1704 Farmington, LLC v. City of Memphis, Tennessee

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0612n.06
Nos. 09-6367/10-5362
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
1704 FARMINGTON, LLC, ) Aug 24, 2011
1711 FARMINGTON LLC, and ) LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
1685 FARMINGTON LLC, )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, )
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
BEFORE: COLE and WHITE, Circuit Judges; O’MEARA, District Judge.*
JOHN CORBETT O’MEARA, District Judge. Plaintiffs/Appellants, 1704 Farmington
LLC, 1711 Farmington LLC, and 1685 Farmington LLC (“Property Owners”) own the Ridgeway
Commons apartment complex in Memphis, Tennessee. Property Owners filed this suit against the
City of Memphis, seeking abatement of a common law nuisance. Essentially, Property Owners
contend that the City has not properly maintained a drainage ditch adjacent to Ridgeway Commons,
which has flooded three times in the past ten years. The district court ruled that Property Owners
failed to establish the elements of a prima facie case of nuisance and granted summary judgment in
favor of the City. Property Owners then filed this appeal as well as a separate, subsequent appeal
*
The Honorable John Corbett O’Meara, United States District Court for the Eastern District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
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of the district court’s award of costs in favor of the City. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM.
I.
The drainage ditch at issue is a concrete-lined channel adjacent to the Ridgeway Commons
apartment complex and intersecting Quince Road in Memphis. The ditch was constructed in
sections at different times. The majority of the ditch was designed and constructed in the late 1960s
and early 1970s by J & L Development Company, which also developed the Ridgeway Commons
apartment complex. The box culvert under Quince Road was originally installed by Shelby County,
but that area was subsequently annexed by the City. The City accepted an easement over the
drainage ditch in 1972, including the responsibility to maintain it.
At the time the drainage ditch was constructed, the City’s design criteria for the construction
of a concrete channel included a two cubic feet per second per acre requirement for watershed, which
means a flow rate for water drainage equal to at least two cubic feet per second. In April 1987, the
City adopted a Drainage Manual that requires concrete drainage ditches to accommodate a “25-year
flood event.” The City did not require drainage systems built prior to 1987 to be updated to increase
their capacity because it was not economically feasible to do so.
The City does maintain the drainage ditch by keeping the channel intact, keeping obstructions
out of the channel, keeping the safety fence intact, and repairing damage to the channel. Property
Owners do not allege a problem with flooding at the Ridgeway Commons from the time it was
constructed until 1999. After that, the area experienced flooding in 1999, March 2004 and July
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2005. About a week prior to the July 2005 flood, the City cleaned out the drainage ditch at the
request of Property Owners.
The City contends that it does not guarantee that the property adjacent to a drainage ditch will
never experience flooding. Some storms are so severe that they cause flooding even when an
adequately designed and constructed drainage system is in place.
The portion of the Property Owners’ property directly adjacent to the drainage ditch is lower
than the elevation of the top wall of the ditch. A developer typically fills the land being developed
to the top of such a wall and then develops up from that point to avoid flooding. This was not done
at Ridgeway Commons, where the developer apparently developed the property below the elevation
of the top of the channel wall. In addition, some water intake inlets on the property are lower than
the top of the channel walls, and one has been paved over. The City contends that the lowness of
Plaintiff’s property and the inlets on that property, relative to the height of the drainage ditch, cause
the drainage system to not function properly during heavy rains. As the water in the channel rises,
water backs up through the low inlets in the property, so the water that is running downhill toward
the ditch has nowhere to go, and the low areas on the property act like a detention system. The City
contends that Plaintiffs could have re-graded their property or constructed a drainage system to
prevent flooding, but chose not to do so.
Property Owners contend that the elevation of their property and the fact that an inlet is
covered are not the causes of the flooding. Rather, Plaintiffs’ expert, Guy Forney, has opined that
the property floods “as a result of the drainage ditch’s inability to operate as it was intended, i.e.,
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carry upstream water runoff and runoff from Plaintiffs’ property downstream under Quince Road.”
R.E. 64 (Order Granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment) at 12. In other words,
Property Owners contend that the drainage ditch lacks sufficient capacity, as a result of increased
development of properties upstream from Ridgeway Commons. See R.E. 36-2 (Affidavit of Guy
Forney) at ¶ 20 (“[U]pstream development has caused the level of flood protection at the apartment
complex to drop from a 100-year frequency to a 10-year frequency.”).
II.
