Collette v. Stein Mart, Inc., et

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0091n.06
Filed: February 8, 2005
No. 03-2101
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
KIM COLLETTE, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
STEIN-MART, INC., ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
A Florida Corporation, )
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
)
BEFORE: SUTTON and COOK, Circuit Judges; ALDRICH, District Judge.*
ALDRICH, District Judge. Ms. Collette worked at a clothing store owned by Stein Mart,
Inc. (“SM”). She went to a Christmas party held at the home of an assistant manager after work
hours on a Sunday night. On Monday, Collette reported to work. On Tuesday, however, she did
not report to work, and her lawyer notified SM that general manager John Davidson had sexually
harassed her at the party. SM immediately suspended Davidson and initiated an investigation, but
Collette did not return to work. The following Monday, SM terminated Davidson. SM advised
Collette of this and asked her to return, but she never did. She claims constructive discharge.
Collette filed suit in district court, alleging that SM committed sex discrimination by
permitting a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., as amended, and Michigan’s Elliot-Larson Civil Rights Act, MCL § 37.2101
______________________
* The Honorable Ann Aldrich, United States District Judge, Northern District of Ohio,
sitting by designation.
et seq. (“MELCRA”).1 The court granted summary judgment to SM, finding that the harassment
was not sufficiently severe or pervasive to create a hostile work environment. The court also held
that SM had an affirmative defense under the Supreme Court’s Ellerth and Faragher decisions
because (1) it exercised reasonable care to prevent harassment and promptly foreclosed any
possibility of further harassment, and (2) Collette unreasonably failed to take advantage of
corrective opportunities. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On July 30, 2001, SM hired Collette as an associate in its new Portage, Michigan store. The
store’s staff included GM John Davidson and assistant managers Debbie Schafer and Jessie Schmidt.
Collette admits that she worked comfortably with all three on a daily basis. See JA 171-77.
On Sunday, December 2, 2001, Davidson, Schmidt and Schafer held a party at Schmidt’s
home. After the store closed around 6:00 p.m., Collette and departmental managers Jennifer
Overmyer and Amy Harbin bought beer and sat together in Collette’s car drinking and talking. Then
they drove to Schmidt’s home, arriving at about 7:00 p.m. Seven people were in attendance:
Davidson, Schmidt, Schafer, Collette, Overmyer, Harbin, and a Janel Raber. See JA 181-87.
Collette alleges that when she arrived, Davidson was already intoxicated and soon began to
direct sexual comments at her and engage in unwelcome sexual behavior that humiliated her.
Between her arrival and around 8:30-9:00 p.m., Davidson (1) pulled Collette onto his lap and said
1
The court also granted SM summary judgment on Collette’s claim for intentional
infliction of emotional distress. Collette does not appeal that part of the decision.
Davidson is not involved in the appeal, as Collette stipulated to the voluntary
dismissal without prejudice of her claims against him. At oral argument Collette’s
counsel explained that she has sued Davidson in state court.
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“come sit on Daddy’s lap”; (2) sang her a song entitled “The Roof is on Fire” and told her he would
blow her through the roof with his large penis; and (3) told her he would “f— her until she squealed
like a pig,” which he illustrated by imitating pig noises. See JA 213, see also JA 187-91 (Collette
dep. at 38 to 42).
The partiers then played a game, during which Collette sat on the floor. Davidson sat behind
her and pushed himself against her, asking if she could “feel that,” referring to his penis. Davidson
told Collette that he knew she was married but would like to “do her.” He bragged about his
prowess and said that sex with him would be “so good.” The game lasted about thirty minutes. See
JA 17-18; JA 193-97. The record does not disclose whether Collette and Davidson interacted
between the game’s conclusion at 9:00-9:30 and 10:30 p.m.
