Decornick Moore v. United States

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0028n.06
No. 15-5473
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Jan 13, 2017
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
DECORNICK MOORE, )
)
Petitioner-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
Respondent-Appellee. )
)
)
BEFORE: SILER, BATCHELDER, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner Decornick Moore seeks to vacate his federal drug conspiracy conviction
because his defense counsel erroneously told him during plea negotiations that the statutory
minimum and maximum for his offense were ten years and life—in truth, they were five years
and forty years. The district court denied petitioner’s motion to vacate, holding that he failed to
establish that this change in information would have caused him to reject his plea agreement and
proceed to trial. We agree and affirm.
I.
The government indicted Decornick Moore and twelve others on one count of conspiracy
to manufacture, distribute, and possess with intent to distribute more than 280 grams of cocaine
base, to distribute and possess with intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine, and
No. 15-5473
Moore v. United States
to distribute and possess with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846. During plea negotiations, Moore’s counsel advised him that the statutory
minimum and maximum penalties for the alleged offense would be ten years and life in prison.
See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) and (iii).
Moore elected to plead guilty. In exchange, the government agreed to drop charges
against him in two related drug conspiracy cases. It also agreed that Moore would be entitled to
a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, that his sentencing range would be 140 to
175 months, and that it would recommend a 140-month sentence. Moore also negotiated the
right to withdraw his plea if the district court sentenced him above 140 months, while also
retaining the right to argue for a lesser sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). At the change of
plea hearing, the district court also informed Moore that the statutory minimum and maximum
penalty for his alleged offense was ten years and life in prison.
After Moore pleaded guilty, the probation department determined that, based on the
amount of drugs he personally trafficked (2.79 kilograms of cocaine and 170 grams of cocaine
base), his statutory bookends were actually five years and forty years. See § 841(b)(1)(B)(ii) and
(iii). With those statutory outer limits in mind, the district court sentenced Moore to 140 months.
Moore timely filed this § 2255 motion, claiming ineffective assistance of counsel based
on the misinformation he received regarding the statutory minimum and maximum. The district
court denied the motion, holding that Moore “failed to establish a reasonable probability that he
would have pleaded differently had he been aware of the correct mandatory minimum at the
change of plea hearing.” “Absent a showing of prejudice,” the district court held, “Moore [fell]
short of demonstrating ineffective assistance of counsel.” The district court also denied a
certificate of appealability.
-2-
No. 15-5473
Moore v. United States
Petitioner appealed. This court granted a certificate “as to Moore’s claims that defense
counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to the misinformation about the
minimum and maximum penalties and that this misinformation rendered his guilty plea
unknowing and involuntary.” Moore v. United States, No. 15-5473, at 2–3 (6th Cir. Dec. 18,
2015).
II.
“We review the denial of a section 2255 motion de novo.” Griffin v. United States,
330 F.3d 733, 736 (6th Cir. 2003) (italics omitted). De novo review also applies to claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel. United States v. Levenderis, 806 F.3d 390, 401 (6th Cir. 2015).
III.
Petitioner raises two issues on appeal: (1) whether defense counsel provided ineffective
assistance of counsel by advising him that his statutory minimum and maximum was ten years
and life in prison; and (2) whether the district court violated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
11 by doing the same. He also requests an evidentiary hearing.
A.
A federal prisoner, like Moore, is entitled to have his sentence vacated under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255 if he can establish a constitutional violation that had a substantial and injurious effect on
the proceedings. Watson v. United States, 165 F.3d 486, 488 (6th Cir. 1999). Moore claims he
was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel. See generally
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). To establish this claim, a defendant must show
(1) deficient performance, i.e., that “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness,” id. at 688; and (2) prejudice, i.e., “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different,” id. at
-3-
No. 15-5473
Moore v. United States
694. In the guilty plea context, prejudice means that, “but for counsel’s errors, [the defendant]
would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v. Lockhart,
474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985).
Because the district court denied Moore’s motion under the prejudice prong of the
Strickland inquiry, we begin our analysis there. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“[A] court need
not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice
suffered by the defendant.”). Echoing the Strickland standard, petitioner argues that but for
counsel’s erroneous advice, he would not have pleaded guilty. Why exactly, petitioner does not
enlighten us. In his brief, he simply says, “If Moore were not harboring the false belief that he
was potentially facing life imprisonment, he might not have pled guilty.” That is not enough.
See Shimel v. Warren, 838 F.3d 685, 698 (6th Cir. 2016) (“In the Sixth Circuit, a petitioner
cannot make that showing merely by telling the court now that she would have gone to trial then
if she had gotten different advice.” (bracketing and quotation marks omitted)). Nor is it
sufficient, as his counsel suggested at oral argument, to base a claim of prejudice on the mere
opportunity to make the same decision again with different information. Moore must
demonstrate a reasonable likelihood that, had he known the true statutory minimum and
maximum, he would have, in fact, rejected the plea and proceeded to trial. Hill, 474 U.S. at 59.
Our review of the record persuades us that Moore cannot meet this standard.
The standard for prejudice in this context is objective. Pilla v. United States, 668 F.3d
368, 373 (6th Cir. 2012). Thus, “to obtain relief on this type of claim, a petitioner must convince
the court that a decision to reject the plea bargain would have been rational under the
circumstances.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 372 (2010). A rational person would
consider, not just the advantages of proceeding to trial (the prospect of a possible, though
-4-
No. 15-5473
Moore v. United States
unlikely, lighter sentence), but also the disadvantages. And here the disadvantages abound: the
prosecutor’s promise not to proceed on charges in two other criminal drug trafficking cases; the
three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility; the stipulated sentencing range of 140 to
175 months; the promise not to recommend a sentence higher than 140 months; and the effective
maximum sentence of 140 months—all of these benefits would have been lost if Moore chose to
go to trial. He fails to account for this other side of the equation, as a rational defendant would.
