Teresa Watts v. United Parcel Service

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0310n.06
No. 08-3779
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS May 20, 2010
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
TERESA WATTS, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
) DISTRICT OF OHIO
UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, )
)
Defendant-Appellee. ) OPINION
______________________________ )
)
Before: KENNEDY, MOORE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. In this employment discrimination action, Plaintiff
Teresa Watts appeals from the district court’s orders granting Defendant United Parcel Service
(UPS) judgment as a matter of law on Watts’ “regarded as” disability claim, denying Watts’ motion
for judgment on the special verdicts returned on her sex discrimination claim after the first of two
jury trials, and granting UPS a new trial on the sex discrimination claim. We AFFIRM in part and
REMAND for new trial on the disability claim.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Teresa Watts began working for UPS in 1990 at its Hamilton, Ohio, facility. In April 1999
Watts became a package car driver. Between 1999 and 2004, Ms. Watts was the only female among
the 29 full-time package car drivers at the Hamilton facility.
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No. 08-3779
In June 2000, Watts sustained a serious back injury while unloading her delivery truck.
Watts was initially found to have an acute back sprain; she was later diagnosed with a disc
herniation. Watts was placed on leave and was unable to return to work for nearly two years as result
of her injury. UPS certified the injury as work-related and provided care. For approximately a year
of that time, Watts received workers’ compensation benefits including health insurance and
temporary total disability (TTD) payments in the amount of 60% of her regular salary. After the
year, Watts no longer received medical insurance or pension benefits through the company, but
continued to receive the TTD payments. Also, the treatment for her work-related injury continued
to be covered by UPS. UPS continued to approve various treatments for Watts’ injury until July
2002. During that period, Watts’ physicians represented to UPS that Watts remained unable to work,
and submitted estimated possible return-to-work dates to UPS.
According to Watts, at some point in Spring 2002 she began a physical therapy program in
order to get stronger, with the intention of returning to work. In July 2002, UPS sent Watts to an
independent medical examination to determine whether she had reached “maximum medical
improvement” as defined by the Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (BWC). The independent
examiner, Dr. Mullens, determined that Watts had reached maximum medical improvement –
allowing UPS (after the requisite BWC proceedings) to terminate Watts’ TTD payments. Dr.
Mullens also noted that Watts had related to him that she was very much interested in returning to
work and that she felt she could perform her duties. He recommended “a gradual return to the
normal work place with the ability to perform unrestricted work, however, in a restricted time
2
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frame,” for example, “a 20 hour work week gradually building up to a normal 40 hour work week
over an eight week period of time.” (Appendix (App.) 484.)1
Watts’ TTD payments were terminated in November 2002. At this point, the parties’
accounts diverge. Watts claims that by then she was ready and able to return to work. She cites Dr.
Mullens’ July 2002 assessment and a November 2002 release to return to work part time with
restrictions by her treating physician. (App. 485). At trial, UPS Case Manager Supervisor Andrew
Germann admitted that he knew Watts wanted to return to work as of Fall 2002. (App. 186.) In
contrast, UPS contends that even after Watts’ TTD benefits stopped, Watts and her doctors
continued to indicate that she could not work in any capacity. UPS cites 1) Watts’ December 2002
appeal of the cessation of her TTD benefits, which UPS views as “an indication that she and her
doctors believed she was unable to return to her package car position or to work light-duty,” 2)
Watts’ November 2002 application for Social Security disability benefits, which required Watts to
affirm that she was currently disabled and that she “became unable to work because of [her]
disabling condition on June 29, 2000,” and 3) Watts’ February and September 2003 requests to
reconsider the denial of the application. (App. 508, 511-12).
Beginning around November 2002, Watts sought to participate in UPS’s light-duty
Temporary Alternative Work (TAW) program for employees recovering from on-the-job injuries.
(App. 296.) For two years, UPS refused to grant Watts’ requests to return to work (via the TAW
program). Watts testified that she was initially told that she first needed a full return-to-work
1
The parties submitted separate appendices, but paginated them consecutively. We will
simply refer to appendix documents by their page number.
3
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medical release, and was later told that there was no work for her to do. (App. 296-97.) Watts’
union steward also received similar information from UPS.2 At trial, UPS Case Manager Supervisor
and TAW decision-maker Andy Germann explained the reasons for each denial. According to UPS,
the TAW program has two eligibility requirements – 1) that the employee’s injury is work-related
according to the BWC, and 2) that the employee has a full medical release to return to normal duty
with no restrictions within 30 days. With regard to Watts’ November 2002 doctor’s release, UPS
concluded that because the doctor stated that Watts would not be able to return to her package car
position without restrictions until three months later, she did not meet the 30-day requirement. Watts
submitted December 2002 and January 2003 doctor’s releases that did meet the 30-day requirement.
(App. 192-93, 513.) However, UPS concluded that because Watts – after receiving a new diagnosis
of degenerative disc disease in December 2002 – was then being treated for a non-allowed (i.e., not
work-related) condition, she was not eligible for TAW.3 (App. 192-93.)
2
Union steward Gary Abraham testified that Gary Kaufmann, business manager of the
Hamilton facility, gave him varying reasons for denying Watts’ requests. Abraham testified that,
over the course of several conversations with Kaufmann, Kaufmann told him 1) that he did not have
any work for Watts at that time, 2) that Watts needed a full unconditional release to return from
work, 3) that it was “out of [Kaufmann’s] hands,” and 4) that Kaufmann thought Watts was only
coming back to re-establish her insurance benefits. (App. 68-71.) Watts also testified that she heard
a phone conversation between Kaufmann and Abraham (Abraham had included her via a three-way
call) in which Kaufmann told Abraham that he “couldn’t afford to take [Watts] back,” and that
Abraham’s request was “falling on deaf ears.” (App. 299.) At trial, Kaufmann testified that he did
not remember the content of any conversations with Abraham about Watts, but specifically denied
telling Abraham that he did not have any work for Watts, that Watts needed an unconditional release
to return, that he could not afford to take Watts back, or that Abraham’s request was falling on deaf
ears. (App. 276-78.)