A. Standard of Review
Property Owners argue that the district court should have applied the summary judgment
standard articulated by the Tennessee Supreme Court in Hannan v. Alltel Publishing Co., 270
S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2008), and that the failure to do so deprived them of their constitutional right to the
benefits of state law. Property Owners’ argument is without merit. The standard for summary
judgment is a procedural issue that is governed by federal law in diversity cases. Shropshire v.
Laidlaw Transit, Inc., 550 F.3d 570, 573-74 (6th Cir. 2008). Notwithstanding Property Owners’
arguments to the contrary, Shady Grove Orthopedic Assoc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 130 S. Ct. 1431
(2010) does not change this rule.
This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo. See, e.g., Briggs v. Potter, 463
F.3d 507, 511 (6th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine issue as to
any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(c). When reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the facts and any reasonable inferences
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drawn from the facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). The party
opposing summary judgment, however, must present more than a “mere scintilla” of evidence; the
evidence must be such that a reasonable jury could find in favor of the plaintiff. Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).1
The court reviews evidentiary issues, such as the district court’s refusal to consider an
affidavit, for an abuse of discretion. Briggs, 463 F.3d at 511. “A district court abuses its discretion
when it relies on erroneous findings of fact, applies the wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct
legal standard when reaching a conclusion, or makes a clear error of judgment.” Id. (citation
omitted).
B. Evidentiary Issues
Property Owners complain that the district court excluded certain of Plaintiffs’ evidence in
considering the City’s motion for summary judgment: (1) Plaintiffs’ Statement of Undisputed Facts;
(2) Guy Forney’s testimony; and (3) Frank Palumbo’s testimony. For the reasons stated below, this
court finds that the district court did not abuse its discretion.
1
Relying on Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods. Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 151 (2000), Property
Owners argue that the court must disregard testimony submitted by a movant from an interested
witness, even if that testimony is not impeached or contradicted. Although evidence presented by
the movant that is impeached or contradicted must be disregarded for the purposes of summary
judgment, the standard does not require the court to disregard testimony merely because it is
provided by an interested witness. See, e.g., Stratienko v. Cordis Corp., 429 F.3d 592, 597-98 (6th
Cir. 2005); Fogerty v. MGM Group Holdings Corp., 379 F.3d 348, 353-54 (6th Cir. 2004).
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1. Exclusion of Plaintiffs’ Statement of Undisputed Facts
The district court did not rely upon Plaintiffs’ Statement of Undisputed Facts because it was
filed contrary to the local rules. Local Rule 7.2(d) provides that a non-moving party may respond
to the movant’s statement of undisputed facts “by attaching to the response, the precise portions of
the record relied upon to evidence the opponent’s contention that the proponent’s designated material
facts are at issue.” The district court noted that “a non-movant is not afforded the opportunity of
filing its own additional facts unless, of course, the non-movant wishes to file its own motion for
summary judgment. Therefore, on a motion for summary judgment, the Court looks only to the
movant’s statement of facts and the non-movant’s response to those facts per the procedure
established by Local Rule 7.2(d)(3).” R.E. 64 at 1 n.1.
Property Owners argue that the district court elevated form over substance by excluding their
statement of facts. Property Owners have not, however, identified facts that were excluded by the
district court which would command a different disposition of the case. Further, Property Owners
did file a response to the City’s statement of undisputed facts, which was considered by the district
court. Property Owners have not articulated how they have been prejudiced by the exclusion of their
improperly filed statement of facts.
2. Testimony of Guy Forney
Property Owners contend that the district court disregarded the expert testimony of Guy
Forney. However, the district court did not exclude Forney’s testimony and, in fact, referenced it
several times in its opinion. See R.E. 64 at 4, 5, 7, 12. Property Owners contend that the district
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court “deemed the testimony of Forney to be without credence, even though the district court
acknowledged Forney’s testimony was in contradiction to undisinterested [sic] testimony of City.”
Appellants’ Br. at 59. Property Owners have not explained how the district court “deemed” the
testimony to be “without credence,” let alone how this resulted in error. For example, Property
Owners do not explain which parts of Forney’s testimony, if properly considered by the district court,
would mandate a different outcome in this case.
3. Exclusion of Testimony of Frank Palumbo
The district court excluded the expert testimony of Frank Palumbo because Plaintiffs did not
timely disclose his testimony. Property Owners complain that the district court also improperly
excluded “fact” evidence presented by Palumbo. Property Owners explain that Palumbo designed
the drainage ditch and later became the City’s Engineer and Director of Public Works. They contend
that the district court should have considered Palumbo’s testimony “concerning what was
encompassed in the obligation of City to ‘maintain’ the drainage ditch that Palumbo designed.”
Appellants’ Br. at 60.
