Mary Colston v. Cleveland Public Library

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0371n.06
No. 12-4103
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
MARY JANE COLSTON, ) FILED
) Apr 15, 2013
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
CLEVELAND PUBLIC LIBRARY; ) FOR THE NORTHERN
FELTON THOMAS; MELVIN ) DISTRICT OF OHIO
ABRAMS, Individually and as Asst. )
Chief of Security; MICHAEL JANERO; )
SHARON TUFTS; and JOHN DOE(S), )
1-20, )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
BEFORE: MARTIN, SUHRHEINRICH, and COLE, Circuit Judges.
SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge.
BACKGROUND
In this case, Plaintiff Mary Jane Colston (“Colston”), a security officer who continues in her
employment with Defendant Cleveland Public Library, alleges that the Library and its individual
employees Felton Thomas, Michael Janero and Sharon Tufts, (collectively, “Library”), as well as
the Library’s former Assistant Chief of Security, Melvin Abrams (“Abrams”), sexually harassed her,
retaliated and discriminated against her on account of her gender, and intentionally inflicted
emotional distress on her. The Library and Abrams made separate motions for summary judgment,
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which Colston opposed both motions. The district court granted summary judgment to both the
Library and Abrams. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
A. Colston’s Hiring
The Library hired Colston on June 9, 2008, as an officer in its security department. Abrams,
the former Assistant Chief of Security, favorably forwarded an endorsement for hiring Colston to
the Library management. Defendant Michael Janero, the former Chief of Security, approved
Abrams’ recommendation to hire Colston. At the same time, the Library hired male Joseph Smith
as an Officer. Colston and Smith started working for the Library on June 9, 2008. From Colston’s
date of hire until the filing of her complaint, the Library did not hire any other officers. Colston,
along with the other Library security officers, was supervised by Abrams, the Assistant Director of
Security.
All officers are union employees and are represented by Teamsters Local Union 244 (the
“union”). The collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) between the Library and the union governs
the shift schedules and seniority in the department. Pursuant to the CBA, officers bid for their shifts
based on seniority, which are then maintained for a year. Because Colston and Smith started on the
same day, seniority was governed by birth year. Colston’s birth year came after Smith’s, so she was
the security officer with the least seniority in the department.
B. The Layoff
On June 6, 2010, because of budgetary restrictions, the Library laid off the two officers with
the lowest seniority—Smith and Colston. The Library conducted the layoff in accordance with the
CBA. The union did not file a grievance on Colston’s behalf challenging the layoff. In fact, the
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members of the union voted on a proposal for either all officers to accept several unpaid furlough
days or for the Library to lay off two officers. The officers turned down the furlough days,
necessitating the layoff of two of their fellow union members.
On November 16, 2010, the Library recalled Colston and Smith back to work, in compliance
with the CBA. Colston remains employed by the Library today. Defendants Tufts, Abrams, and
Janero no longer work for the Library. Tufts retired on June 3, 2011, Abrams resigned on June 27,
2011, and Janero retired on June 4, 2010.
C. Colston’s Complaints to the Library
Colston alleges that during her employment with the Library, her coworkers subjected her
to sexually offensive and otherwise harassing conduct. Her complaints are as follows.
1. Undocumented Complaints
Colston alleges that during the first few months of her employment, she complained to
Abrams about the profanity he used during roll call in front of all the officers. She also claims that
she made a complaint to Felton Thomas, the Library’s Chief Executive Officer and Executive
Director, “midway or ending of 2008.” However, Thomas did not start working at the Library until
January 19, 2009. Neither complaints were documented, nor does Colston offer evidence of either
complaint.
2. Library Investigation of Officer Dycks
On August 21, 2009, security officer Eugene Dycks made a verbal threat about Ms. Colston
to another officer. Janero and Tufts investigated the incident, and on September 24, 2009, suspended
Dycks for one week. Dycks was not allowed to return to work until he completed training with the
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Library’s Employee Assistant Program. Colston declined to press criminal charges against Dycks
because she did “not want[ ] to put Dycks’ financial situation into hardship.”