Even as it relates to the specific changes in the minimum and maximum terms, Moore’s
case for prejudice does not add up. Beginning with the statutory maximum, when he pleaded
guilty, petitioner believed his maximum was life in prison. But, that is not all he knew. He also
knew that his effective maximum sentence under the plea agreement was 140 months. Given the
substantial difference between 140 months and 480 months or life, there is no reason to believe
the change in statutory maximum from life to forty years would have been decisive in a rational
defendant’s calculus in deciding whether to plead guilty under the plea agreement. At oral
argument, Moore’s counsel stressed that he was a young father who hoped to one day be able to
see his children again—all the more reason, in our view, to accept the plea agreement with a
roughly twelve-year cap instead of a possible forty-year maximum.
Regarding the statutory minimum and the difference between the five- and ten-year floor,
it is instructive to consider “whether correction of the deficient performance might have enabled
the defendant to succeed at trial,” Hodges v. Colson, 727 F.3d 517, 538 (6th Cir. 2013), with
success in this context being defined as receiving a sentence between five and ten years. To the
extent petitioner’s case for prejudice is based on his hope of receiving a sentence between five
and ten years, he fails to account for the anchoring effect of the Guidelines range. See Peugh v.
United States, 133 S. Ct. 2072, 2083 (2013) (“[S]entencing decisions are anchored by the
-5-
No. 15-5473
Moore v. United States
Guidelines.”). Moore’s prejudice argument ignores the gravitational pull of the Guidelines range
and assumes that a district court would vary downward and impose a sentence substantially
below the Guidelines range. Cf. id. at 2084 (stating “the Guidelines [are] the lodestone of
sentencing”). That is irreconcilable with our duty to evaluate prejudice objectively and
rationally. Pilla, 668 F.3d at 373; Padilla, 559 U.S. at 372. At the very least, petitioner makes
no effort at explaining why a district court would find his case to be one of those unusual
instances where the Guidelines range does not sufficiently account for the federal sentencing
objectives. See Freeman v. United States, 564 U.S. 522, 529 (2011) (plurality) (“In the usual
sentencing . . . the judge will use the Guidelines range as the starting point in the analysis and
impose a sentence within the range.”).
In sum, in the federal sentencing scheme, the Guidelines are what matters. See Molina-
Martinez v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1338, 1346 (2016) (“[T]he Guidelines are not only the
starting point for most federal sentencing proceedings but also the lodestar.”). From that
perspective, the benefit of a guaranteed 140-month sentence far outweighs any irrational fear of
life imprisonment or irrational hope of prevailing at trial or receiving a sentence between five
and ten years. In light of the low probability that defendant would actually receive a sentence
between five and ten years, coupled with the much greater chance defendant would receive a
sentence within the Guidelines range (which, according to the government, would likely have
increased to 188 to 235 months without the acceptance of responsibility reduction), not only
would it have been irrational to forego the plea agreement, it is not reasonably probable that
petitioner would have done so.
For these reasons, petitioner has failed to establish prejudice and, consequently,
ineffective assistance of counsel. The district court correctly denied Moore’s § 2255 motion.
-6-
No. 15-5473
Moore v. United States
B.
Petitioner also argues that the district court violated Rule 11 by providing him the same
faulty information. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(H), (I) (“[T]he court must inform the
defendant of, and determine that the defendant understands . . . any maximum possible penalty
[and] any mandatory minimum penalty[.]”). This claim is outside the scope of our limited
review, since our certificate of appealability referenced only petitioner’s ineffective assistance of
counsel claim. See Moore, No. 15-5473, at 2–3; Hill v. Mitchell, 400 F.3d 308, 329 (6th Cir.
2005) (stating that “Congress has not given us authority to address [a] claim” not specified in the
certificate of appealability). Even assuming the issue was properly before us, it would fail
because it is procedurally defaulted, and petitioner did not attempt to demonstrate “cause” and
“prejudice” for the procedural default below. See Peveler v. United States, 269 F.3d 693, 698
(6th Cir. 2001) (a claim not raised on direct appeal constitutes procedural default and “absent a
showing of cause and prejudice . . . , [such a claim] cannot give rise to relief under § 2255.”).
Even overlooking procedural default, in order to obtain relief from an unpreserved Rule 11 error
(on direct appeal, no less), “the defendant [must] show that but for the error, he would not have
pleaded guilty.” United States v. Martin, 668 F.3d 787, 791 (6th Cir. 2012). Thus, this claim
would fail for precisely the same reason as his ineffective assistance of counsel claim does:
failure to establish prejudice.
C.
Finally, petitioner is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing for the same reasons he has not
established prejudice. Simply put, Moore alleges no facts—other than his self-serving,
conclusory statement—indicating that he would have gone to trial had he known the statutory
minimum and maximum were five years and forty years. See Valentine v. United States,
-7-
No. 15-5473
Moore v. United States
488 F.3d 325, 333 (6th Cir. 2007) (“[N]o hearing is required if the petitioner’s allegations cannot
be accepted as true because they are . . . inherently incredible[] or conclusions rather than
statements of fact.”) (citation omitted).
IV.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
-8-