At about 10:30 Collette spoke with Schmidt and told him that Davidson was “out of line,”
whereupon Schmidt told her to ignore Davidson and never discuss the incident again. See JA 196-
98. Collette went back to the living room and sat on the sofa next to Overmyer; Davidson joined
them and the three talked. Davidson put his arm around Collette and placed his hand on her thigh.
She got off the sofa, went to the kitchen, and told Schafer that someone had to talk to Davidson
because he was “out of line.” Schafer suggested Collette was partly at fault because she had
laughed at some of Davidson’s behavior. Dissatisfied, Collette left the party. See JA 199-201.
The next day, Monday, December 3, Collette worked a 5 to 9 p.m. shift, while Davidson,
Schmidt and Schafer stood behind her whispering. See JA 202-204 and 208. Collette did not bring
Davidson’s conduct the night before to anyone else’s attention. On Tuesday, December 4, however,
Collette did not report for work, and her attorney advised SM counsel O’Toole that Davidson had
sexually harassed her at the party. It is undisputed that O’Toole (1) immediately began investigating
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by calling Davidson, Schmidt and Schafer, (2) suspended Davidson pending the outcome, and (3)
contacted SM District Director Monty Bibb and asked him to come to Portage to investigate. Bibb
arrived on Friday, December 6 and took written statements from everyone who had been at the party.
On three occasions SM contacted Collette’s counsel and unconditionally asked her to return
to work: by phone on December 7, while Davidson was suspended; by letter on January 16, 2002,
over a month after SM terminated Davidson; and by letter in August 2002. Both letters advised
Collette that Davidson no longer worked for SM, but she refused to return to work. See JA 209-11.
In March 2002 Collette filed a charge with the EEOC, which issued a right to sue letter.
Collette brought suit in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan, alleging that
SM violated Title VII’s prohibition on sex discrimination by intentionally “creating an objectively
hostile and intimidating work environment of the severity which” injured her. She further alleged
that SM ratified Davidson’s conduct, thereby creating “an objectively intimidating and hostile and
offense [sic] work environment” in violation of MELCRA. See id. ¶¶ 14-22 (JA 19-21). In August
2003 the district court granted summary judgment to SM, and Collette timely appealed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See Bridgeport Music, Inc.
v. Diamond Time, Ltd., 371 F.3d 883, 889 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). The district court’s
findings of fact are reviewed only for clear error. See Howard v. City of Beavercreek, 276 F.3d 802,
805 (6th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). Where there are no disputed material facts, however, we
simply determine de novo whether the district court properly applied the governing legal principles.
See Farhat v. Jopke, 370 F.3d 580, 588 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).
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III. COLLETTE’S TITLE VII CLAIM
A. Legal Standard: Summary Judgment
The purpose of a motion for summary judgment is to determine if genuine issues of material
fact exist to be tried. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). As the party seeking
summary judgment, SM bore the burden of showing that the pleadings, depositions, interrogatory
answers, admissions and affidavits established the absence of genuine issues of material fact. See
id. at 323. SM had to discharge that burden by showing that there was an absence of evidence to
support Collette’s case. See id.
Summary judgment was appropriate if Collette failed to establish the existence of an element
essential to her case, and on which she would have borne the burden of proof at trial. See Whitley
v. Spencer Cty. Police Det., 178 F.3d 1298, 1999 WL 196499, at *2 (6th Cir. Mar. 26, 1999) (citing
Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322). Collette was not entitled to rest on her pleadings, but had to come
forward with evidence that would allow a rational factfinder to find in her favor. See Bridgeport
Music, 371 F.3d at 889 (citation omitted). Because Collette was opposing summary judgment, her
factual allegations were to be believed and all justifiable inferences drawn in her favor. See DiCarlo
v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 415 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). But the ultimate burden of
demonstrating the existence of a genuine issue of material fact always remained on Collette. See
id.
B. Employer Liability for Supervisor Sexual Harassment under Title VII
1. Sexual Harassment Giving Rise to Hostile Work Environment
Title VII provides, in pertinent part: “It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an
employer ... to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with
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respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such
individual's ... sex ....” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Collette alleged that SM allowed the harassment
to create a hostile work environment which resulted in her constructive discharge.