3. First Library Investigation of Abrams
On November 4, 2009, Colston complained to Tim Diamond, the Assistant to the Library’s
Director, that inappropriate language was being used in the security department, and that she felt she
was in a hostile work environment. The Library hired an outside investigator. She had discovered
that Abrams used inappropriate language, made sexual innuendoes, and revealed employees’
personal information. The Library suspended Abrams for five days. The Library also issued a
“Counseling Memo” to Defendant Janero, for failing “to step in to stop the unacceptable conduct,”
and for letting it be widely know that he was “not partial to women officers.”
4. Second Library Investigation of Abrams
In April 2011, Colston made a second formal complaint, and met with the Library Director,
Defendant Felton, as well as Defendant Tufts, the Library Human Resources Administrator. Colston
told Felton and Tufts that her coworkers, including Abrams, were threatening and intimidating her.
Again, the Library hired an outside investigator and eventually concluded the Abrams had
violated workplace policies. The Library placed Abrams on administrative leave and scheduled a
pre-termination hearing. Abrams resigned before the hearing ended.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Colston filed a Complaint in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas against the
Library Defendants, and a former employee of the Library, Abrams. Colston asserted the following
six counts: (1) sexual discrimination and harassment in violation of Ohio Revised Code (“R.C.”)
Chapter 4112; (2) negligent hiring, retention, supervision, and training under Ohio common law; (3)
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retaliation in violation of R.C. Chapter 4112; (4) intentional infliction of emotional distress under
Ohio common law; (5) violation of substantive and procedural due process rights under the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution; and (6) gender discrimination and
harassment in violation of Title VII, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2002e-2.
The Library and Abrams timely removed the case to the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Ohio (the “district court”). After the conclusion of discovery, the Library and
Abrams filed separate motions for summary judgment. The district court granted summary judgment
to both the Library and Abrams, dismissing Colston’s entire complaint. The district court stated that
Colston had failed to identify any record evidence demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
(1) Whether the district court properly dismissed Colston’s sexual discrimination and hostile
work environment claims with respect to both the Library and Abrams.
(2) Whether the district court properly dismissed Colston’s negligent hiring, retention,
supervision, and failure to train claims with respect to both the Library and Abrams.
(3) Whether the district court properly dismissed Colston’s retaliation claims with respect to both
the Library and Abrams.
(4) Whether the district court properly dismissed Colston’s intentional infliction of emotional
distress claims with respect to both the Library and Abrams.
(5) Whether Colston waived her Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment claims by failing to oppose
summary judgment on those claims.
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ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
The Sixth Circuit reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Therma-
Scan, Inc. v. Thermoscan, Inc., 295 F.3d 623, 629 (6th Cir. 2002). “Summary judgment is proper
when there exists no geunine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law.” Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). Summary judgment must be entered against the
nonmoving party if she “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element
essential to . . . [her] case, and on which . . . [she] will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). It is insufficient simply to show that there is some
“metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252
(1986). The “mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of [the plaintiff’s] position will be
insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Id.In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court “considers the facts in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving
party.” LensCrafters, Inc. v. Robinson, 403 F.3d 798, 802 (6th Cir. 2005).
B. Gender Discrimination and Hostile Work Environment Based on Gender
In Count 1, Colston alleges sexual discrimination and harassment in violation of R.C. §
4112.02, and in Count 6, Colston alleges sexual discrimination and harassment in violation of Title
VII, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and 42 U.S.C. § 2002e-2. Title VII and Ohio state law claims are
subject to the same standards. The “prima-facie case requirements are essentially the same under
Ohio Revised Code § 4112.02 . . . [so the] federal and state-law claims of gender discrimination may
be disposed of together.” Knox v. Neaton Auto Prods. Mfg., Inc., 375 F.3d 451, 457 (6th Cir. 2004)
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(citation omitted). “Ohio courts apply federal case law interpreting Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 to claims arising under R.C. Chapter 4112 to the extent that the terms of the statutes are
consistent.” Birch v. Cuyahoga Cty. Probate Ct., 173 Ohio App. 3d 696 (Ohio Ct. App. 2007), at
¶ 20.
