United States v. Counterman

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0017n.06
Filed: January 6, 2005
No. 03-2599
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
ROBERT JACK COUNTERMAN, JR., ) MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
)
)
Before: Siler, Sutton, and Farris,* Circuit Judges
SILER, Circuit Judge. Defendant Robert Jack Counterman, Jr. appeals his sentence for
moving a stolen motor vehicle and a stolen firearm across state lines. In his brief filed by counsel
and in his complaint against his counsel, he argues that the district court erred by: 1) calculating his
offense level based on his possession of a semi-automatic weapon instead of a pistol; 2) upwardly
departing on his criminal offense level; 3) issuing sentences consecutive to unexpired state
sentences; and 4) ordering restitution without a full accounting. We AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND
*
The Honorable Jerome Farris, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
No. 03-2599
United States v. Counterman
In June 2003, Counterman was arrested for transporting two stolen vehicles across state lines.
An inventory search of the vehicles uncovered six stolen firearms, including a Grendel .380 caliber
pistol and a Norinco 7.62 x 39 mm rifle. At the time of his arrest, Counterman was wanted in
Michigan for absconding parole. He pled guilty to a two-count Superceding Information in which
he was charged with the interstate transportation of one stolen vehicle and the stolen Grendel pistol.
The United States Probation Office prepared a Presentence Report (“PSR”), in which it
determined that Counterman should pay $ 35,200 in restitution based on a preliminary loss estimate.
The PSR also recommended 168 to 210 months of imprisonment because Counterman had a
criminal offense level of 30 and 22 criminal history points, placing him in level VI. Because the
maximum sentence for transporting a stolen motor vehicle is only 120 months, the PSR suggested
that the federal sentences run consecutive to each other and to his unexpired state sentences. It also
recommended a three-point upward departure for Counterman’s under-represented criminal history.
The district court added one point to Counterman’s offense level for an under-represented
criminal history score, but it approved a three-level downward departure for his assistance in the
prosecution of his partner. As a result, Counterman’s guideline range was 140 to 175 months of
imprisonment because he had an offense level of 28 and a criminal history level of VI.1 Counterman
was sentenced to serve 120 months for transporting the vehicle and 48 months for transporting the
firearm to be served consecutively to each other, for a total of 168 months, and to the undischarged
Michigan sentences. The court also ordered $ 35,200 in restitution.
1
The district court determined that Counterman had 20, not 22, criminal history points. The
PSR recommended adding two points because it equated absconding parole to escape status.
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United States v. Counterman
II. DISCUSSION
A. Offense Calculation
Because Counterman did not object to the offense calculation at sentencing, we review for
plain error. See United States v. Carr, 170 F.3d 572, 577 (6th Cir. 1999). The district court
calculated Counterman’s base offense level at 26 because, although he was only charged with
possession of a pistol, “the offense involved a [semi-automatic] firearm.” USSG § 2K2.1(a)(1). The
Norinco rifle qualifies as such a weapon. See 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(30)(2003). Counterman’s
argument that the rifle cannot be used to calculate his offense level is without merit. The Guidelines
define “the offense” as “the offense of conviction and all relevant conduct.” USSG § 1B1.1,
comment. (n.1(H)) (emphasis added). Likewise, “relevant conduct” includes “all acts . . . committed
. . . by the defendant . . . that occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction.” USSG
§ 1B1.3 (a)(1)(A). Because the rifle was in Counterman’s possession at the time of his arrest, it is
relevant conduct that can be used to calculate his base offense level. See United States v. Gilbert,
173 F.3d 974, 979 (6th Cir. 1999)(“relevant conduct” necessarily includes conduct that was not the
basis for the underlying conviction).
Counterman also argues that the district court impermissibly “double counted” by adding two
points to his criminal offense level under USSG § 2K2.1(b)(4) because the weapons were stolen.
His reliance on Application Note 12 is misplaced. The version of it in effect when he was sentenced
states, “If the only offense to which § 2K2.1 applies is 18 U.S.C. § 922(i) . . . and the base offense
level is determined under subsection (a)(7), do not apply the adjustment in subsection (b)(4) unless
the offense involved a firearm with an altered or obliterated serial number.” USSG § 2K2.1,
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No. 03-2599
United States v. Counterman
comment. (n.12). However, his base offense level was determined under subsection (a)(1), not
(a)(7), so Application Note 12 does not apply, and there is no “double counting.” Therefore, the
district court did not commit plain error in the determination of Counterman’s offense level.2
B. Upward Departure
Because Counterman only challenges the extent of the upward departure, we review for
abuse of discretion. 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e)(3); see also United States v. Anderson, 353 F.3d 490, 507
(6th Cir. 2003). The Sentencing Guidelines specifically allow upward departures if the defendant’s
“criminal history category substantially under-represents the seriousness of the defendant’s criminal
history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes.” USSG § 4A1.3(a).