To hold SM liable, Collette had to show that she was subjected to unwelcome harassment
based on her sex, the harassment created a hostile work environment, and SM failed to take
reasonable action to prevent and correct the harassment. See Schramm v. Slater, 2004 WL 1595195,
at *4, __ Fed. Appx. __ (6th Cir. July 14, 2004) (citing Williams v. GMC, 187 F.3d 553, 560-61 (6th
Cir. 1999)). To establish a hostile environment she had to show that the harassment was
“sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [her] employment.” Meritor Savings Bank
FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67 (1986) (internal citations omitted).
2. Constructive Discharge in the Wake of Sexual Harassment
Yates v. Avco Corp., 819 F.2d 630 (6th Cir. 1987) is our seminal decision on constructive
discharge. There we held that “[p]roof of discrimination alone is not a sufficient predicate for a
finding of constructive discharge; there must be other ‘aggravating factors.’January 25, 2005” Id.
at 637. “The plaintiff must show more than a Title VII violation to prove constructive discharge,
so the fact that plaintiff may have proven a hostile work environment is not enough by itself to prove
constructive discharge also.” Moore v. KUKA Welding Systems & Robot Corp., 171 F.3d 1073,
1080 (6th Cir. 1999). This heightened constructive discharge standard requires an objective
assessment of the employee’s feelings, and an inquiry into the employer’s intent and the
foreseeability of the impact its conduct had on the employee. See Peters v. Lincoln Elec. Co., 285
F.3d 456, 478 (6th Cir. 2002).
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The objective inquiry focuses on whether “working conditions would have been so difficult
or unpleasant that a reasonable person in the employee’s shoes would have felt compelled to resign.”
Smith v. Henderson, 376 F.3d 529, 533-34 (6th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted); see also Pa. State
Police v. Suders, __ U.S. __, 124 S. Ct. 2342, 2347 (2004) (plaintiff must show that “the abusive
working environment became so intolerable that her resignation qualified as a fitting response.”).
The “employer” inquiry focuses on whether the employer intended the work environment
to cause the employee to resign. See Yates, 819 F.2d at 637; accord MacGregor v. Mallinckrodt,
Inc., 373 F.3d 923, 928 (8th Cir. 2004) (“constructive discharge occurs when an employee resigns
after the employer has created an intolerable working environment in a deliberate attempt to compel
such a resignation”) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). In ascertaining the employer’s intent, the
court may consider whether it was reasonably foreseeable that the harassment and the employer’s
handling of it would cause the employee to resign. See Moore, 171 F.3d at 1080. Under this test,
“the feelings of a reasonable employee would not be enough to show discharge without at least some
foreseeability on the part of the employer.” Starks v. New Par, 181 F.3d 103, 1999 WL 357757, at
*5 (6th Cir. May 11, 1999) (quoting Yates, 819 F.2d at 637).
3. Employer’s Liability for Supervisor’s Sexual Harassment of Employee
The Supreme Court distinguishes between supervisor harassment unaccompanied by an
adverse official act and supervisor harassment accompanied by “a tangible employment action.”
An employer is strictly liable for supervisor harassment that “culminates in a tangible employment
action, such as discharge, demotion, or undesirable reassignment.” Burlington Industries v. Ellerth,
524 U.S. 742, 765 (1998); accord Faragher v. Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 808 (1998). But when
the employer takes no tangible adverse action, it may raise a defense comprised of two elements:
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“(a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually
harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any
preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise.”
Suders, __ U.S. at __, 124 S.Ct. at 234 (quoting Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 765). This is known as the
Ellerth/Faragher defense.