Individual Defendants Thomas, Janero, Tufts, and Abrams cannot be held personally liable
under Title VII. Wathen General Elec., 115 F.3d 400, 405-06 (6th Cir. 1997). “[A]n individual
employee/supervisor, who does not otherwise qualify as an ‘employer,’ may not be held personally
liable under Title VII.” Id. Therefore, the district court properly dismissed Colston’s Title VII and
R.C. § 4112.02 claims against Thomas, Janero, Tufts, and Abrams. All that remains is Colston’s
claim against the Library, which also ultimately fails.
1. Gender Discrimination
Title VII prohibits “discriminat[ion] of against any individual with respect to compensation,
terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). “Title VII does not prohibit all verbal or
physical harassment in the workplace; it is directed only at discrimination because of sex.” Oncale
v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80 (1998) (citations omitted). Likewise, to
establish “hostile environment sexual harassment under R.C. § 4112, [Colston] must establish that
. . . the harassment was based on sex.” Id. at 459. In other words, Colston must establish that she
“was treated differently than similarly situated” male security guards. Knox, F.3d at 456-57. Colston
advances six different ways that she allegedly suffered from gender discrimination.
First, Colston alleges that Abrams engaged in “unprofessional” behavior by his use of insults
and profane language. However, Colston fails to argue that the demeaning statements were only
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directed at females. Instead, she states that Abrams was insulting and profane with the male officers
as well, calling them “imbeciles” and “idiots,” commenting on their personal lives, commenting on
their manliness, and commenting on their weight. Colston testified that Abrams “just basically
emasculated the men right in front of me . . .” Therefore, Colston’s own evidence suggests that
Abrams’ demeaning statements were not based on gender.
Second, Colston alleges that Abrams made comments about her physical appearance on two
separate occasions. First, Colston claims that Abrams encouraged her to obtain a membership at a
nearby gym. Second, Colston claims that when she asked Abrams for a larger pair of pants, Abrams
responded, “you don’t have a problem wearing those little tight pants you wear when you are not
working.” However, Colston admits that Abrams repeatedly made comments about the physical
appearance of other male officers, including that they were overweight and looked sloppy in their
uniforms.
Third, Colston claims that Abrams discussed female Library employees with whom he had
been intimately involved. However, Colston never identified the female employees, nor does she
allege that Abrams never had similar discussions with male officers. Colston also argues that
Abrams indicated indirectly that if she were open to the opportunity for sex, that he would also be
open to it. However, she acknowledges that any indication Abrams gave was “indirect,” and that
he did not verbalize these thoughts. Colston also recounts one incident when, as Colston and
Abrams walked into a room, Abrams said, “I got to watch you, you might be trying to take me in
places I don’t need to be going, I got to be careful with you.” However, in order to be a cognizable
claim, the discrimination “must be severe and pervasive.” Knox, 375 F.3d at 459. This one incident
is not enough for Colston’s claim.
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Fourth, Colston points to one instance when she came across “pornographic” reading
materials in an office where she sometimes worked. The reading materials belonged to the Library,
but had not been checked out for use. Colston reported the incident to Abrams, and the reading
materials were promptly returned to the Library shelves. Abrams issued a memorandum to all
security department employees, asking them to keep all personal items, including reading materials,
in their personal lockers and not placed in areas where other employees could see them. Although
Colston claims in her affidavit that officers “continue to leave sexual magazines in places where they
know I will find them,” she acknowledges in deposition that this was an isolated incident, and that
she did not regularly work in the office where the reading material was found.
Fifth, Colston alleges that Abrams touched her in early 2009, when they were standing by
a doorway, and Abrams’ body “brushed up” against her breasts in passing. Colston testified that the
reason she did not report the incident to the Library was because she did not believe that Abrams did
it intentionally.
Lastly, Colston argues that Abrams once refused her request to switch her days off, but
regularly switched a male officer, Smith’s, days off. However, Smith testified that he never
requested switches, and that being involuntarily switched actually inconvenienced him.
Furthermore, the CBA permitted Abrams to switch Smith’s days off and not Colston’s because of
a seniority-based bidding system on shifts. Colston also argues that Abrams singled her out for
discipline without just cause. However, there is documented evidence that Abrams also wrote up
male officers unjustifiably when he wished to hinder their job opportunities.
