United States v. Eric Curry

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0084n.06
No. 08-1732 FILED
Feb 10, 2010
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
ERIC CURRY, ) WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge; SUTTON, Circuit Judge; and WISEMAN,
District Judge.*
WISEMAN, District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Eric James Curry1 challenges the district
court’s denial of his motion to modify or reduce his sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
He asks that this Court remand his case to the district court with instructions that his motion be
granted. Because the district court properly concluded that it had the discretion to consider the
motion, and did not abuse that discretion in denying the motion, we affirm.
I.
An initial indictment was issued June 8, 2004, and a superseding indictment issued July 15,
*
The Honorable Thomas A. Wiseman, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Middle District
of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
1
Curry has legally changed his last name to Curry-El, but the Court will, for purposes of consistency
with the other filings in this matter, continue to refer to him as “Curry.”
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2004, charging Curry with being a felon in possession of three different firearms (Count One); with
possession of a certain quantity of crack cocaine (Count Two); and with being a felon in possession
of another firearm (Count Three). (Record on Appeal (“ROA”) at 41–43.) Curry entered into a plea
agreement with the Government pursuant to which he pleaded guilty to Count Three of the
superseding indictment in exchange for dismissal of the other two counts. (ROA at 49–55.)
At sentencing, Curry stipulated that the total offense level indicated in the Presentence Report
(“PSR”) was 27, his criminal history category was III, and the applicable guideline range was 87–108
months of imprisonment. (Def.’s Sentencing Mem., ROA at 59.) The PSR recommended a sentence
of 102 months of incarceration plus 3 three years of supervised release, but District Judge Gordon
J. Quist imposed a sentence of 87 months imprisonment, at the very bottom of the Sentencing
Guidelines range, plus 3 years of supervised release. Judge Quist specifically stated on the record
that if the Guidelines had been advisory rather than mandatory, “then the sentence would be 60
months.” (Id. at 15:15–16.) Judgment was entered on November 19, 2004.
Curry promptly filed his Notice of Appeal, and the Sixth Circuit, pursuant to a joint motion
to remand, vacated the sentence and remanded for resentencing in light of United States v. Booker,
543 U.S. 220 (2005). At Curry’s first resentencing, which took place October 19, 2005, Judge Quist
first noted that he was not bound by his statement at the earlier sentencing hearing that he would
impose a 60-month prison sentence if it was later determined that the Guidelines were advisory
rather than mandatory, and indicated that he had reconsidered that position. He did, however, state
that he would “depart somewhat from the guidelines,” by just one year (10/19/2005 Resentencing
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Hr’g Transcript at 18), and he explained that his decision to do so was based upon his finding that
the defendant was “making a good effort to reform himself, and we don’t see that very often here.”
(Id. at 20.) He reduced the sentence from 87 to 75 months, plus 3 years of supervised release. The
amended judgment was entered October 21, 2005.
Curry appealed that sentence as well, on reasonableness grounds; the Sixth Circuit affirmed.
On February 25, 2008, however, Curry filed a pro se Motion for Modification or Reduction of
Sentence Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), based on the application of Amendments 706 and 711
to the Sentencing Guidelines (the “Crack Amendments”), which were made retroactive as of March
3, 2008. (ROA at 125.) Judge Quist referred this motion to District Judge Robert J. Jonker.
In response to the motion, the Probation Office prepared a Sentence Modification Report
(“SMR”); both Curry and the Government submitted briefs. The SMR noted that Curry’s original
Sentencing Guidelines range was 87 to 108 months based on an offense level of 27 and a criminal
history category of III. It indicated an amended range of 70 to 87 months based on a revised offense
level of 25 and a criminal history category of III, in recognition of the fact that Curry’s original
sentence for being a felon in possession was impacted by the drug-quantity guidelines, but did not
recommend further reduction of Curry’s sentence, as the sentence he was currently serving fell
within the modified range.