3
Around this point, Watts filed with the BWC to add annular tears and a herniated disc, then
later “degenerative disc disease,” to her claim. In July 2003, the BWC hearing officer allowed Watts
4
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Watts testified that UPS never told her that she was denied because she was being treated for
a non-allowed condition. (App. 297.) Watts also offered the testimony of three male UPS package
drivers, James Schroot, Thomas Heineman, and Gary Abraham, whom she argued were assigned to
TAW without meeting the two eligibility requirements UPS cited. (Appellant’s Br. 15-17.)
In January 2003, Watts filed a union grievance alleging discrimination, which was denied.
(App. 487-88.) According to Watts’ trial testimony, after the grievance hearing, UPS Labor Manager
Pete Dames suggested that Watts seek an accommodation for a disability under the ADA.4 (App.
308-09.) Watts officially requested a job-related accommodation in March 2003. (App. 308-09,
490-91.) In July 2003, UPS officials in its Chicago regional office (not including the TAW decision-
makers at the Hamilton facility) denied Watts’ request because she was not eligible for an
accommodation under the ADA. (App. 492.)
In March 2003, Watts filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC alleging sex and
disability discrimination (App. 493.) She filed a second charge of discrimination in July 2003
alleging sex discrimination and retaliation (App. 494). In August 2003, Watts filed suit in federal
to add the annular tears and herniated disc claims and found them to be work-related. The hearing
officer found that the degenerative disc disease was not a part of Watts’ work-related injury and
denied treatment (including work hardening) for it. (App. 552-55.) In December 2003, Watts
requested to add “aggravation of pre-existing degenerative disc disease” as an allowed claim. In
February 2004, the hearing officer found that the condition was not directly or causally related to
Watts’ workplace injury and denied the request. (App. 561-62.)
4
Dames testified that he did not “suggest” that Watts seek an ADA accommodation, but
rather that he gave her the information because the subject came up at the grievance hearing.
5
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court alleging sex and disability employment discrimination and retaliation in violation of federal
and state laws.
In July 2004, the BWC changed course somewhat and concluded that the medical treatment
Watts was receiving “is directed toward the allowed condition of annular tears and disc herniations.”
(App. 567.) This meant that Watts was now being treated for a work-related condition. UPS
appealed the decision and lost. In November 2004, Watts’ doctor submitted a release to UPS stating
that Watts could return to light-duty work for four hours per day. (App. 572-73.) After clarifying
with Watts’ doctor that she would be able to return to work with no restrictions within 30 days, UPS
approved Watts for the TAW program. Watts began TAW on December 4, 2004. Thereafter she
returned to her driver position.
The district court conducted a jury trial in March 2006. At the conclusion of Watts’
case-in-chief, UPS moved for judgment as a matter of law on all claims. After hearing oral
argument, the district court granted the motion with regard to the disability discrimination claim and
denied the motion with regard to the sex discrimination and retaliation claims. At the conclusion
of the trial, the district court gave the jury charge and submitted special verdict forms to the jury.
The jury returned a verdict finding Watts entitled to $140,504.40 in back pay and $60,000 in “other”
damages. However the jury’s yes/no special verdict answers were contradictory. Both parties moved
for judgment, offering different interpretations of the jury verdict. In March 2007, the district court
granted judgment in favor of UPS on the sex discrimination claim, set aside the special verdicts
concerning retaliation and amount of damages, and ordered a new trial on the retaliation claim. Id.
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Watts moved for a new trial on the sex and disability discrimination claims. After receiving
briefing from both parties and holding a hearing, the district court granted Watts’ motion as to the
sex discrimination claim, and denied it as to the disability discrimination claim.
In April 2008, the district court5 conducted a second jury trial on the sex discrimination and
retaliation claims. The jury returned a verdict in favor of UPS. Watts timely appealed the district
court’s final judgment. Concerning her disability discrimination claim, Watts challenges the district
court’s decision granting judgment as a matter of law to UPS and its later order partially denying her
motion for new trial. With regard to the sex discrimination claim, Watts challenges the district
court’s order denying her motion for judgment on the special verdicts.
DISCUSSION
I. “Regarded As” Disability Discrimination Claim
A. Standard of Review
The district court granted UPS judgment as a matter of law on the plaintiff’s Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) claim, before submission to the jury, pursuant to the defendant’s motion
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a). Such decisions are reviewed de novo. See Diamond
v. Howd, 288 F.3d 932, 935 (6th Cir. 2002). “In entertaining a motion for judgment as a matter of
law, the court is to review all evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable
to the non-moving party, without making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.”
Jackson v. FedEx Corporate Services, Inc., 518 F.3d 388, 392 (6th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted).
5
By the parties’ consent, the magistrate judge presided over the second trial.
7
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Judgment as a matter of law becomes appropriate when “a party has been fully heard on an issue and
there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that
issue.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1). “In other words, the decision to grant judgment as a matter of law
or to take the case away from the jury is appropriate whenever there is a complete absence of
pleading or proof on an issue material to the cause of action or when no disputed issues of fact exist
such that reasonable minds would not differ.” Jackson v. Quanex Corp., 191 F.3d 647, 657 (6th Cir.
1999) (citations and quotations omitted).
B. “Regarded As” Disability Law
Under the ADA, “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual with
a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job application procedures, the
hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other
terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). A first step then involves
determining whether the plaintiff has a disability. See Monette v. Electronic Data Sys. Corp., 90
F.3d 1173, 1185 (6th Cir. 1996).6 In this regard, the ADA provides the following:
(2) Disability
“The term “disability” means, with respect to an individual--
6
Because Watts presents circumstantial evidence in order to meet her burden, the McDonnell
Douglas burden-shifting framework applies, requiring Watts to first make out a prima facie case.