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2. Hostile Work Environment
To prevail on a hostile work environment claim based on gender, Colston must establish that
she was subjected to harassing conduct that was: (1) unwelcome; (2) based on sex; (3) sufficiently
severe or pervasive to affect the terms, conditions, or privileges of her employment; and (4) either
(a) committed by a supervisor, or (b) conduct the employer knew or should have known about and
failed to take immediate and appropriate corrective action. Bowman v. Shawnee State Univ., 220
F.3d 456, 462-63 (6th Cir. 2000).
Colston has not offered any evidence or arguments that the Library did not take immediate
and appropriate corrective action, and therefore, her hostile work environment claim fails as a matter
of law. The Library has anti-harassment and anti-discrimination policies in its Human Resources
Manual. The Library also trains employees to prevent harassment and report any purported incidents
of harassment. The first time that Colston formally complained, the Library hired Lynette Rodgers,
an independent investigator, to look into Colston’s claims. Colston testified that she felt comfortable
with Rodgers. As a result from the investigation, the Library gave Abrams a five-day unpaid
disciplinary suspension, wrote that any similar action could result in termination, and issued Janero
a memorandum for failing to stop Abrams’ unacceptable behavior. The second time that Colston
formally complained, the Library promptly hired Diane Citrino, an attorney and the former Regional
Director of the Ohio Civil Rights Commission, to independently investigate Colston’s claims.
Colston testified that she was comfortable with Citrino. As a result of the investigation, Abrams was
placed on administrative leave. Abrams resigned before his pre-termination hearing.
Therefore, Colston’s state and federal claims of federal claims of sexual discrimination,
harassment, and hostile work environment cannot survive summary judgment.
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D. Negligent Hiring, Retention, Supervision, and Failure to Train
Colston’s Ohio state-law claim for negligent hiring, retention, supervision, and failure to train
(“negligent hiring”) fails as a matter of law. Because the negligent hiring claim can only be asserted
against the Library, and not individuals, the district court correctly held that Colston cannot pursue
such a claim against Thomas, Janero, Tufts, or Abrams. See Fulst v. Thompson, 2009 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 109085, at *13-14 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 20, 2009). This means that the only remaining defendant
is the Library, but Colston’s claim against the Library ultimately fails as well.
In order to prevail on a negligent hiring claim, Colston must show that an accused employee
be individually liable for a tort against Colston, who then seeks recovery against the employer.
Greenberg v. Life Ins. Co. of Virginia, 177 F.3d 507, 517 (6th Cir. 1999) (citing Strock v. Pressnell,
527 N.E.2d 1235, 1244 (Ohio 1988)). However, Colston has failed to establish that any employee
of the Library is, in fact, liable for a tort against her; she offers only a claim that Abrams is liable.
In order to prevail on a negligent hiring claim, Colston must prove tort liability. Greenberg, 177
F.3d at 517 (citation omitted).
E. Retaliation
Colston also claims that the Library and Abrams retaliated against her for complaining about
her perceived harassment and hostile work environment. In order to establish a prima facie claim
of retaliation under Title VII or R.C. 4112.20(I), Colston must prove: (1) she engaged in activity
protected by the statute; (2) the Defendants knew of her protected conduct; (3) the Defendant
thereafter took an adverse employment action against her; and (4) that a causal connection exists
between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. Colston claims retaliation as to
a number of employment actions, but for the reasons set forth below, all of these claims fail because
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Colston fails to establish a causal connection between each action and her complaints to the library.
Allen v. Mich. Dep’t of Corrs., 165 F.3d 405, 413 (6th Cir. 1999) (“[T]o show a causal connection,
a plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence from which an inference can be drawn that the adverse
action would not have been taken had the plaintiff not filed a discrimination action.”).
First, Colston argues that the Library retaliated against her with disciplinary sanctions. At
her deposition, Colston identified two times the Library put her on disciplinary suspension. The
Library suspended Colston in September 2009 for threatening a supervisor and for unsatisfactory
quality and quantity of work pursuant to the Library’s human resources manual. The Library also
suspended Colston in November 2009, for receiving and failing to turn over an attorney-client
privileged communication from the Library’s outside counsel to Tufts. However, Colston does not
point to any specific evidence in the record of a causal connection between Colston’s suspensions
and her reports of retaliation, nor does she even attempt to offer facts to counter the Library’s stated
reasons for disciplinary actions.