In his Memorandum in opposition to the SMR, Curry maintained that the SMR, in failing to
recommend a sentence reduction, “ignore[d] the plain language of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and the
U.S. Sentencing Guideline 1B1.10.” (Id. at 132.) He raised essentially the same arguments he
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reiterates in his present appeal, as discussed below, in support of a reduction. The Government
argued both that a reduction in sentence would not be appropriate pursuant to U.S.S.G. §
1B1.10(b)(2)(B), and that, even if Curry were eligible for a sentence reduction, the court should
exercise its discretion to deny the requested reduction.
No hearing on the motion for resentencing was conducted. On May 19, 2008, Judge Jonker
entered a very succinct order declining to reduce Curry’s sentence any further, despite the Crack
Cocaine amendments and the consequent reduction in Curry’s base offense level. (See ROA at 172
(5/19/2008 Order).) It is from that order that Curry’s present appeal arises.
II.
Curry raises two distinct arguments in this appeal: first, that the district court applied an
incorrect legal standard in concluding that a further reduction of sentence was not appropriate,
insofar as it failed to recognize that it had the discretion to grant the motion; and, alternatively, to
the extent the district court recognized it had the discretion to consider the motion, it abused that
discretion when it denied the motion without considering all the relevant sentencing factors when
it denied the motion. We consider each of these arguments in turn.
A.
Generally speaking, once a court has imposed a sentence, it does not have the authority to
change or modify that sentence unless such authority is expressly granted by statute. United States
v. Houston, 529 F.3d 743, 748 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Ross, 245 F.3d 577, 585 (6th
Cir. 2001)). Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582, one of the authorized exceptions to the rule against
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modifying a sentence is “in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of
imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing
Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o),” in which case a court “may” reduce a prison term “after
considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a
reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The statute and the Guidelines policy statements are read together to mean
that a previously imposed sentence may be reduced if the guideline range originally applicable to the
defendant was lowered as a result of a retroactive amendment listed in § 1B1.10 of the Sentencing
Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(1). Amendment 706 to the Sentencing Guidelines, which was
made effective November 1, 2007, reduced the base offense level for most crack offenses. U.S.S.G.,
App. C, Amend. 706. Amendment 706 is one of the retroactive amendments listed in § 1B1.10.
United States v. Poole, 538 F.3d 644, 645 (6th Cir. 2008). There is no dispute that Curry’s
sentencing range for his felon-in-possession charge was computed based upon a cross-reference to
the Sentencing Guideline applicable to crack-cocaine offenses.
Regardless of a defendant’s eligibility for resentencing, the district court’s decision to modify
a sentence under § 3582(c)(2) is discretionary and, as such, is reviewed by this Court for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Carter, 500 F.3d 486, 490 (6th Cir. 2007). “A district court abuses its
discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when it improperly applies the law
or uses an erroneous legal standard.” United States ex rel. A+ Homecare, Inc. v. Medshares Mgmt.
Group, Inc., 400 F.3d 428, 450 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Tompkin v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 362
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F.3d 882, 891 (6th Cir. 2004)). If, however, the district court does not simply decline to use its
authority under § 3582(c)(2) but instead concludes that it lacks the authority to reduce a defendant’s
sentence under the statute, the district court’s determination that the defendant is ineligible for a
sentence reduction is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. United States v. Johnson, 569 F.3d
619, 623 (6th Cir. 2009).
B.
In the present case, Curry first argues that the district court’s denial of his motion to modify
his sentence should not be reviewed for simple abuse of discretion, because, he contends, the court’s
decision appears to have been unduly influenced by a misapprehension of the policy statement
contained in Sentencing Guideline § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B). In response, the Government argues that the
second sentence of § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) establishes a presumption that a further reduction “would not
[have been] appropriate” in this case because Curry had already received a “non-guidelines sentence
[determined] pursuant to § 3553(a) and Booker.” (Appellee’s Brief at 14.) Thus, the issue presented
here is whether and to what extent the second sentence of § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) may limit a sentencing
court’s discretion to resentence a defendant.