See Macy v. Hopkins County School Bd. of Educ., 484 F.3d 357, 364 (6th Cir. 2007). To establish
a prima facie case of discrimination in violation of the ADA, a plaintiff must show that “1) he or she
is disabled; 2) otherwise qualified for the position, with or without reasonable accommodation; 3)
suffered an adverse employment decision; 4) the employer knew or had reason to know of the
plaintiff's disability; and 5) the position remained open while the employer sought other applicants
or the disabled individual was replaced.” Id. at 365 (citation omitted).
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No. 08-3779
(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the
major life activities of such individual;
(B) a record of such an impairment; or
(C) being regarded as having such an impairment.
42 U.S.C.§ 12102 (2008) (emphasis added).7 Watts claims that she falls under § 12102(2)(C) – that
is, she claims not that she actually was disabled, but that she was so regarded by her employer.
Putting together the requirements of subsections (A) and (C), Watts must show that her employer
regarded her as having a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of her
major life activities. The Supreme Court has explained,
There are two apparent ways in which individuals may fall within this statutory
definition: (1) a covered entity mistakenly believes that a person has a physical
impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, or (2) a covered
entity mistakenly believes that an actual, nonlimiting impairment substantially limits
one or more major life activities. In both cases, it is necessary that a covered entity
entertain misperceptions about the individual – it must believe either that one has a
substantially limiting impairment that one does not have or that one has a
substantially limiting impairment when, in fact, the impairment is not so limiting.
Sutton v. United Air Lines, 527 U.S. 471, 489 (1999).
Watts alleges that UPS regarded her as disabled with regard to the major life activity of
working. “When the major life activity under consideration is that of working, the statutory phrase
‘substantially limits’ requires, at a minimum, that plaintiffs allege they are unable to work in a broad
class of jobs.” Id. at 491. The plaintiff’s disability must be viewed as “significantly
7
In 2008, the ADA was modified by the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendment Act
(“ADAAA”), Pub. L. No. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3553. The act broadened the definition of disability
in § 12102, and Watts claims that the amended version should be applied to her appeal. However,
we have recently held that “the ADA Amendments Act does not apply to pre-amendment conduct.”
Milholland v. Sumner County Bd. of Educ., 569 F.3d 562, 567 (6th Cir. 2009).
9
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restrict[ing][her] ability to perform either a class of jobs or a broad range of jobs in various classes
as compared to the average person having comparable training, skills and abilities.” Wysong v. Dow
Chemical Co., 503 F.3d 441, 452 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(i)); see also
Milholland v. Sumner County Bd. of Educ., 569 F.3d 562, 568 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he inability to
perform a single, particular job does not constitute a substantial limitation on [a plaintiff’s] life
activity of working.”); Sutton, 527 U.S. at 492 (“[O]ne must be precluded from more than one job,
a specialized job, or a particular job of choice.”).
This court has explained the challenges that this inquiry poses:
Proving that an employee is regarded as disabled in the major life activity of working
takes a plaintiff to the farthest reaches of the ADA. It is a question embedded almost
entirely in the employer’s subjective state of mind. Thus, proving the case becomes
extraordinarily difficult. Not only must a plaintiff demonstrate that an employer
thought he was disabled, he must also show that the employer thought that his
disability would prevent him from performing a broad class of jobs. As it is safe to
assume employers do not regularly consider the panoply of other jobs their
employees could perform, and certainly do not often create direct evidence of such
considerations, the plaintiff’s task becomes even more difficult. Yet the drafters of
the ADA and its subsequent interpretive regulations clearly intended that plaintiffs
who are mistakenly regarded as being unable to work have a cause of action under
the statute. Whether Ross is such a plaintiff lies in the question of whether Campbell
Soup Co. regarded him as substantially limited from performing a broad class of jobs.
In cases such as this one, where there is substantial evidence that an individual’s
medical status played a significant role in an employer’s decision to fire that
individual, combined with evidence that the employer concocted a pretextual
justification for that firing, the need for more extensive factual inquiry into whether
the employer engaged in unlawful discrimination is especially acute. We therefore
conclude that Ross has presented sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of
material fact as to the company’s state of mind during the events that led to his firing.
Ross v. Campbell Soup Co., 237 F.3d 701, 709 (6th Cir. 2001) (entitling the plaintiff, who alleged
back pain, to a jury trial under the circumstances). Because a “regarded as” prima facie case turns
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upon the employer’s state of mind, evidence of pretext – generally used in a post-prima-facie case
inquiry evaluating motive or discriminatory intent – can help a plaintiff make out a prima facie case
that the defendant employer regarded him or her as disabled. Id. at 708.
When a defendant flatly bars a plaintiff from working at any job at the defendant’s company,
that is generally sufficient proof that the employer regards the plaintiff as disabled in the major life
activity of working so as to preclude the defendant being awarded judgment as a matter of law. For
example, in Wysong v. Dow Chemical Co., 503 F.3d 441 (6th Cir. 2007), a panel considered the
plaintiff’s claim that she was told by her employer Dow that because of her “condition of drug
dependency,” she could not return to work “until she was completely off pain medications” and had
received “a [medical] release to work without restrictions.” Id. at 453. When this was combined
with the fact that Dow did not offer Wysong any other job at the company, the court concluded that
“[a] reasonable fact finder could conclude that, under the facts presented, Dow perceived Wysong
as being unable to work anywhere at the plant, and thus, unable to perform the same broad class of
work anywhere else.” Id. This court reached the same result in Henderson v. Ardco, Inc., 247 F.3d
645 (6th Cir. 2001). In Henderson, the plaintiff returned to work with a letter from the doctor that
included restrictions on her physical capacities. The Ardco plant manager did not permit Henderson
to resume work and explained, “You know what company policy is . . . you have to be 100 percent
to work here.” Id. at 647. The panel concluded that because the defendant had essentially told the
plaintiff that there was no job for her anywhere in the company until she was completely healed,
there was sufficient evidence that the defendant regarded her as disabled in a wide spectrum of jobs
to defeat the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. See, id. at 654.