C. Discussion 2
We need not consider the district court’s holding that Collette failed to make a prima facie
case of hostile work environment sex discrimination and constructive discharge, because even if she
had, SM had a meritorious Ellerth-Faragher defense. “[W]hen no tangible employment action is
taken, the employer may defeat vicarious liability for supervisor harassment by establishing, as an
affirmative defense, both that ‘the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct
promptly any sexually harassing behavior,’ and that ‘the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to
take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid
harm otherwise.’” Suders, 124 S. Ct. at 2253-54 (citations omitted).
Collette alleges constructive discharge, but the Supreme Court recently held that “an
employer does not have recourse to the Ellerth/Faragher affirmative defense when a supervisor’s
official act precipitates the constructive discharge; absent such a ‘tangible employment action,’
however, the defense is available to the employer whose supervisors are charged with harassment.”
2
Harassment is actionable under Title VII “only if it is so severe and pervasive as to
alter the conditions of [the victim’s] employment and create an abusive working
environment.” Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 270 (2001) (citations
and internal quotations omitted). The district court did not address whether the
harassment was sufficiently “severe or pervasive.” We need not address that issue
either, because other factors suffice to sustain the grant of summary judgment to SM.
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Suders, 124 S. Ct. at 2351; see also id. at 2355 n.9 (“Tellingly, we stated that Ellerth ‘ha[d] not
alleged she suffered a tangible employment action,’ despite the fact that her complaint alleged
constructive discharge.”) (quoting Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 766). Thus constructive discharge cannot
serve as an adverse employment action for this purpose, since SM took no action that could be
construed as such against Collette. Therefore SM may assert the Ellerth-Faragher defense.
1. SM Could Not Have Known About the Harassment Until at Least Dec. 3
It is undisputed that the only harassment took place on the night of Sunday, December 2.
Collette did not report it to SM’s counsel or upper management until Tuesday, December 4, but she
complained to assistant managers Schmidt and Schafer on the night of the 2nd. They could have
informed SM’s counsel or upper management of Collette’s complaint when they went to work on
Monday the 3rd. If they did not do so, SM would have first learned of Collette’s complaint when her
counsel contacted SM’s on Tuesday the 4th. Cf. Courtney v. Landair Transport, 227 F.3d 559, 565
(6th Cir. 2000) (“It was not until December 4, 1996, when defendant received the lawyer’s letter
asking defendant to stop the harassment, that defendant had notice of the harassment.”).
Moreover, Collette testified that she worked comfortably with Davidson and everyone else
without incident in the months before the party, so SM had no reason even to suspect that Davidson
or anyone else might harass her. Cf. Stone-Graves v. Coop. Elevator Co., 2003 WL 1867921, at *6
(E.D. Mich. Mar. 12, 2003) (plaintiff had praised alleged harasser’s “exceptional management” and
“affirmatively indicated that she had no complaints with any other employees or customers,” so a
jury could not find that the employer had notice of the alleged harassing behavior).
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Thus SM could not have known about Collette’s allegation until at least Monday, December
3. Compare Stevens v. USPS, 21 Fed. Appx. 261, 264, 2001 WL 1298955, at *2 (6th Cir. Aug. 7,
2001) (employer had no reason to know of alleged harassment before employee reported it) with
Minnich v. Cooper Farms, 39 Fed. Appx. 289, 2002 WL 1396910 (6th Cir. June 26, 2002) (genuine
issued existed as to whether employer knew or should have known about harassment, as plaintiffs
had complained numerous times over course of months).
2. SM Took Sufficient Steps to Prevent Sexual Harassment Generally
The next element of the Ellerth/Faragher defense requires SM to show that it “exercised
reasonable care to prevent” this type of harassment.3 SM satisfies this element.