In that regard, as previously indicated, resentencing is authorized under 18 U.S.C. §
3582(c)(2) only if the defendant was originally sentenced “based on a sentencing range that has
subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission.” If that hurdle is met, and the
amendment has been made retroactive, the district court has the discretion to reduce a prison term
“after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such
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a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
Sentencing Guideline § 1B1.10 incorporates policy statements that are to be considered in
any resentencing decision. The “policy statement” that has served to cause confusion in this case
states as follows:
If the original term of imprisonment imposed was less than the term of imprisonment
provided by the guideline range applicable to the defendant at the time of sentencing,
a reduction comparably less than the amended guideline range determined under
subdivision (1) of this subsection may be appropriate. However, if the original term
of imprisonment constituted a non-guideline sentence determined pursuant to 18
U.S.C. 3553(a) and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), a further reduction
generally would not be appropriate.
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B). The parties disagree as to how the first and second sentences of this
provision should be construed in conjunction with the other.
The Government interprets the first sentence of subsection (B) to refer to sentences where
a “downward departure” expressly authorized under the Guidelines was granted at the initial
sentencing. In making this argument, the Government distinguishes between departures, still made
pursuant to the Guidelines themselves, and a variance from the Guidelines under Booker. See
United States v. Johnson, 544 F.3d 656, 671 n.12 (6th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 1382
(2009) (“A sentence outside the Guidelines based on Chapter 5 of the Guidelines is a ‘departure’ or
‘Guideline departure,’ whereas a sentence outside the Guidelines based on the § 3553(a) factors is
a ‘variance’ or ‘non-Guideline departure.’”), quoted in Appellee’s Brief at 15–16. In this case, Curry
received a sentence that was below his original Guideline range based on Booker. The Government
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therefore argues that Curry’s situation is exactly the type described in the second sentence of §
1B1.10(b)(2)(B) in which a further reduction in sentence would generally not be appropriate.
In his reply brief, Curry points out that § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) itself makes no mention of either
departures or variances, and further argues that, post-Booker, there is no longer any substantive legal
distinction between variances and departures for sentencing purposes. Cf. United States v. Blue, 557
F.3d 682, 685–86 & n.2 (6th Cir. 2009) (noting the waning significance of “the departures described
in Chapter 5 ” of the Guidelines in light of Booker, and observing that the Seventh Circuit has gone
so far as to describe “guideline departures” as “obsolete”), cited in Reply Brief at 5.2 Nonetheless,
although the defendant is likely correct that, in the post-Booker age of sentencing, the distinction
between a variance and a departure has become less significant, this Court cannot read as immaterial
the distinction between the situations described in the first sentence of § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) and those
described in the second sentence. Other courts, too, have struggled with the distinction, with some
appearing to conclude that in situations described by the second sentence they had no discretion to
resentence. See, e.g., United States v. Sipai, 582 F.3d 994 (9th Cir. 2009) (affirming the district
court’s conclusion that it lacked authority to resentence in a situation that appears to have been a
variance covered by the second sentence of that provision). Others have reached the opposite
2
In United States v. Blue, 557 F.3d 682 (6th Cir. 2009), this Court cited the Seventh Circuit’s opinion
in United States v. Blue, 453 F.3d 948, 952 (7th Cir. 2006), but did not go so far as to agree with the
Seventh Circuit that departures under the Guidelines have been rendered “obsolete” by Booker.
Blue, 557 F.3d at 686 n.1 (6th Cir.) (noting that the term “ ‘[o]bsolete’ may be a bit strong – a
departure described in the Guidelines, though now only advisory, exemplifies a special discretion
because it is anticipated by the Guidelines Commission” (citing Blue, 453 F.3d at 952 (7th Cir.)).