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In contrast, it is insufficient for a plaintiff to merely show that he or she was regarded as
disabled in the sense of being unable to do one particular job or even a narrow class of jobs. See,
e.g., Daugherty v. Sajar Plastics, Inc., 544 F.3d 696, 706 (6th Cir. 2008) (granting summary
judgment, when defendant employer believed plaintiff’s back condition and medication levels
precluded him from “performing the dangerous machinery functions required of the particular job
of maintenance technician . . . but did not regard him as unable to perform a broad class or range of
jobs in the maintenance field or other categories of employment”); McKay v. Toyota Motor Mfg.
U.S.A., Inc., 110 F.3d 369, 373 (6th Cir. 1997) (concluding that carpal tunnel syndrome, which only
prevented the plaintiff from performing a narrow range of assembly-line jobs, was not an impairment
that substantially limited her general ability to work); Mahon v. Crowell, 295 F.3d 585, 591-92 (6th
Cir. 2002) (concluding that a plaintiff with a history of back problems nonetheless was not
substantially limited in his ability to work in a broad class of jobs); Black v. Roadway Express, Inc.,
297 F.3d 445, 454-55 (6th Cir. 2002) (concluding that a plaintiff’s knee injury did not prevent him
from performing a broad class of truck driving jobs).
C. Analysis
The district court concluded that UPS did not regard Watts as disabled, and granted UPS’s
motion for judgment as a matter of law. The court briefly explained,
This Court also eliminates the ADA claim. Under the evidence as it exists now from
Plaintiff’s point of view, and I’ve reviewed it at the time of the summary judgment
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as well as here, she was perceived solely that she could not do the job at the given
time. It wasn’t a permanent situation; it wasn’t a long-term situation.8
(App. 107.)
Watts contends that there are several sources of evidence from which a jury could have
concluded that TAW decision-makers at UPS regarded her as disabled. She argues that the fact that
she was consistently denied TAW despite the documentation by physicians that she could return to
work demonstrates that the denial decisions were not based on medical conclusions about her
condition, but rather stereotypes about her injury. She points to Business Manager Kaufmann’s
statement that he did not have a job for her and that he would not return her to work until she could
provide a full and unconditional medical release as describing the same type of “100%-healed” rule
present in Henderson. Watts also contends that UPS’s nondiscriminatory reasons for her being
denied TAW are pretext because the two eligibility requirements the company states are not
legitimate program requirements and have not been applied to others who qualified for TAW
8
Directly after making this statement, the district court referenced as the “ADA situation”
Watts’ being denied disability accommodation by UPS regional officials, causing Watts to argue that
the district court incorrectly understood that to be her disability claim rather than her “regarded as”
claim based upon UPS’s November 2002-November 2004 TAW denials. However, Watts twice
clarified her claim to the court, once during the argument immediately after the court made the above
statement, App. 108-09, and also when Watts filed the motion for new trial. At the hearing on UPS’s
motion for judgment as a matter of law, the court more or less maintained its original position,
stating “To me, Ms. Watts is not disabled. She may have been retaliated against, she may have had
sex discrimination, but she wasn’t discriminated against because of any disability or any perceived
disability.” (App. 110.) In denying the motion for new trial, the court noted its approval of the
arguments advanced in UPS’s briefing, which had included that UPS did not consider Watts’
abilities to perform in a broad range of jobs, and that the company’s statements and TAW denials
represented at most the determination that Watts could not do her job within thirty days. (App. 630;
R. 114 at 8-11.)
13
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positions. Finally, Watts argues that Labor Manager Dames’ suggestion that she seek an
accommodation for her disability under the ADA, is evidence that UPS officials regarded her as
disabled.
UPS counters that all decisions made concerning Watts’ participation in the TAW program
were based upon the program requirements and documentation submitted by Watts’ physicians. The
company argues that even if it did misperceive Watts’ ability, Watts could not have met the standard
because the company never assessed Watts’ ability with regard to whether she was precluded from
working in a broad range of jobs. Company officials only considered her potential participation in
TAW, which only involved an evaluation of her ability to perform the essential functions of her
regular job within 30 days. Finally, UPS argues that even if Dames and Kaufmann did make the
statements Watts claims they did, UPS is still entitled to judgment as a matter of law because the
men are not sufficiently connected to the TAW decision-making process.
The TAW program involved a broad range of light duty jobs – Watts’ potential participation
in it would certainly mean that UPS did not regard her as disabled. But, UPS did not allow Watts
to participate in TAW from November 2002 (when UPS first denied TAW) to December 2004 (when
Watts was given a TAW assignment). To justify its denials, UPS relies on Watts’ failure to meet
the two eligibility requirements of the TAW program: 1) that Watts be able to return to full duty (in
her regular job) within 30 days, and 2) that Watts’ injury must be one that the Industrial Commission
of the Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (BWC) has determined is a work-related injury. UPS
contends that the requirements come from the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between
Watts’ union and the company. The BWC-certified work-related-injury requirement is derived from
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the CBA provision which describes TAW as a “program designed to provide temporary work
opportunity to those employees who are unable to perform their normal work assignments due to an
on-the-job injury.” (App. 517.) The 30-day-full-duty requirement comes from the CBA’s rules on
seniority, specifically that because any UPS job with a duration of 30 days or more becomes a
permanent job that can be bid upon, in order to keep TAW jobs for temporarily injured workers, UPS
must limit TAW jobs to 29 days. (App. 518.) UPS explains that “[b]ecause of the seniority rule,
the information from the employee’s treating physician must demonstrate that the employee will
likely be able to perform the essential functions of her job within a 30-day work period to be eligible
for TAW.” (Appellee’s Br. 3-4.)
