United States v. Trang Doan Hoang

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0823n.06
No. 13-3121 FILED
Sep 10, 2013
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff S Appellee, )
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
TRANG DOAN HOANG, ) NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
)
Defendant – Appellant. )
)
)
Before: GIBBONS, WHITE, Circuit Judges; GREER, District Judge*
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Trang Hoang pled guilty to trafficking in
counterfeit trademarks. The district court sentenced her to four months’ imprisonment and two years
of supervised release. On appeal, Hoang argues that the district court’s sentence was procedurally
unreasonable because it used the retail value of the infringed items (i.e., the genuine items) to
calculate the infringement amount in determining her advisory sentencing range under the U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines. For the reasons stated below, we reverse the district court’s sentence and
remand with instruction to calculate the infringement amount using the retail value of the infringing
items (i.e., the counterfeit items).
I.
*
The Honorable J. Ronnie Greer, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.
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In September 2011, a North Kingsville police officer observed counterfeit handbags inside
the home of Quoc-Thang Mgo Mai and Trang Hoang while investigating an unrelated matter. A few
months later, federal agents working undercover purchased three counterfeit handbags from
Hollywood Nails in Ashtabula, Ohio, which is owned by Mai and Hoang. The handbags were
labeled as Coach, Burberry, and Louis Vuitton. The trademark holders confirmed that the handbags
were counterfeit. In February 2012, federal agents executed a search warrant for Mai and Hoang’s
home and Hollywood Nails. Agents seized approximately 120 handbags and forty-three wallets.
The plea agreement states that an additional twenty-six handbags were seized. Six of those were
genuine handbags, and twenty “did not contain trademarks or logos or were personal items which
had not been offered for sale to the public.”
A federal grand jury charged Mai and Hoang with trafficking in counterfeit goods in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 2320(a). On November 6, 2012, Hoang pled guilty to this charge. In the written plea
agreement, the parties stipulated that a base offense level of 8 applied under U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3. The
parties did not agree to an infringement amount, and Hoang reserved the right to appeal the district
court’s determination of this amount. The parties agreed that, according to the trademark owners,
“the retail value of the 120 handbags and 43 wallets in question, if genuine, is between $30,000.00
and $70,000.00.”
The U.S. Probation Office prepared a Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”). The
probation officer applied the 2012 U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual and calculated
that the infringement amount was more than $30,000 but less than $70,000. Therefore, the probation
officer increased the base offense level by 6 levels, pursuant to the table in U.S.S.G.
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§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(D). The probation officer applied an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility and
arrived at a total offense level of 12.
Hoang objected to the probation officer’s calculation of the infringement amount. She
recognized that the court should use the retail value of the infringed items when the infringing items
appear to a reasonably informed purchaser to be identical or substantially equivalent to the infringed
items. However, Hoang argued that a reasonably informed purchaser would not believe the items
she sold were genuine based on “obvious imperfections” on many of the items and their low prices.
Hoang filed a sentencing memorandum and exhibits prior to the sentencing hearing. She included
photographs of items seized and noted their imperfections. Hoang also submitted letters from the
trademark holders explaining the ways in which the counterfeit items were inferior to the genuine
items. Finally, Hoang provided photographs of the items she offered for sale with their price tags
on them, showing that they ranged in price from $22 to $60. The government did not respond to
Hoang’s memorandum prior to the sentencing hearing.
At the sentencing hearing, Hoang’s counsel argued that the district court should calculate the
infringement amount by applying the retail value of the counterfeit items because the exhibits she
submitted show that the items Hoang sold were of obviously inferior quality. In response, the
government acknowledged that some of the seized handbags were damaged, but noted that they had
been taken out of the infringement amount calculation. The government asserted that one of
Hoang’s exhibits included photographs of these damaged handbags. Hoang’s counsel responded that
five or six damaged handbags not included in the infringement amount calculation were mistakenly
included within an exhibit, but did not specify which ones. As further support for her position,
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Hoang’s counsel pointed out that some of the trademark owners said that the counterfeit items did
not resemble styles sold by the manufacturer, “[s]o that someone who knew what they were looking
for clearly would not think that these were genuine items.” She concluded by stating that:
you have a situation where these bags are being sold for $50 out of the back room of
a nail salon, whereas the genuine articles are sold in high end retail stores for
upwards of a thousand dollars, according to the verifications. So it’s pretty clear that
anybody who knew what they were looking for is not going to think these 50-dollar
bags are genuine articles. And to use the retail value of the genuine items, it would
seriously overstate the pecuniary value and the seriousness of the offense in this
situation.
The district court responded:
I’ll overrule the objection. . . . I’m influenced in this, there were apparently, as
indicated in paragraph 12 of the presentence report, there were at least six genuine
handbags that were apparently mixed within this group of bags, and so I think well,
it suggests to me that they were not so distinguishable that anybody reasonably would
have detected that they were not trademarked items.