The City responds that Palumbo’s testimony is based upon technical or specialized
knowledge gained through his experience, training and/or education, and is therefore not “fact”
testimony, but opinion testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 702. The court agrees that Palumbo’s
testimony falls within the scope of Fed. R. Evid. 702. Further, the admission of Palumbo’s
testimony would not change the result in this case, as discussed below.
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C. Nuisance Claim
In its summary judgment motion, the City argued that it was entitled to judgment as a matter
of law because it is immune from suit under the Governmental Tort Liabilities Act (“GTLA”). See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-201. The City also argued that it did not create a nuisance as a matter of
law. The district court agreed that Property Owners could not establish a nuisance claim as a matter
of law and did not reach the City’s GTLA argument.
It is undisputed that Tennessee law applies in this diversity action. Under Tennessee law,
“a nuisance extends to everything that endangers life or health, gives offense to the senses, violates
the laws of decency, or obstructs the reasonable and comfortable use of property.” Paduch v. City
of Johnson City, 896 S.W.2d. 767, 770 (Tenn. 1995) (quoting Pate v. City of Martin, 614 S.W.2d
46, 47 (Tenn. 1981)). “The cases in Tennessee considering municipal liability for nuisance establish
the following requirements: an inherently dangerous condition and affirmative action on the part of
the municipality. Both elements must be established before a nuisance can be found and the
distinction must be preserved between negligence, and omission of duty, and a nuisance, or active
wrong.” Id. at 771 (quoting Dean v. Bays Mountain Park Ass’n, 551 S.W.2d 702, 704 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1977)) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The district court concluded that the Property Owners failed to demonstrate that the City took
some affirmative act to create or maintain a nuisance. The court noted that the City did not plan,
design, or construct the ditch, which was constructed by a private developer who later dedicated an
easement to the City for maintenance. There is also no evidence that the ditch itself is “defective”
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or that the City failed to maintain it or keep it functioning. Indeed, there is no evidence that the ditch
“malfunctioned” from the time of its construction in the late 1960s until 1999. The court found that
the “real issue in this case is not whether the City has created or maintained a ‘malfunctioning’
channel but whether the City should be liable for the increase in storm water that periodically fills
the channel and causes flooding on Plaintiffs’ property.” R.E. 64 at 17. The City has not contributed
to the increase in storm water; rather, Plaintiffs admit that upstream development has caused
increased runoff. In essence, Property Owners “allege that the City has failed to improve the ditch
to keep pace with new development so that the ditch can carry greater volumes of storm water
without flooding Plaintiffs’ property. . . . Plaintiffs in essence ask the Court to order the City to
[redesign] the channel so that it can handle greater capacity.” Id. at 19. The court found no authority
for ordering such relief.
Property Owners contend that the district court erred by not following two unpublished Court
of Appeals of Tennessee decisions, Rucker v. Metropolitan Govt. of Nashville, 1990 WL 182275
(Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 28, 1990) and Morris v. City of Memphis, 1995 WL 72539 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Feb. 22, 1995), which they believe mandate a decision in their favor. In Morris, the plaintiffs’ home
was damaged when their subdivision flooded. After a bench trial, the trial court found that the
flooding was caused by a defective and dangerous sewer system. When the subdivision’s drainage
system was installed in 1974, it did not meet the design criteria in effect at the time. The drainage
requirements became more stringent in 1986. The City annexed the property in 1990, taking “under
its jurisdiction the defective and possibly dangerous sewer system.” Morris, 1995 WL 72539 at *4.
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There was evidence that the subdivision had “continual problems with inadequate drainage since
about 1985.” Id. The court found that the City “certainly should have known that the condition of
the sewer did not comply with the drainage requirements in effect at the time of annexation.” Id.
The court found that the City allowed a temporary nuisance to persist and issued a mandatory
injunction to abate the nuisance.
The district court found Morris “unpersuasive and factually distinguishable from the case at
bar.” R.E. 64 at 15. Unlike the sewer system in Morris, the drainage ditch here complied with the
required design criteria at the time it was constructed and at the time the City obtained the easement.
The sewer system in Morris never functioned properly, while “there is no evidence that the drainage
ditch [in this case] is or ever was defective in the same way that the sewer system in Morris was.”
Id. at 16. Further, although the City increased the drainage requirements for new channels in 1987,
it did not apply those requirements to existing infrastructure. Thus, the drainage ditch here does not
fail to comply with the design criteria applicable to it, whereas the sewer system in Morris did not
comply with the applicable design criteria at the time it was built or the more stringent standards
imposed in 1986. In addition, it appears that the City negligently maintained the sewer system in
Morris, whereas there is no evidence that the City negligently maintained the drainage ditch here.