Preliminarily, there was no evidence that SM generally tolerated sexual harassment or did
not take it seriously. Contrast Dysert v. Whirlpool Corp., 167 F. Supp. 2d 967, 973 (N.D. Ohio
2001) (coworker confirmed plaintiff’s allegation that department where alleged harassment occurred
had “a sign reading ‘sexual harassment will not be tolerated, but will be graded’”). On the contrary,
it is uncontested that SM had policies explicitly prohibiting workplace sexual harassment and that
3
We had held that “mere negligence as to the content of the response cannot be
enough to make the employer liable. When an employer responds with good faith
remedial action, * * * it can be liable for sex discrimination in violation of Title VII
only if that remedy exhibits such indifference as to indicate an attitude of
permissiveness that amounts to discrimination.” Weigold v. ABC Appliance Co.,
2004 WL 1543165, at *7-8 (6th Cir. July 7, 2004) (quoting Blankenship v. Parke
Care Ctrs., 123 F.3d 868, 873 (6th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1110 (1998)).
Ellerth and Faragher, however, speak of the employer’s duty to exercise “reasonable care”
in fashioning a remedy for unlawful discrimination. Thus an employer may be held liable
when its remedial response is merely negligent, however well-intentioned. See Madeja v.
MPB Corp., 821 A.2d 1034, 1042-43 (N.H. 2003) (Ellerth and Farragher effectively
overruled Blankenship); cf. Petty v. DHL Airways, 176 F. Supp. 2d 773, 778 (S.D. Ohio
2003) (employer’s reliance on Blankenship was misplaced); Farra v. GMC, 163 F. Supp. 2d
894, 906 n.8 (S.D. Ohio 2001) (discussing compatibility of Blankenship with Ellerth).
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it distributed materials informing the employees of these policies. SM’s “Standard Operating
Procedures” memorandum on Sexual Harassment stated, in part:
Policy
Stein Mart is committed to providing a work environment for all associates that is free from
all forms of discrimination, including harassment. Harassment of an associate because of
the associate’s ... sex ... is a form of discrimination and will not be tolerated. Any associate
who engages in such conduct will be made to bear the full responsibility of [sic] such
unlawful conduct and will be subject to appropriate discipline up to and including
termination of employment.
Prohibited Conduct
***
While it is impossible to provide an exhaustive list of the types of behavior that could
constitute harassment or sexual harassment, the following list contains examples of behavior
that will not be tolerated:
• Unwanted sexual advances, flirtation, or propositions;
• Verbal abuse of a sexual nature, including offensive noises and gestures;
• Explicit or degrading comments or jokes about another individual or his or her
appearance, race, age, etc.
• The display of sexually suggestive pictures or objects;
• Any offensive or abusive physical contact;....
***
Reporting Harassment
Any associate who believes that he or she has been the victim of harassment or sexual
harassment, or who has witnessed such behavior, or who has any knowledge of such
behavior should promptly report it to his or her immediate supervisor. If the associate’s
immediate supervisor is involved in the conduct, or if for any other reason the associate is
not comfortable reporting it to the immediate supervisor, the associate should report the
behavior to the Store Manager, Regional Vice President, Director of Associate Relations,
or the Vice President of Human Resources.
Associates can use the following toll-free telephone number to contact any member of
management at Stein Mart’s corporate headquarters, including Kevin O’Toole, Director of
Associate Relations, and Hunt Hawkins, Vice President of Human Resources: * * *
Associates may also mail information to corporate headquarters at: * * *
JA 132, 133. The policy promised thorough and appropriate remedial action. See JA 134. On the
day Collette was hired, she signed a form acknowledging that she had received, read and understood
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the policy. She also testified that assistant manager Schmidt went over the policy with her during
her orientation. See JA 135 (signature page) and JA 178-80 (Collette dep. at 21:17 to 23:12).
The Supreme Court has stated, “While proof that an employer had promulgated an anti-
harassment policy with complaint procedure is not necessary in every instance as a matter of law,
the need for a stated policy suitable to the employment circumstances may appropriately be
addressed in any case when litigating the first element of the defense.” Faragher, 524 U.S. at 807.