Just simply beyond that, your argument in major part seems to rely upon just
a simple argument that because they were offered at a price significantly below what
the trademark, that no one would confuse them, and I don’t think that necessarily
follows. I mean, there could have been a belief by the consumer that the bags had
been stolen or the consumer could have otherwise just simply believed that the
markup was so unbelievably extreme, so I’ll overrule the objection to paragraph 21
[of the PSR, which calculated the infringement amount based on the value of the
infringed items].
Hoang’s counsel replied that many of the genuine handbags were Hoang’s personal items that were
not for sale. The district court asked the government whether the genuine handbags were separate
from the other handbags. The government responded that, according to the agent, they were all
together. The agent, however, was not called to testify. The district court restated that it was
overruling Hoang’s objection. It then determined that the base offense level was 8 and increased the
offense level by 6 levels because it found that the infringement amount was between $30,000 and
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$70,000. The district court arrived at a total offense level of 12 and a criminal history category of
I. This resulted in a guidelines range of 10 to 16 months’ imprisonment. After considering the
§ 3553(a) factors, it sentenced Hoang to four months’ imprisonment and two years of supervised
release. The district court explained that it imposed a below-Guidelines sentence because Hoang did
not have a criminal history.
II.
Hoang argues that the district court’s use of the retail value of the infringed items to calculate
the infringement amount rendered her sentence procedurally unreasonable. First, Hoang argues that
the district court did not hold the government to its burden to prove the infringement amount by a
preponderance of the evidence. Second, Hoang argues that the evidence presented at the sentencing
hearing shows that the infringing items would not have appeared to a reasonably informed purchaser
to be identical or substantially equivalent to the infringed items.**
We review the procedural and substantive reasonableness of the district court’s sentence
under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). A
district court commits reversible procedural error by “failing to calculate (or improperly calculating)
the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors,
**
Although Hoang completed her term of imprisonment, her appeal is not moot because it
“potentially implicates” the length of her two-year term of supervised release. United States v.
Maken, 510 F.3d 654, 656 n.3 (6th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). The supervised-
release term for Hoang’s offense was not required by statute. Given the advisory nature of the
supervised-release sentencing guidelines, see United States v. O’Georgia, 569 F.3d 281, 288 (6th
Cir. 2009), the district court would have discretion to eliminate or modify Hoang’s term of
supervised release upon resentencing. See United States v. Genschow, 645 F.3d 803, 812 (6th Cir.
2011); Maken, 510 F.3d at 656 n.3.
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selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen
sentence.” Id. When a defendant alleges that the district court’s infringement amount finding was
erroneous, we review the district court’s methodology de novo and its factual findings for clear error.
See United States v. Poulsen, 655 F.3d 492, 512 (6th Cir. 2011) (using these standards to review the
district court’s “amount of loss” finding under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1). “A factual finding is clearly
erroneous ‘when the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been committed.’” United States v. Moon, 513 F.3d 527, 540 (6th Cir.
2008) (quoting Tran v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 937, 943 (6th Cir. 2006)).
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 states that at sentencing the court:
(A) may accept any undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding of fact;
(B) must for any disputed portion of the presentence report or other controverted
matter rule on the dispute or determine that a ruling is unnecessary either because
the matter will not affect sentencing, or because the court will not consider the matter
at sentencing[.]
Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3). “When a defendant fails to produce any evidence to contradict the facts
set forth in the PSR, a district court is entitled to rely on those facts when sentencing the defendant.”
Poulsen, 655 F.3d at 513 (internal quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted). However, if
the defendant produces some evidence calling into question the reliability or correctness of facts in
the PSR, the government must prove those facts by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.
Under U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3, a base offense level of 8 applies to criminal infringement of
copyright or trademark. If the infringement amount exceeds $5,000, then the district court must
increase the offense level by the number of levels from the table in § 2B1.1 corresponding to that
amount. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B5.3 (2012). Under § 2B1.1(b)(1)(D), the offense
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level should be increased by 6 levels if the loss amount is more than $30,000 but less than $70,000.
Id. at § 2B1.1(b)(1)(D).
The “infringed item” is “the copyrighted or trademarked item with respect to which the crime
against intellectual property was committed.” Id. at § 2B5.3 cmt. n.1. The “infringing item” is “the
item that violates the copyright or trademark laws.” Id. There are eight situations in which the
infringement amount is the retail value of the infringed items, multiplied by the number of infringing
items. Id. at cmt. n.2(A). One of those instances is where “[t]he infringing item . . . is, or appears
to a reasonably informed purchaser to be, identical or substantially equivalent to the infringed item.”