There is reason to question the legitimacy of these eligibility requirements – particularly the
30-day-full-duty requirement. Even assuming that the CBA does dictate TAW rules, the full-duty
requirement as the company states it does not follow from the CBA seniority provision.9 The need
to limit a TAW job to 29 days or less does not necessitate the additional requirement that the worker
who had filled that job return to her regular job without restriction. Indeed, at least two other UPS
employees testified that they did not return to full-duty work in their previous position after working
their TAW periods. See Testimony of Jim Schroot, App. 39 (stating that he did not go back to work
after TAW for one of his injuries and that no one at UPS informed him he would need to return to
9
One of the ways by which a plaintiff demonstrates pretext is “by showing that the
employer’s stated reason for the adverse employment action . . . is insufficient to explain the
employer’s action.” Risch v. Royal Oak Police Dept., 581 F.3d 383, 391 (6th Cir. 2009).
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full duty within 30 days); Testimony of Gary Abraham, App. 73 (stating that when he worked TAW
he did not have an unconditional release to go back full-time).
The 30-day-full-time requirement is also problematic because it conflicts with language in
another UPS document describing TAW. A document entitled “Temporary Alternate Work” that
Watts maintains is UPS’s written policy on TAW, does not contain the 30-day-full-time requirement,
and specifies that “TAW can occur at any time.” (App. 497.) UPS argues that the document is not
UPS’s written TAW policy and that any conflict must be resolved in favor of the CBA agreement.
Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to Watts, however, a jury could have found that
the document does represent UPS policy.10 Further, the document only necessarily conflicts with
the guideline that UPS has extrapolated from the CBA agreement; there is no necessary conflict with
the CBA seniority provision itself, which would merely prevent TAW from lasting longer than 29
days. Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Watts, there is reason to
conclude that UPS’s TAW denials – at least any that depended on the 30-day-full-duty requirement
– are pretext.
10
UPS argues that the document is not UPS’s written policy on TAW because most UPS
witnesses had not seen it until just before trial, none identified it as such at trial, and it conflicts with
the way in which UPS administers TAW. However, Germann, the individual who according to UPS
was responsible for TAW decisions, reviewed the document during his training and was told to be
familiar with it. (Germann Testimony, R. 70 at 8-12.) In addition, the CBA states that any TAW
program “shall be reduced to writing.” (App. 517.) UPS did not offer any alternative written
documents describing UPS’s TAW program, leaving the document Watts cites as the only UPS
document (excluding the CBA between UPS and the union) describing the TAW program in the
record.
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As in Ross, there is significant evidence that the reasons supporting the employer’s adverse
action were illegitimate.11 Ross instructs that this type of pretext evidence “may tend to prove that
[an employer] regarded [its employee] as a disabled employee.” 237 F.3d at 708.12
Watts further argues that two additional pieces of evidence link UPS’s TAW denials to a
perceived disability. She points to 1) Kaufmann’s statements that he did not have any work for her
at that time, and that he would not return her to work until she could provide a full and unconditional
medical release, and 2) Dames’ suggestion that she seek an accommodation for her disability.13 UPS
argues that the statements are not relevant to showing the company’s perception of Watts in refusing
to grant TAW because neither Kaufmann nor Dames is a TAW decision-maker. This is probably true
as to Dames. Although the written TAW document lists Dames’ position (Labor Manager) among
the eight personnel positions that select and approve TAW assignments, there is no evidence that
Dames took part in the decisions not to grant TAW to Watts. The record is mixed as to Kaufmann’s
11
In Ross, the plaintiff was fired after receiving negative performance evaluations and falling
well short of sales goals. But, Ross’s employer had greatly increased his sales goals after Ross had
missed work due to a back injury. There was other evidence that the employer had stacked the deck
against Ross – while still employed, Ross received a letter notifying him of his eligibility for
COBRA benefits, and Ross’s supervisor asked another official when they could “bring this problem
person to a termination status.” Id. at 704.
12
See id. at 709 (“the implications of Campbell’s pretext are twofold: first it provides
evidence as to the company’s discriminatory intent in firing Ross, and second, because it tends to
prove discriminatory intent, the evidence of pretext may also tend to show that Campbell Soup Co.
regarded Ross as disabled.”).
13
At trial, Watts and Abraham testified that the statements were made. Although both
Kaufmann and Dames denied making the statements, see supra notes 2 & 4, because the evidence
must be construed favorably to Watts, we consider these statements.
17
Watts v. UPS
No. 08-3779
role.14 In any case, Watts also testified at trial that Germann said both that she needed a full return-
to-work notice and that there was no work available for her. (ROA 296-97.) It is undisputed that
Germann was a TAW decision-maker.
In Henderson, this court interpreted an injured employee being told that she had to be
“100%” to work there as tending to indicate that the defendant regarded her as disabled in a wide
spectrum of jobs sufficient to defeat the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. See Henderson,
247 F.3d at 654. Similarly, in Wysong this court interpreted an employer’s statement that the
plaintiff could not return to work until she had received “a [medical] release to work without
restrictions” as evidence that the defendant “perceived Wysong as being unable to work anywhere
at the plant, and thus, unable to perform the same broad class of work anywhere else.” See Wysong,
503 F.3d at 453. The Kaufmann/Germann statements here – that there was no work for Watts
unless she could present a full medical release – present a situation similar to the full-medical-release
requirement in Wysong and the 100% rule in Henderson. The jury could have concluded that the
statement indicated that UPS perceived Watts as being unable to perform the broad class of jobs
available at the UPS Hamilton facility.