Perhaps more important, the court in Morris did not analyze whether the plaintiffs stated a
prima facie case of nuisance by demonstrating that the City undertook an “affirmative act” or “active
wrong” to create the nuisance. See Morris, 1995 WL 72539 at *4. Contrary to Plaintiffs’ argument,
Morris does not necessarily stand for the proposition that the annexation of a defective drainage
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system or the failure to “maintain” it are sufficient “affirmative acts” that render a municipality liable
for creating a nuisance; this issue was simply never addressed. As the Tennessee Supreme Court has
made clear, “the distinction must be preserved between negligence, and omission of duty, and a
nuisance, or active wrong.” Paduch, 896 S.W.2d. at 771. The failure to upgrade a drainage ditch,
which is the essence of Plaintiffs’ claim, falls into the category of negligence rather than nuisance.
Morris does not speak to this issue.
Plaintiffs also contend that the district court should have followed Rucker v. Metropolitan
Govt. of Nashville, 1990 WL 182275 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 28, 1990). In Rucker, the municipality
was found liable for negligence in a wrongful death action when a motorist drowned in her car after
the road flooded. The drainage system in the area was found to be “defectively designed, structurally
unsound and inadequate.” Id. at *2. Despite addressing a similar subject matter – drainage systems
– Rucker is inapplicable here. Rucker is a wrongful death case in which the City’s negligence was
at issue. Here, Plaintiffs’ claim is for nuisance, not negligence. Rucker did not address in any way
whether the defective drainage system constituted a nuisance. Accordingly, it is inapposite. The
district court did not err in declining to follow Rucker or Morris.
The district court found Britton v. Claiborne County, 898 S.W.2d 220 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)
and Miller v. City of Brentwood, 548 S.W.2d 878 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1977) to be more pertinent to this
case. In Britton, the plaintiff’s property fronted a county road. The plaintiff never had water runoff
flood her property, which was lower than the road, until a nursing home and other homes were
constructed on the property across the street. The property owner across the road filled in a natural
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ditch, causing flooding on the plaintiff’s property every time it rained. The plaintiff sued the county
for failing to maintain the road and ditch in a safe condition. The court found that the county was
not liable because it never had maintained the natural ditch and because the was no proof that the
road itself was defective or dangerous. The court noted that the county did not cause or contribute
to the water runoff and stated that “where property owners are damaged by natural water runoff
created by private individuals or entities, their recourse is against those creating the runoff – not
against the county or municipality.” Britton, 898 S.W.2d at 223-24 (citing Miller, 548 S.W.2d at
883). See also Miller, 548 S.W.2d at 882-83 (city not liable for upstream construction that resulted
in more surface water runoff on the plaintiff’s property; plaintiff’s cause of action is against “the
owners of property which is producing the unnatural amount of surface water”).
As the district court noted, Property Owners have admitted that the development of
surrounding property has increased the volume of water in the drainage ditch, leading to the flooding
of their property. This is consistent with the fact that Plaintiffs’ property did not experience flooding
until 1999, nearly thirty years after the ditch was constructed. There is no evidence that the ditch
itself was not maintained or constituted a dangerous condition. It is the increased upstream runoff,
not any condition of the ditch or any affirmative act of the City, that is creating the problem.
Property Owners do not dispute this fact or distinguish Britton or Miller. Nor do Property Owners
cite authority for the proposition that the City should be ordered to upgrade the drainage ditch under
the circumstances of this case. Accordingly, this court finds that the district court did not err in
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dismissing Plaintiffs’ nuisance claim, because Plaintiffs have failed to identify an affirmative act on
the part of the City that created the nuisance. See Paduch, 896 S.W.2d at 771.
D. Costs
Property Owners also appealed the district court’s award of costs in favor of the City,
contending that costs should not have been awarded because the City should not have prevailed on
the merits below. Because we affirm the order granting summary judgment in favor of the City, we
also affirm the order granting costs.
III.
The district court’s order granting the City of Memphis’ motion for summary judgment and
the order granting costs in favor of the City are AFFIRMED.
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HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge, concurring. Because I conclude that Property
Owners’ action could properly be brought only under the Governmental Tort Liabilities Act, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 29-20-201, Peterson v. Putnam Cnty., No. M2005-02222-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL
3007516, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 19, 2006); Britton v. Claiborne Cnty., 898 S.W.2d 220, 222
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1994), and Property Owners steadfastly maintain that they do not proceed under that
statute, I concur in the affirmance.
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