Id. at cmt. n.2(A)(i). In addition, the retail value of the infringed item should be applied when “[t]he
retail price of the infringing item is not less than 75% of the retail price of the infringed item” and
when “[t]he retail value of the infringing item is difficult or impossible to determine without unduly
complicating or prolonging the sentencing proceeding.” Id. at cmt. n.2(A)(ii)-(iii). In all other
circumstances, “[t]he infringement amount is the retail value of the infringing item, multiplied by
the number of infringing items.” Id. at cmt. n.2(B). The “retail value” is “the retail price of that item
in the market in which it is sold.” Id. at cmt. n.2(C). When there are a variety of infringing items,
the infringement amount is the sum of all calculations made using either the retail value of the
infringed item or the retail value of the infringing item, whichever is appropriate. Id. at cmt. n.2(D).
For example, if the defendant sold both counterfeit videotapes that are identical in
quality to the infringed videotapes and obviously inferior counterfeit handbags, the
infringement amount . . . is the sum of the infringement amount calculated with
respect to the counterfeit videotapes [using] the quantity of the infringing videotapes
multiplied by the retail value of the infringed videotapes . . . and the infringement
amount calculated with respect to the counterfeit handbags [using] the quantity of the
infringing handbags multiplied by the retail value of the infringing handbags.
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Id.
The Guidelines’ current methodology for calculating the infringement amount first appeared
in the 2001 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B5.3
(2012), Historical Notes, 2000 Amendments. Prior to that, the Guidelines instructed courts to
calculate the infringement amount using the retail value of the infringing items in all circumstances.
See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B5.3 (2000). The amendment came in response to the
No Electronic Theft Act of 1997, which directed the Commission “to ensure that the applicable
guideline range for intellectual property offenses . . . is sufficiently stringent to deter such a crime”
and to “provide for consideration of the retail value and quantity of the items with respect to which
the intellectual property offense was committed.” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B5.3
(2012), Historical Notes, 2000 Amendments. The Commission explained:
Prior to this amendment, the monetary calculation for all intellectual property crimes
was based on the retail value of the infringing item multiplied by the quantity of
infringing items. In response to the directive, the Commission refashioned this
enhancement so as to use the retail value of the infringed item, multiplied by the
number of infringing items, as a means of approximating the pecuniary harm for
cases in which that calculation is believed most likely to provide a reasonable
estimate of the resulting harm. Use of that calculation is believed to provide a
reasonable approximation for those classes of infringement cases in which it is highly
likely that the sale of an infringing item results in a displaced sale of the legitimate,
infringed item.
The amendment also requires that the retail value of the infringed item,
multiplied by the number of infringing items, be used in certain other cases for
reasons of practicality.
However, based upon a review of cases sentenced under the former § 2B5.3
over two years, the Commission further determined that using the above formula
likely would overstate substantially the pecuniary harm caused to copyright and
trademark owners in some cases currently sentenced under the guideline. For those
cases, a one-to-one correlation between the sale of infringing items and the displaced
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sale of legitimate, infringed items is unlikely because the inferior quality of the
infringing item and/or the greatly discounted price at which it is sold suggests that
many purchasers of infringing items would not, or could not, have purchased the
infringed item in the absence of the availability of the infringing item. The
Commission therefore determined that, for these latter classes of cases . . . the retail
value of the infringing item, multiplied by the number of those items, provides a
more reasonable approximation of lost revenues to the copyright or trademark owner,
and hence, of the pecuniary harm resulting from the offense.
Id.
Few cases discuss the “reasonably informed purchaser” standard under § 2B5.3. In United
States v. Alim, 256 F. App’x 236 (11th Cir. 2007), the Eleventh Circuit held that the district court
did not clearly err in finding that a reasonably informed purchaser would believe that the infringing
items were substantially equivalent to the genuine items. Alim, 256 F. App’x at 240. The court
noted that the only evidence submitted by the defendant was testimony from his stepson that they
sold the counterfeit items for substantially less than the genuine items. Id. In addition, a federal
official trained in identifying counterfeit items testified at sentencing that “he was personally familiar
with the counterfeit items seized from [defendant’s] business and the genuine versions of those
items, and that a reasonably informed buyer would believe that the items were the substantial
equivalents of one another.” Id. at 240 41. The court did not identify the counterfeit items.
Similarly, the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court’s use of the retail value of the infringed items
“[b]ased on expert testimony that the infringing items would have appeared to a reasonably informed
purchaser to be identical or substantially equivalent to the infringed items.” United States v. Park,
373 F. App’x 463, 464 (5th Cir. 2010).
The district court’s sentence was procedurally unreasonable because it failed to hold the
government to its burden to prove the infringement amount by a preponderance of the evidence. In
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addition, to the extent that the government relied on evidence that Hoang submitted, that evidence
does not support a finding that the infringing items would have appeared to a reasonably informed
purchaser to be identical or substantially equivalent to the infringed items.