14
Like Dames’, Kaufmann’s position is included in the list of decision-makers on the TAW
document. But, Kaufmann and Germann describe Kaufmann’s role as limited to informing Germann
– after Germann had determined that an employee was eligible for TAW – whether there was a TAW
job available. And Watts affirmed this understanding on cross-examination. (ROA 339.) Still, both
Watts and Abraham testified that they had a lot of contact with Kaufmann in the TAW process.
(ROA 67-68, 296-97.) And, at trial the district court denied UPS’s motion to exclude Kaufmann’s
testimony on the ground that he was not a decision-maker. (ROA 267-68.)
18
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No. 08-3779
Alternatively, the jury could have interpreted the statement to reflect the more limited
understanding that there were no TAW jobs for Watts. This would not necessarily defeat Watts’
claim. The testimony revealed that TAW jobs encompassed many types of light duties, including
answering phones, filing, gassing up and washing vehicles, and that injured workers holding varied
regular positions had access to the program. Thus, a jury could conclude that UPS’s consistent
pretextual denials of TAW reflected that it regarded her as unable to perform in a broad class of jobs.
The jury heard evidence from which it could infer that UPS believed that Watts had a
substantially limiting impairment when, in fact, her impairment was not so limiting. Accordingly,
we cannot agree with the district court that there was no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a
reasonable jury to find for Watts on that issue. Compare Ross, 237 F.3d at 706 (“Under the
‘regarded as’ prong of the ADA, membership in the protected class becomes a question of intent.
And . . . that question – i.e., the employer’s motive – is one rarely susceptible to resolution at the
summary judgment stage.”) (quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we remand for a new trial on
Watts’ disability claim.
II. Harmonizing the Special Verdict
A. Standard of Review
“On appeal, a district court’s interpretation of a verdict rendered pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
49 is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” Radvansky v. City of Olmsted Falls, 496 F.3d 609, 618
(6th Cir. 2007); McHugh v. Olympia Entm’t, Inc., 37 F. App’x. 730, 2002 WL 1065948, at *6 (6th
Cir. 2002) (unpublished) (“We should be deferential to the determination of inconsistency made by
a district judge who has observed the jury during the trial, prepared the questions and explained them
19
Watts v. UPS
No. 08-3779
to the jury because he is in the best position to determine whether the answers reflect confusion or
uncertainty.”) (citations and quotations omitted).
B. Law on Special Verdicts
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 49(a) governs the procedure of special verdicts. See Portage
II v. Bryant Petroleum Corp., 899 F.2d 1514, 1519-21 (6th Cir. 1990). When faced with
inconsistency within special verdicts, the district court is obliged to try to harmonize the answers.
See, e.g., Gallick v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 119 (1963) (“[I]t is the duty of the courts
to attempt to harmonize the answers, if it is possible under a fair reading of them . . . We therefore
must attempt to reconcile the jury’s findings, by exegesis if necessary, before we are free to disregard
the jury’s special verdict and remand the case for a new trial.”); Atlantic & Gulf Stevedores, Inc. v.
Ellerman Lines, Ltd., 369 U.S. 355, 364 (1962) (“Where there is a view of the case that makes the
jury’s answers to special interrogatories consistent, they must be resolved that way.”). As this court
has stated, “we look for a reasonable way to read the answers to interrogatories as expressing a
coherent and reasonable view of the case” and “make this consistency determination by referring to
the jury charge and the total context of the special verdict.” Tipton v. Michelin Tire Co., 101 F.3d
1145, 1148 (6th Cir. 1996); cf. 9B CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE
AND PROCEDURE § 2510 (“it is the duty of the district court to attempt to harmonize the jury’s
answers, if it is at all possible under a fair reading of the responses.”).
C. Analysis
The four special verdict questions and jury answers pertaining to sex discrimination were:
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Watts v. UPS
No. 08-3779
1. Did Plaintiff Teresa Watts prove by a preponderance of the legal evidence that her
sex was a determining factor in Defendant UPS’s decision not to allow her to return
to work between November 2002 and November 2004?
(No)
2. Did Plaintiff Teresa Watts prove by a preponderance of the legal evidence that she
was treated differently than similarly-situated male employees because of her sex
with regard to participation in the TAW program?
(Yes)
3. Did Plaintiff Teresa Watts prove by a preponderance of the legal evidence that
Defendant UPS’s explanation for its decision not to allow Plaintiff to return to work
between November 2002 and November 2004 was a pretext for sex discrimination?
(No)
4. Did Plaintiff Teresa Watts prove by a preponderance of the legal evidence that
UPS intentionally denied Plaintiff the opportunity to return to work between
November 2002 and November 2004 because of her sex?
(No)
(R. 99 at 1-2.) The special verdict question and answer regarding damages read,
7. What amount of damages, if any, did Plaintiff Teresa Watts prove by a
preponderance of the legal evidence that she is entitled to recover?
(a) Backpay: $ 140,504.40
(b) Other: $ 60,000
(R. 99 at 3.)
The district court initially entered judgment in favor of UPS on the sex discrimination claims.
The court concluded that the one question to which the jury answered “yes” “relates to a prong of
Plaintiff’s prima facie case and does not equate to a determinative finding of intentional
discrimination.” (R. 99 at 5.) The court rejected Watts’ argument that the question’s phrasing –
21
Watts v. UPS
No. 08-3779
“that she was treated differently than similarly-situated male employees because of her sex”
(emphasis added) – prompted the ultimate issue in the case, and that by answering that question in
the affirmative, the jury found UPS had committed sex discrimination. Id. at 6. The court also
rejected Watts’ argument for harmonizing the “yes” answer on special verdict 2 with the negative
answer on 1, 3, and 4 – that special verdict 2 was the only question regarding “the TAW program,”
whereas the others asked about “returning to work.” Id. at 6 n.1. The court labeled the jury’s yes
vote on question 2 as an “apparent finding of disparate treatment,” and concluded that that alone did
not overcome the jury’s “overall finding of no intentional discrimination.” Id. at 7. The court
concluded that in light of its legal analysis no damage award would be warranted for sex
discrimination. But because the damages amounts submitted by the jury may have been related to
Watts’ retaliation claim (for which a new trial would be held), a new trial was necessary on damages.