We have elaborated that giving employees written notice of such policies and how they are enforced
constitutes an adequate general preventive measure. See Leugers v. Pinkerton Security &
Investigative Servs., 205 F.3d 1340, 2000 WL 191685, at *3 (6th Cir. Feb. 3, 2000); accord Roelen
v. Akron Beacon Journal, 199 F. Supp. 2d 685, 693-94 (N.D. Ohio 2002).
Our decision in Leugers was unpublished and therefore not binding precedent. It bears
noting, then, that other Circuits also treat the existence of an anti-harassment policy (with complaint
procedures) as strong evidence that the employer took sufficient general measures to prevent
harassment. See An v. Regents of Univ. of Calif., 2004 WL 188192, at *5, 94 Fed. Appx. 667, 674
(10th Cir. Feb. 2, 2004) (“the sexual harassment policy and its dissemination generally evidence
appropriate efforts to prevent sexual harassment”); Caridad v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 191
F.3d 283, 295 (2d Cir. 1999) (“not necessarily dispositive” but “an important consideration”), cert.
denied sub nom. Metro-North Commuter R.R. v. Norris, 529 U.S. 1107 (2000); Gawley v. Indiana
Univ., 276 F.3d 301, 312 (7th Cir. 2001) (“In the face of this evidence that the university had a
procedure in place to handle harassment, Gawley has no evidence that the university failed to
exercise reasonable care in preventing ... the harassing behavior”).
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The employer cannot merely have an anti-harassment policy; it must also disseminate or
publicize it. See Frederick v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 246 F.3d 1305, 1314-15 (4th Cir. 2001). It
is undisputed that by the time of the party, Davidson had received and understood SM’s anti-
harassment policy. See JA 97-99, 105. SM still had to show, of course, that it took adequate
corrective measures after learning of Collette’s particular complaint, i.e. that it enforced its policy.
3. SM Acted Promptly and Decisively to Stop the Specific Sexual Harassment
As noted above, SM initiated an investigation, including interviews of everyone else who
attended the party, as soon as Collette relayed her complaint to SM’s counsel. “The most significant
immediate measure an employer can take in response to a sexual harassment complaint is to launch
a prompt investigation to determine whether the complaint is justified.” Swenson v. Potter, 271 F.3d
1184, 1193 (9th Cir. 2001). By doing so, “the employer puts all employees on notice that it takes
such allegations seriously and will not tolerate harassment in the workplace.” Id.
SM also immediately suspended Davidson pending investigation, then terminated him six
days later. There were only two days when Collette could have been forced to work in the same
store with Davidson: Monday, December 3, when her counsel had not yet reported the harassment
to SM, and Tuesday, December 4, when SM learned of the allegation and suspended Davidson.
SM’s corrective measures epitomized how a responsible employer should act when
confronted with an allegation of employment discrimination. By comparison, in one case the
plaintiff complained that management did not immediately assign work schedules that kept her apart
from her harasser, requiring her to work with him for three days. “Under the circumstances,” we
held, “a three-day delay does not constitute an unreasonable failure to take prompt corrective
action.” Stevens v. USPS, 21 Fed. Appx. 261, 264, 2001 WL 1298955, at *2 (6th Cir. Aug. 7, 2001);
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see also Harris v. Lincoln Electric, 54 F. Supp. 2d 719, 724 (N.D. Ohio 1998) (employer did not
exhibit indifference by letting week and a half go by between victim’s request to be moved and
decision to move her away from harasser), aff’d o.b., 181 F.3d 101, 1999 WL 357770 (6th Cir. May
14, 1999).4
4. Collette Unreasonably Failed to Avail Herself of Corrective Measures
The last element of the Ellerth/Faragher defense requires the employer to show that the
plaintiff failed to take advantage of opportunities to prevent or correct the harassment. SM satisfies
this element. Collette knew she could call a toll-free number to elevate her complaint directly to
headquarters, but she never did so. See JA 211-12. Most significantly, knowing that SM had
terminated Davidson, Collette failed to avail herself of the ultimate corrective opportunity: returning
to work with the harasser permanently out of the picture.