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conclusion. See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 318 Fed. App’x. 127, 129 (3d Cir. 2009)
(concluding that the district court had properly concluded that Guidelines § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) did not
“mandat[e] a specific result”). District courts within this Circuit have likewise generally concluded
that they have discretion to reduce a sentence which was already the subject of a variance, and have
exercised it to grant further sentence reductions under Amendment 706, where the initial sentencing
used the crack cocaine guidelines and did not incorporate any reduction in sentence based upon the
disparity between crack and powder cocaine sentences. See, e.g., United States v. Allen, No. 2:05-cr-
130, 2009 WL 1585793 (S.D. Ohio June 4, 2009); United States v. Benjamin, No. 3:06-CR-154,
2008 WL 972698 (E.D. Tenn. April 7, 2008).3
Despite the confusion surrounding § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B), two things appear to be clear: (1)
Courts are only authorized to reduce sentences that are“based on” a sentencing range subsequently
lowered by an amendment to the Guidelines that has been made retroactive;4 and (2) the language
3
Other courts have found that where the original sentence already incorporated a variance from the
otherwise applicable Guidelines range based upon the district court’s taking into consideration, under
Booker, the disparity between crack cocaine and powder cocaine sentences prior to the Crack
Amendments’ actually taking effect, further reduction after adoption of the Crack Amendments was
not warranted under § 3582(b)(2). See, e.g., United States v. Reid, 566 F. Supp. 2d 888 (E.D. Wis.
2008).
4
The Courts of Appeal are in accord that sentence reduction is not authorized where the original
sentence was not “based on” a sentencing range that was subsequently lowered. See, e.g., United
States v. Perdue, 572 F.3d 288 (6th Cir. 2009) (affirming district court’s denial of defendant’s
motion for resentencing in light of the Crack Amendments where the defendant was originally
sentenced based on the career-offender guideline and not the crack cocaine guideline); United States
v. Caraballo, 552 F.3d 6 (1st Cir. 2008) (same), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 1929 (2009); United States
v. Thomas, 524 F.3d 889 (8th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (same); United States v. Sharkey, 543 F.3d
1236 (10th Cir. 2008) (same); United States v. Moore, 541 F.3d 1323 (11th Cir. 2008) (same).
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of the second sentence of § 1B1.10(b)(B) does not serve to remove the sentencing courts’ discretion
to reduce a sentence where the original sentence was, in fact, “based on” a subsequently lowered
guideline range, even if the sentence originally imposed was below the otherwise-applicable
guideline range, whether pursuant to a departure or a variance. The distinction between a sentence
in which the district court applies a variance from the recommended guideline range based upon
Booker and the § 3553(a) factors but the sentence is nonetheless “based on” the Guidelines, and one
where the sentence is not “based on” the Guidelines at all may indeed be subtle. The district courts,
however, are fully capable of making that distinction and determining whether a further reduction
is appropriate, regardless of whether the original sentence incorporated a variance or departure from
the Guidelines.
In light of the foregoing discussion, this Court concludes that the sentencing court retained
the discretion to resentence Curry in this case, because there is no dispute that the 75-month sentence
imposed by Judge Quist at the post-Booker sentencing was still to some extent “based on” the
Guideline pertaining to crack cocaine offenses, and that Judge Quist did not take into account the
disparity between powder and crack cocaine sentences in imposing the reduced sentence. The next
issue, then, is whether the court recognized that it retained such discretion.
In that regard, the record is clear that the district court recognized that it did, but that it
exercised that discretion to deny the motion. In the order denying Curry’s motion, the district court
specifically stated that it found “in its discretion, that no reduction in sentence was warranted on the
facts of this case.” (ROA at 172 (5/19/2008 Order).) Contrary to Curry’s assertions, there is simply
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no implication that Judge Jonker believed he lacked the authority further to reduce Curry’s sentence.
That conclusion is bolstered by the Sentence Modification Report, which also indicated that the
defendant was eligible for a reduction but did not recommend a further reduction:
In this case, a reduction of sentence is consistent with the policy statements.