Id. at 8.15
The court reconsidered its ruling upon Watts’ motion for a new trial. (App. 629, 631; R. 126
at 1.) Watts argued, inter alia, that only the “treated differently than similarly-situated male
employees” language in question 2 was consistent with the question being directed only to
establishing one element of a prima facie case of sex discrimination, and that the additional “because
of her sex” language was not a part of the prima facie framework of Title VII. (R. 111 at 7.) Watts
15
Judging by its placement on the form, the damages question pertains to both sex
discrimination and retaliation. (R. 99 at 1-3.) The jury’s findings with regard to retaliation were
similarly contradictory – the court submitted two repetitive questions to the jury and received
conflicting answers. (R. 99 at 2, 7-8.) Accordingly, it is not at all clear whether the damages amount
is associated with a finding of sex discrimination, or a finding of retaliation, or both. On appeal,
Watts does not challenge the district court’s decision to order a new trial on her retaliation claim.
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No. 08-3779
argued that the additional language could only have been understood by the jury as asking the
“ultimate question” (R. 111 at 7-8.) The court concluded that its earlier decision was incorrect, and
that the verdicts were irreconcilable. (App. 631.)
The district court did not abuse its discretion in ultimately concluding that the jury’s special
verdict answers could not be harmonized. By answering “no” to questions 1, 3, and 4, the jury
concluded that UPS did not discriminate against Watts because of her sex with regard to returning
her to work between November 2002 and November 2004. And the jury’s “yes” answer to question
2 can only be understood to squarely conflict with that conclusion.
1. The Special Verdict Questions
It is not surprising that the special verdict questions resulted in consistency problems, given
their unclear and overlapping nature.16 Because a court, in evaluating consistency, must construe the
jury’s answers “in the context of the surrounding circumstances of the case and in connection with
16
Apart from question 3, which clearly inquires about pretext, the remaining questions appear
to pose – in three different ways – the ultimate question whether Watts was discriminated against
because of her gender. Although there is some indication in the record of the origins of the language
of the four questions, the record is not at all clear why the district court selected these four questions
as representative of the legal points concerning the sex discrimination claim in this case. In the
attorneys’ conference with the judge concerning the jury charge and special verdicts, see R. 92, it
appears that the parties are objecting to a draft jury charge and special verdict document drafted by
the court. Though the court’s draft is not in the record, it was clearly based at least in part on the
parties’ earlier proposals, see R. 57-1 at 2; R. 58 at 38, 34 (revealing that special verdict question 1
came from Watts’ proposed questions, and special verdict question 2 came from UPS’s proposed
questions). The transcript of the conference does not reveal why the court included four separate
questions, or how numbers 1, 2, and 4 differ from each other. See R. 92 at 79-86. Nor do the
parties’ objections and exchanges with the court reveal which legal elements the questions are
intended to reflect. Id.
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No. 08-3779
the pleadings, instructions, and issues submitted,”17 this court must first consider whether the
information that the jury received from the court or the parties clarified the questions in any way or
otherwise modified the jury’s understanding of the text.
At closing argument, the parties did not explain the legal role of the set of questions, or
indicate how one was different from, or preliminary to, any other. For the most part, UPS’s attorney
simply read the special verdict question, and instructed the jury which answer would favor UPS’s
case. See R. 94 at 79 (UPS Attorney: “Question 2: Did Plaintiff Teresa Watts prove by a
preponderance of the legal evidence that she was treated differently than similarly-situated male
employees because of her sex with regard to participation in the TAW program? As we’ve already
discussed, the answer to that question is no.”). While Watts’ attorney did define terms like
“determining factor” and “pretext,” counsel did not explain the questions in relation to each other.
(R. 94 at 32-35.) Nor did the jury charge on sex discrimination shed light on the rationale behind
the special verdict questions.18 The charge incorporates the language of questions 1 and 2 and gives
17
9B CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE
§ 2510. See also Johnson v. Howard, 24 F. App’x. 480, 485 (6th Cir. 2001) (unpublished per curiam
opinion) (quoting Waggoner v. Mosti, 792 F.2d 595, 597 (6th Cir. 1986)) (“the consistency of the
jury verdicts must be considered in light of the judge’s instructions to the jury”).
18
The sex discrimination charge reads in full:
Under federal and state law, it is unlawful for an employer to intentionally
discriminate against any person with respect to compensation, tenure, or conditions
or privileges of employment because of such person’s sex.
In order for Teresa Watts to establish a claim of sex discrimination against
UPS, she has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the legal evidence that her
sex was a determining factor in UPS’s decision not to allow her to return to work
between November 2002 and November 2004. To prove her sex discrimination
24
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No. 08-3779
a definition for “similarly situated.” (R. 80 at 19.) It does happen to separate the “similarly situated”
and “because of her sex” language of question 2 into two separate sentences, although it is not clear
what effect that might have had, if any, on a juror later seeing the two concepts together in the same
question. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the comments of the court and the parties added
to the jury’s perception of the special verdict questions.