Second, Colston argues that the Library retaliated against her by declining to promote her.
Failure to promote is not generally considered an adverse employment action. Ford v. Gen. Motors
Corp., 305 F.3d 545, 553 (6th Cir. 2002) (“Not everything in the workplace that makes an employee
upset or resentful is necessarily ‘adverse’ . . . An ‘adverse employment action’ is defined as a
‘materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of [the plaintiff’s] employment.’”). It is
undisputed that a male officer named Normal Fadil, who had not complained about harassment,
gender discrimination or hostile work environment, also unsuccessfully applied for the same
position.
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Third, Colston claims that the Library retaliated against her by temporarily laying her off.
However, there is no evidence of a causal connection between the investigation and her layoff. As
the district court pointed out, Colston was not laid off shortly after the complaint—she was laid off
seven months afterwards. Furthermore, Colston’s own deposition testimony corroborates the
Library’s assertions that it had legitimate reasons for the layoffs—most notably budgetary restraints
and then the seniority provisions of the CBA, by which the Library was bound. The Library laid off
the two officers with the least seniority, Colston and Smith, at the same time. Smith is a male officer
who has not made any claims of harassment, gender discrimination, or hostile work environment.
Lastly, Colston argues that the Library retaliated by denying her request for time off on St.
Patrick’s Day. Her argument fails for several reasons. First, denial of time off does not constitute
an “adverse employment action” because it did not materially change the terms and conditions of her
employment. Perez v. Theller, No. S-10-053, 2011 Ohio 2176, at ¶ 14 (Ohio App. Ct. 2011).
Second, Colston does not dispute the Library’s reasoning that St. Patrick’s Day is the busiest day of
the year for the Library’s security department because a parade route runs directly in front of the
Library’s main building. Lastly, Colston does not dispute that the Library denied other officers’
requests for time off when the Library felt it was unable to provide adequate security.
F. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
To prevail on an intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) claim, Colston must
prove that the Library or Abrams: (1) intended to cause her serious emotional distress; (2) the
conduct was extreme and outrageous; and (3) the conduct was the proximate cause of Colston’s
distress. Long v. Ford Motor Co., 193 F. App’x 497, 502-503 (6th Cir. 2006). The alleged conduct
must be “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds
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of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id.
at 503.
As a matter of law, Colston’s IIED claim fails with respect to all Defendants. First, Colston
fails to establish outrageous conduct. Ohio courts have found far more egregious statements than
those made by Abrams to fall below the “outrageous” threshold. See, e.g., Curry v. Village of
Blanchester, 2010 Ohio 3368, ¶¶ 54-55 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010) (where the supervisor told the plaintiff,
in front of her colleagues, that she was “all tits and no brain”); Lombardo v. Mahoney, 2009 Ohio
5826, ¶ ¶10-11 (Ohio Ct. App. 2009) (where the supervisor called the plaintiff a “cock sucking
mother fucker”).
Colston has also failed to produce any evidence of serious emotional distress. She testified
that she was able to perform her job effectively. See Santino v. Columbus Public Schs., No. 2:10-cv-
184, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 143276, at *52 (S.D. Ohio June 24, 2011) (granting summary judgment
on IIED claim where there was “no evidence that [the] stress was severe or debilitating, or that it
interfered with [plaintiff’s] employment or other activities”). Furthermore, Colston offers no
medical records or affidavits showing that she suffered emotional injury. Ohio IIED claims rely on
testimony from a physician, psychologist, or psychiatrist. See, e.g., Schultz v. Barberton Glass Co.,
4 Ohio St. 3d 131, 135 (Ohio 1983) (holding that, in order to “weed out dishonest claims . . . expert
medical testimony will help establish the validity of the claim of serious emotional distress”).
G. Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment Claims
Colston failed to address her fifth and fourteenth amendment claims in her responsive
briefing to summary judgment in the district court, as well as her brief before this court. Therefore,
we deem those claims waived.
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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s order is AFFIRMED.
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