As we stated in a similar case, “after her complaint to ... management resulted in the firing
of one supervisor and the disciplining of another, Plaintiff knew that the company would take any
other complaint seriously. ... [N]o reasonable person in Plaintiff’s situation would have felt forced
to quit when she did.” Montero v. Agco Corp., 192 F.3d 856, 861 (9th Cir. 1999). Cf. Stacy v.
Shoney’s, 955 F. Supp. 751, 756 (E.D. Ky. 1997) (“Because Stacy never returned to work ..., she
cannot show that Shoney’s action was ineffective.”), aff’d, 142 F.3d 436, 1998 WL 165139 (6th Cir.
Mar. 31, 1998); contrast Stewart v. Cartessa Corp., 771 F. Supp. 876, 881 (S.D. Ohio 1990) (“Based
4
See also, holding that employer did enough to avoid liability, Fenton v. HiSan, Inc.,
174 F.3d 827, 830-31 (6th Cir. 1999) (immediately relayed complaint to HR, met with
alleged harasser five days later, and moved his workstation, and further action was
rendered unnecessary by accuser’s resignation); Wathen v. GE, 115 F.3d 400, 406-
407 (6th Cir. 1997) (terminated one harasser, disciplined another, and publicly
apologized to victim); Flenor v. Hewitt Soap Co., 81 F.3d 48 (6th Cir.) (reprimanded
harasser, and harassment stopped thereafter), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 863 (1996).
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upon a history of nonresponsiveness to her complaints about [harasser]’s conduct, plaintiff declined
to return to work after her meeting with the president,....”) (emphasis added).
IV. COLLETTE’S MELCRA CLAIM
A. Legal Standard
When interpreting state law, we look first and foremost to decisions of the state’s own courts.
See Bernstein v. Lopez, 321 F.3d 903, 909 (9th Cir. 2003) (Pregerson, J. dissenting). If state court
precedent is definitive, we must follow it. See Foster v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 714 F.2d 654, 657
n.3 (6th Cir. 1983) (citation omitted). Under MELCRA, “an employer may not discriminate on the
basis of sex, and this also prohibits sexual harassment.” James v. TCF Nat’l Bank, 2003 WL
22161828, at *1 (Mich. App. Sept. 18, 2003) (citing Chambers v. Trettco, Inc., 614 N.W.2d 910
(Mich. 2000)). “Sexual harassment includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors,
and other verbal or physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature if: (1) submission to the
conduct of communication is made a term or condition, either explicitly or implicitly, to obtain
employment; (2) submission to or rejection of the conduct or communication is used as a factor in
determining the individual’s employment; or (3) the conduct or communication has the purpose or
effect of substantially interfering with an individual’s employment by creating a hostile
environment.” James, 2003 WL 22161828 at *1 (citing Mich. C.L. 37.2103(i) and Chambers, 614
N.W.2d 910).
To establish a sexual harassment claim based on a hostile work environment under
MELCRA, Collette had to show that she belonged to a protected group, that she was subjected to
unwelcome sexual conduct or communication on the basis of her sex which was intended to or did
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substantially interfere with her employment or created an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work
environment. See James, 2003 WL 22161828 at *1 (citing Chambers, 614 N.W.2d 910).