Hoang objected to the infringement amount recommended by the probation officer. Along
with her objection, Hoang produced photographs of some of the handbags and wallets, pointing out
their imperfections; letters from the trademark holders explaining the differences between their
products and the ones sold by Hoang; and photographs of the items for sale, including their price
tags. Although Hoang conceded that five or six of the items photographed had not been included
in the government’s infringement amount calculation, the exhibit included photographs of at least
sixteen different handbags and wallets.
Hoang’s production of evidence triggered the government’s burden to prove the infringement
amount by a preponderance of the evidence. Poulsen, 655 F.3d at 513. But the government did not
produce any evidence at the sentencing hearing. Unlike the prosecution in Alim and Park, the
government did not call any expert witnesses to testify that the infringing items would have appeared
to a reasonably informed purchaser to be substantially equivalent to the infringed items. Park, 373
F. App’x at 464; Alim, 256 F. App’x at 240 41. Nor did the government provide any physical or
testimonial evidence at the sentencing hearing in response to Hoang’s objection.
The district court overruled Hoang’s objection to the infringement amount for two reasons:
(1) the fact that six genuine handbags were “mixed within” the counterfeit items “suggests . . . that
[the counterfeit items] were not so distinguishable that anybody reasonably would have detected that
they were not trademarked items”; and (2) a consumer could have believed that the handbags were
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stolen or that the markup on the genuine handbags was “unbelievably extreme.” Neither of these
reasons is supported by any evidence in the record. Although Hoang admits that six genuine
handbags were seized, she claims that they were seized from her home and were her personal items
that were not offered for sale. The government did not provide any evidence regarding where its
agents seized these handbags. The district court’s speculation that a consumer could believe that the
handbags were stolen or that their prices had not been marked up was not based on any evidence or
even argument by the government.
To the extent that the government relied on Hoang’s evidence to carry its burden of proof,
the district court erred because that evidence does not support the district court’s use of the retail
value of the infringed items. The Sentencing Commission enumerated eight circumstances under
which courts should apply the retail value of the infringed items. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
Manual § 2B5.3 cmt. n.2(A) (2012). The one relevant to this case is where the infringing items
appear to a reasonably informed purchaser to be identical or substantially equivalent to the infringed
items. Id. at cmt. n.2(A)(i). In establishing these eight circumstances, the Sentencing Commission
explained that use of the retail value of the infringed item is appropriate where it is highly likely that
the sale of an infringing item displaces the sale of a legitimate, infringed item or where it is
impractical to apply the retail value of the infringing item. Id. at Historical Notes, 2000
Amendments. In cases where displacement is unlikely “because the inferior quality of the infringing
item and/or the greatly discounted price at which it is sold” suggests that people who bought the
infringing item would not have bought the infringed item, the retail value of the infringing item
should be applied. Id. The Sentencing Commission’s focus on displacement indicates that when
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determining whether the infringing items are substantially equivalent to the infringed items, the
context in which the items are sold is relevant.
Here, the evidence shows that the counterfeit handbags and wallets sold by Hoang would not
have appeared to a reasonably informed purchaser to be identical or substantially equivalent to the
infringed items. The photographs submitted by Hoang reveal that items she sold were scratched and
stained. Some of the labels on handbags had crooked stitching and stamping and misspelled words.
Other labels were glued on, as opposed to stitched. A number of items looked used and dirty. Two
of the trademark holders, Jimmy Choo and Gucci, represented that the handbags sold by Hoang did
not resemble any style of their genuine products. In addition, Hoang’s handbags and wallets were
offered for sale at prices significantly below the prices of the genuine items. It is conceivable that
a customer could think that a purported designer handbag is inexpensive because it was stolen or
because the seller did not mark up the price. However, it is far more likely that a customer would
believe that a low price on a purported designer handbag means that it is fake. Hoang sold her
products at Hollywood Nails in Ashtabula, Ohio. According to the trademark holders, their products
are only sold at the trademark holders’ stores and other high-end retailers. Some of Hoang’s pictures
show the handbags stored in plastic wrap. Jimmy Choo and Gucci explained that their products are
not wrapped in plastic, and Louis Vuitton and Prada stated that Hoang’s handbags were not packaged
in the same manner as the genuine items. Finally, photographs submitted by Hoang show the items
for sale in what appears to be a backroom or a utility closet, with each handbag hanging by a tack.
Genuine designer items offered for sale for hundreds and even thousands of dollars are not sold in
this manner. Based on the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing, the handbags and wallets
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sold by Hoang would not have appeared to a reasonably informed purchaser to be identical or
substantially equivalent to the infringed items. As a result, the district court clearly erred by applying
the retail value of the infringed items in calculating the infringement amount. We remand this case
to the district court with instruction to apply the retail value of the infringing items to determine the
infringement amount. On remand, the parties may present evidence of the retail value of the
infringing items.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s sentence and remand for
resentencing.
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