2. Watts Not Entitled to Verdict
On appeal, Watts again argues that the verdict can be harmonized in her favor by viewing
the special verdict answers as addressing “two distinct employment decisions,” one of which would
be the basis for judgment in her favor. Watts points out the fact that special verdict 2 was the only
question asking the jury to consider her not being allowed to participate in the TAW program; the
others ask about UPS not allowing her to return to work. Watts’ argument implicitly acknowledges
that the jury’s decisions in special verdicts 1, 3, and 4 are not consistent with special verdict 2, but
contends that the 1, 3, and 4 “no” answers do not taint the “yes” on question 2, because they do not
necessarily conflict with it.
claim, Teresa Watts must prove by a preponderance of the legal evidence that UPS
intentionally discriminated against her because of her sex. In deciding this issue, you
must decide whether she was treated differently than males who were similarly
situated.
To be deemed similarly situated, the other individuals to whom Teresa Watts
seeks to compare herself must have been subject to the same standards and have
engaged in the same conduct without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances
that would distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them. “Similarly
situated” means that the comparable employees are nearly identical in all relevant
respects.
R. 80 at 19.
25
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No. 08-3779
Although the language difference Watts raises is conspicuous, we reject this argument. The
record supports the understanding that UPS not allowing Watts to participate in TAW and UPS not
allowing Watts to return to work were presented to the jury as one and the same. The jury charge
language does not support the understanding that there are two separate potentially discriminatory
employment decisions in the case. The “Statement of the Case” section comes the closest to
separating out two employment actions. See Jury Charge, R. 80 at 17 (“The Plaintiff claims that
UPS denied her request to be assigned . . . TAW, and to return to work between November 2002 and
December 2004.”) (emphasis added). However, elsewhere, the jury charge uses only “return to
work” (and does not mention TAW) or references only TAW participation (and not “return to work”)
in a context in which it would not make sense for the court to be charging the jury as to only one of
two employment actions. See id. at 16 (the entire instruction on “Isolated, Stray Remarks” reads
“You are instructed that any comments regarding Plaintiff’s participation in the TAW program that
were not made by a decision maker should not be considered as legal evidence of discrimination or
retaliation.”) (emphasis added); id. at 17 (“UPS denies that it unlawfully discriminated against
Teresa Watts. UPS states that it denied the Plaintiff’s request for TAW because . . .”) (emphasis
added); id. at 19 (only relevant reference in entire section on “Sex Discrimination” is “In order for
Teresa Watts to establish a claim of sex discrimination . . . she has the burden of proving . . . that her
sex was a determining factor in UPS’s decision not to allow her to return to work between
November 2002 and November 2004.”) (emphasis added); id. at 20 (entire “Determining Factor”
section citing only UPS decision not allowing Watts to “return to work”) (emphasis added). Further,
the court and the parties used the descriptions interchangeably at trial, and Watts did not argue that
26
Watts v. UPS
No. 08-3779
she was attempting to “return to work” in any way other than participating in the TAW program.
Accordingly, there is real conflict in the jury’s verdict; we can identify no view of the case
that makes the jury’s answers consistent. Unless there is a legitimate reason that one of the special
verdict answers should trump another, the district court was correct to order a new trial.
3. General Verdict Considerations
Watts also argues that the jury’s special verdict answer awarding her both back pay and
“other” damages outweighs the portion of the jury’s negative answers on some sex-discrimination
questions. Watts emphasizes that, in considering the damages question, the jury was instructed “not
to award any damages unless [Watts] has established by a preponderance of the legal evidence that
the damage was caused by UPS’s actions,” and to award back pay “for any period during which she
was not allowed to return to work due to unlawful discrimination.” See Jury Charge, R. 80 at 24,
25. Regarding “other” damages, the court instructed the jury, “[t]o recover these damages, [Watts]
must prove by a preponderance of the legal evidence that she suffered the particular injury and that
the injury was a direct result of UPS’s unlawful discrimination or retaliation.” Id. at 27. Watts’
argument appears to be that the jury’s answer to the damages question is a general verdict, rather
than a special verdict – that the jury’s award of damages reflects its ultimate judgment on the legal
merit of the discrimination claim as a whole. See Mason v. Fort Motor Co., Inc., 307 F.3d 1271,
1274 (11th Cir. 2002) (general verdict is “verdict by which the jury finds in favor of one party or the
other, as opposed to resolving specific fact questions”); cf. id. (“In contrast . . . [w]ith a special
verdict, the jury’s sole function is to determine the facts; the jury needs no instruction on the law
because the court applies the law to the facts as found by the jury.”).
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No. 08-3779
Even accepting Watts’ argument that the damages verdict reflects a general verdict, the
presence of the negative answers on questions 1, 3, and 4 cannot be discounted. Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 49(b) governs general verdicts and the written questions that accompany them.
“When the answers [to the questions accompanying the general verdict] are inconsistent with each
other and one or more is also inconsistent with the general verdict, judgment must not be entered.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(b)(4). Instead, the court “must direct the jury to further consider its answers and
verdict, or must order a new trial.” Id. Accord 9B CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR
MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE, § 2513. Accordingly, judgment for Watts
would have been improper.19
For these reasons, the district court acted properly when it ultimately granted a new trial on
the jury’s special verdict concerning sex discrimination, and denied Watts’ motion for judgment on
the special verdicts.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part and REMAND for new trial on Watts’ disability
discrimination claim.
19
Incidentally, Watts’ arguments fare no better in the special verdict context. The presence
of a jury damage award does not dictate this court’s legal evaluation whether one portion of the
jury’s special verdict was inconsistent with other portions of its special verdict. Compare Freeman
v. Chicago Park Dist., 189 F.3d 613, 615-16 (7th Cir. 1999) (in special verdict context, new trial not
necessary where jury found plaintiff was harassed and suffered $45,000 in damages, but judgment
entered for the defendant, because the jury had also concluded that the harassment was not motivated
by racial prejudice, and therefore, the plaintiff did not establish a Title VII violation). As the proper
remedy for inconsistent verdicts is a new trial, see id. at 615, the district court did not err.
28