Counterman’s criminal history points placed him well above the Category VI threshold. See
United States v. Osborne, 948 F.2d 210, 214 (6th Cir. 1991) (24 criminal history points justifies
upward departure); United States v. Belanger, 892 F.2d 473, 475 (6th Cir. 1989) (29 criminal history
points justifies upward departure). Furthermore, he committed over thirty burglaries, which are
potentially violent crimes. See United States v. Wood, 209 F.3d 847, 850 (6th Cir. 2000). The
2
Counterman also claims that the district court erred by adding six points to his offense level
after he admitted to stealing over fifty firearms during his dealings with his partner. He does
concede that two points should be added to his offense level because he was arrested with six
firearms. Any error, however, would be harmless because § 2K2.1(b)(4) imposes a maximum
offense level of twenty-nine points prior to applying § 2K2.1(b)(5) and later adjustments. Because
Counterman has a base offense level of twenty-six and an upward adjustment of two, the additional
adjustment of either two or six points would place Counterman above the maximum level of twenty-
nine.
Counterman additionally argued that all evidence of the fifty firearms should be suppressed
because it was gathered using improper police tactics. We need not reach this issue because, for the
reasons noted above, simply adding the two conceded points to the offense level already takes
Counterman beyond the Guidelines’ maximum.
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United States v. Counterman
district court was shocked at Counterman’s record, noting that it was “without question one of the
longest and most alarming criminal records of anyone this Court has ever seen.” It found that
Counterman was “incapable of living in a society outside a highly structured environment because
of [his] proclivities and the choices [that he] made in life.” For these reasons, the district court did
not abuse its discretion by upwardly departing one point.
C. Consecutive Sentences
The district court ordered that Counterman’s sentences be served consecutive to each other
and to unexpired terms in Michigan. Because he did not object to this issue below, we again review
for plain error. Counterman claims that the district court erred when it ordered his two federal
sentences to run consecutively. The statutory maximum penalty for each of Counterman’s offenses
is ten years, or a total of twenty years. 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(a)(2), 2312. His Guideline range was 140-
175 months. Because the maximum sentence for transporting the stolen vehicle would only be 120
months, the district court did not err in running the second sentence consecutive to the first. USSG
§ 5G1.2(d). Although the district court’s sentence was more than the minimum sentence for
Counterman’s Guideline range, it did not err by sentencing him within the range. See United States
v. Mayle, 334 F.3d 552, 567 (6th Cir. 2003) (affirming consecutive sentence of 360 months of
imprisonment when the guideline range was 292-365 months).
Counterman also argues that his federal sentence should not run consecutive to his
undischarged sentences in Michigan. Although there is authority to issue mandatory consecutive
sentences under USSG § 5G1.3(a), see United States v. Raleigh, 278 F.3d 563 (6th Cir. 2002)
(parole absconder can be treated as if an escapee), the district court did not commit error because
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No. 03-2599
United States v. Counterman
it had discretionary authority to issue consecutive sentences under § 5G1.3(c). In exercising its
discretion, the court must consider the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), including, inter alia,
the seriousness of the offense, protecting the public, and deterring the offender. The district court
gave reasons for imposing consecutive sentences when it noted that Counterman was a career
criminal, and that he would unlikely reform while in prison. Thus, Counterman cannot show plain
error.
D. Restitution
Counterman failed to object to the amount of restitution at the trial level; therefore, we
review for plain error. United States v. Koeberlein, 161 F.3d 946, 951 (6th Cir. 1998). His
argument that the district court erred in not affording him a full accounting is without merit because
the restitution order “meets the requirement of basic fairness.” Id. at 952. Although a more precise
appraisal was not available, the one stated in the PSR adequately reflected the loss suffered, and
Counterman cannot show plain error.
Counterman also argues that it was improper for the district court to order restitution in the
amount of the whole loss, because his co-conspirator was ordered the same. However, the district
court has discretion to order restitution jointly and severally among co-conspirators, so it did not
commit plain error.
AFFIRMED.
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