Because the Court imposed a sentence of 75 months pursuant to a variance from the
guideline range, the U.S. Probation Office recommends no modification of sentence.
The Court found that a sentence outside the guideline range was warranted, and all
statutory sentencing factors were considered in choosing the post-Booker sentence
of imprisonment.
(SMR at 5.) In sum, the district court applied the correct legal standard when it concluded that it had
the discretion to entertain Curry’s motion on the merits.
C.
Curry further argues, however, that the district court abused its discretion by not providing
more specific reasons in support of its denial of the motion for resentencing. The Court disagrees.
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), the district court may reduce a previously imposed sentence if
the statutory requirements, discussed above, are met. Section § 3582 does not create a right to a
reduced sentence, however. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 cmt. background (noting that a reduction under
§ 1B1.10 is discretionary and “does not entitle a defendant to a reduced term of imprisonment as a
matter of right”). When determining whether a defendant should receive a sentence reduction, the
district court must (“shall”) consider both the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors and “the nature and
seriousness of the danger to any person or the community that may be posed by a reduction in the
defendant’s term of imprisonment,” and “may consider post-sentencing conduct of the defendant.”
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U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 cmt. n. 1(B) (emphasis added). However, “proceedings under 18 U.S.C. [§]
3582(c)(2) and [§ 1B1.10] do not constitute a full resentencing of the defendant.” § 1B1.10(a)(3).
In the present case, the district court did not conduct a hearing on Curry’s motion, and did
not expressly consider all the § 3553 factors that might have been relevant. Curry argues that the
district court abused its discretion in denying the motion without either specifically articulating the
reasons for doing so or identifying factors in Curry’s particular record that justified the denial. The
only case Curry cites in support of his argument that the lack of specificity constituted an abuse of
discretion is United States v. Williams, 557 F.3d 1254 (11th Cir. 2009). (Appellant’s Brief at 2.)
That case, besides being from the Eleventh Circuit, does not advance Curry’s cause, as it simply held
that while a district court “‘must consider the factors listed in § 3553(a)’ when determining whether
to reduce a defendant’s original sentence . . . [,] the district court is not required to articulate the
applicability of each factor, ‘as long as the record as a whole demonstrates that the pertinent factors
were taken into account by the district court.’” Williams, 557 F.3d at 1256 (emphasis added)
(quoting United States v. Vautier, 144 F.3d 756, 762 (11th Cir. 1998) (citing United States v.
Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d 1318, 1322 (11th Cir. 1997)).
In Eggersdorf, the Eleventh Circuit found, in the context of reviewing the denial of a motion
for resentencing under § 3582(c)(2), that the district court’s order, though short, was “based on the
record as a whole” and “enunciated sufficient reasons for its order denying resentencing.”
Eggersdorf, 126 F.3d at 1322. There, although the district court had not specifically weighed the
§ 3553(a) factors, the Eleventh Circuit held that the lower court had not abused its discretion and had
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provided sufficient reasons for its decision to deny resentencing, “[e]specially considering that the
district court’s final order specifically referenced the Government’s Opposition, which in turn cited
specific elements that were relevant to the necessary section 3553(a) inquiry and that were supported
by the record. . . .” Id. at 1323.
The same principles apply here. Clearly, the district court’s order denying Curry’s motion
to resentence was cursory at best. However, as in Eggersdorf, the record had been amply developed
before the resentencing motion at issue here was filed. Judge Quist had already considered the
relevant factors in some depth at the original sentencing and the first resentencing under Booker, at
which time he imposed a (then) below-guidelines sentence of 75 months. Judge Jonker indicated
he had reviewed the entire record, including the parties’ recommendations, and had considered all
the relevant § 3553(a) factors and the Sentencing Guidelines in making his decision. Under the
circumstances, this Court cannot conclude that he abused his discretion in denying the defendant’s
motion for further modification of his sentence.
III.
For the reasons articulated herein, we affirm the district court’s denial of the motion to
modify or reduce Curry’s sentence.
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