develop a record as to
whether DiCenzi was duly diligent for statutory purposes. Accordingly, the record does not reflect
what information DiCenzi had between July of 1999 and August of 2001. Indeed,
as an appellate court, we cannot say precisely when, in exercising due diligence, [a
defendant] would have discovered his [right] to appeal. This is so because the date
on which the limitations clock began to tick is a fact-specific issue the resolution of
which depends, among other things, on the details of [a defendant’s] post-sentence
conversation with his lawyer and on the conditions of his confinement in the period
after [sentencing].
No. 04-3571 DiCenzi v. Rose Page 6
Wims, 225 F.3d at 190-91 (citing Easterwood v. Champion, 213 F.3d 1321, 1323 (10th Cir. 2000)
(taking into account “the realities of the prison system” in determining due diligence)). Absent such
information, we can only speculate whether DiCenzi exercised due diligence.
It is worth noting that the State relies significantly on the fact that, in his motion for delayed
appeal to the Ohio Court of Appeals, DiCenzi stated that he did “not recall having been advised,
either by counsel or by the trial judge of his appellate rights — if in fact, defendant was so advised,
he failed to comprehend the trial court’s advice in the wake of his having just received maximum
consecutive terms of imprisonment totaling 6 ½ years.”2 DiCenzi thereafter obtained a copy of the
sentencing transcript, included in the record before the Ohio Supreme Court and the district court,
in which it is clear that he was not advised of his right to appeal. Further, DiCenzi has always
maintained that he was unaware of his appeal rights — in his traverse DiCenzi was explicit in stating
that he had not been informed of his right to appeal by either the sentencing court or his counsel at
sentencing. Remand will allow the district court to determine both (a) when DiCenzi first learned
of his right to appeal, and (b) when a reasonably diligent person in DiCenzi’s position could be
reasonably expected to learn of his appeal rights. Wims, 225 F.3d at 190-91.
Here, the petitioner bears the burden of proving that he exercised due diligence, in order for
the statute of limitations to begin running from the date he discovered the factual predicate of his
claim, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). See Lott v. Coyle, 261 F.3d 594, 605-06 (6th Cir.
2001). In this case, it is not clear when the statute began running. The State notes the long periods
of time during which DiCenzi apparently took no action, and the fact that his habeas petition was
not filed until just over four years after his sentence became final. DiCenzi highlights both the
sentencing transcript, in which there is an absence of any notice of appeal rights, and his repeated
pleadings noting that he was never informed of his right to an appeal. The district court never
reached the issue of diligence for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D), and thus did not weigh
this evidence with regard to the statutory timeliness of DiCenzi’s petition. As an appellate court,
absent factual findings below, we cannot ourselves determine what DiCenzi knew or what a
reasonable person in DiCenzi’s position might reasonably be expected to do. “We can, however,
say that the [several month period during which DiCenzi did not have some sort of motion pending
that would have tolled the statute of limitations] is not so clearly unreasonable [for a prisoner in the
position DiCenzi claims he was in] that it plainly appears from the face of appellant’s petition and
supporting papers that he is barred from habeas relief. . . . Accordingly, the district court’s dismissal
of appellant’s petition cannot stand.” Wims, 225 F.3d at 190-91.
We will thus remand this case to the district court, to allow it to determine when a defendant
in DiCenzi’s position, acting with due diligence for AEDPA statutory purposes, would have
discovered his right to an appeal. The period of time between July 30, 1999 and this date should be
added to any periods of time thereafter when DiCenzi’s actions would have tolled the statute of
limitations. If, after subtracting this total from the time between July 30, 1999 and the filing of the
petition on April 3, 2003, the remaining time equals more than one year, then DiCenzi’s petition was
not timely filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). DiCenzi also requests an evidentiary hearing in
order to introduce additional evidence regarding his diligence. The district court, of course, may
only grant such a hearing in a habeas case if the dictates of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e) are satisfied, a
condition that is more properly addressed by the district court in the first instance.
D. Other Claims
2
The district court also relied on this statement in denying DiCenzi equitable tolling. However, because we
do not reach the equitable tolling issue, see infra, we express no opinion as to how such a prior statement should affect
an equitable tolling claim. Suffice it to note that the district court did not rely on this statement in finding that, “[a]bsent
equitable tolling, DiCenzi’s petition is untimely under AEDPA.” Of course, on remand, the district court may consider
this evidence, along with any other evidence, in determining DiCenzi’s diligence for statutory purposes.
No. 04-3571 DiCenzi v. Rose Page 7
DiCenzi also disputes the district court’s conclusion that he is not entitled to equitable
tolling. However, on remand, it may be found that DiCenzi was duly diligent, for statutory purposes,
for a portion of the time at issue. Such a finding could affect any equitable tolling analysis, and we
therefore need not address this issue at this time. Further, though DiCenzi does not assert that he
is actually innocent of the crime for which he was convicted, on appeal he does argue the merits of
his claim that he is somehow “actually innocent” of the sentence imposed upon him. The district
court never reached the merits of the petition, so this issue simply is not before us now.
III.
For the preceding reasons, we VACATE the district court’s dismissal of DiCenzi’s petition
and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.