The court considers whether, under all the circumstances, a reasonable person would
perceive the conduct at issue as substantially interfering with his employment or as having the
purpose or effect of creating a hostile, intimidating, or offensive employment environment. See
James, 2003 WL 22161828 at *2 (citing Burns v. City of Detroit, 660 N.W.2d 85 (Mich. 2002),
modified in part o.g. and app. denied in part, 658 N.W.2d 468 (Mich. 2003)). See, e.g., Shepard
v. Uniboring, 72 Fed. Appx. 333, 335-36, 2003 WL 21782604, at *1-2 (6th Cir. July 31, 2003)
(supervisor’s offensive and annoying comments and behavior, without physical touching or
threatening, did not create hostile work environment under MELCRA), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 124
S. Ct. 1435 (2004).
Unlike federal case law interpreting Title VII, a hostile work environment claim under
MELCRA requires the employee to show that the harassment was “sufficiently severe and persistent
to affect seriously [her] psychological well being.” Langlois v. McDonald’s Restaurants of Mich.,
385 N.W.2d 778, 782 (Mich. App. 1986).
Once an employee satisfies the elements of a hostile work environment sex discrimination
claim, he can hold the employer liable under MELCRA for his supervisor’s harassing behavior only
if he shows that “the employer failed to take prompt and adequate remedial action after having been
put on notice of the sexual harassment.” Schemansky v. California Pizza Kitchen, 122 F. Supp. 2d
761, 772 (E.D. Mich. 2000) (citing Radtke v. Everett, 501 N.W.2d 155 (Mich. 1993)).
Moreover, under Michigan case law, a single incident is generally insufficient to constitute
a hostile work environment unless it was “severe and perpetrated by an employer in a closely-knit
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working environment.” James, 2003 WL 22161828 at *2 (citing Radtke v. Everett, 501 N.W.2d 155
(1993) (employer physically restrained employee for more than one minute while he tried to kiss
her)). See, e.g., Langlois, 385 N.W.2d 778 (hostile work environment not created by one incident
where supervisor requested “some fun” and touched employee on breast and buttocks).
B. Discussion
For the reasons discussed in the Title VII analysis, Collette’s MELCRA claim fails because
she did not raise a genuine issue as to whether the unwelcome conduct or communication
substantially interfered with her employment or created an intimidating, hostile or offensive work
environment. Similarly, Collette did not raise a genuine issue as to whether she was constructively
discharged. See, e.g., Hartleip v. McNeilab, Inc., 83 F.3d 767, 775-76 (6th Cir. 1996) (applying
Michigan law); Selph v. Gottlieb’s Financial Servs., 35 F. Supp. 2d 564, 568 (W.D. Mich. 1999)
(under Michigan law, female employee’s testimony that male coworker ceased alleged harassment
one day after she reported it precluded finding that she was constructively discharged).
Lastly, even if Collette showed a genuine issue as to each element of her MELCRA claim,
as a matter of law SM took prompt, decisive action to ensure that Davidson could never harass her
again. Under Michigan law, the critical test of whether the employer’s corrective action was
adequate is whether it stopped the harassment. See Houghtaling v. Bay Med. Ctr., 1997 WL
33353513, at *1 (Mich. App. Mar. 14, 1997) (“Defendant’s actions were effective in that the doctor
was thwarted from future misconduct, as evidenced by the fact that he did not harass plaintiff again
after the initial incident.”), app. denied, 577 N.W.2d 685 (Mich. 1998).
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V. CONCLUSION
“It is a fair question to ask who should bear the responsibility for a single incident of
supervisor sexual harassment, an innocent employee like [Collette] or an employer like [Stein Mart]
who effectively stops the harassment after it learns about it. One could argue [that Stein Mart]
should bear the risk of supervisor sexual harassment, as opposed to the innocent [Collette].
However, the Court has rejected this theory of vicarious liability. * * * The underlying theme under
Title VII is employers should nip harassment in the bud. That is exactly what happened here.”
McCurdy v. Arkansas State Police, 375 F.3d 762, 772 (8th Cir. 2004). Therefore we affirm the grant
of summary judgment to Stein Mart.
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COOK, Circuit Judge, concurring. I agree with the majority that Stein Mart established
entitlement to the Ellerth-Faragher affirmative defense to Title VII liability and, similarly, that its
prompt remedial response foreclosed Collette’s sexual harassment claims under Michigan law.
Accordingly, I concur in the decision to affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Stein Mart.
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