United States v. Beard

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0691n.06
Filed: November 13, 2008
No. 06-2425
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
LIONEL R. BEARD, ) OPINION
)
Defendants-Appellants. )
____________________________________)
BEFORE: MARTIN and NORRIS, Circuit Judges, and STAMP, Senior District Judge.*
FREDERICK P. STAMP, JR., Senior District Judge. Lionel Beard was charged in a Fourth
Superseding Indictment on various counts relating to his involvement in a conspiracy to distribute
controlled substances in Lansing, Michigan. Defendant Beard pleaded not guilty and proceeded to
a jury trial. Thereafter, the jury returned a guilty verdict on numerous counts, including Count 1,
conspiracy to possess and/or distribute heroin and powder cocaine. At sentencing, Lionel Beard
received a within- guideline sentence. Beard now challenges his convictions and the reasonableness
of his sentence. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
*The Honorable Frederick P. Stamp, Jr., United States Senior District Judge for the Northern
District of West Virginia sitting by designation.
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I.
1. Material variance
For the first time on appeal, Lionel Beard argues that the proof at trial constituted a material
variance from Count 1 of the indictment, which charged him with conspiracy to possess and/or
distribute heroin beginning in the early 1980s and continuing through September 2005. Beard claims
that the evidence at trial supported a finding of multiple conspiracies rather than the single
conspiracy for which he was indicted and convicted. Because Beard did not raise the issue of
variance below, this Court reviews for plain error. United States v. Wilson, 168 F.3d 916, 923 (6th
Cir. 1999).
Where the indictment alleges a single conspiracy, a variance occurs when the evidence at
trial, viewed in a light most favorable to the government, “can reasonably be construed only as
supporting a finding of multiple conspiracies.” United States v. Caver, 470 F.3d 220, 236 (6th Cir.
2006) (citations omitted). In order to obtain reversal due to a variance, a defendant must show: (1)
a variance and (2) that the variance affected some substantial right. United States v. Kelley, 849 F.2d
999, 1002 (6th Cir.1988). A substantial right belonging to the defendant is affected only if the
defendant shows prejudice to his ability to defend himself or to the overall fairness of the trial.
United States v. Bouquett, 820 F.2d 165, 168 (6th Cir. 1987), abrogated on other grounds by United
States v. Sanderson, 966 F.2d 184 (6th Cir. 1992).
In this case, it is unnecessary to reach the second prong, because a variance did not occur
between the indictment and the evidence. Beard’s material variance argument fails because evidence
supports the jury’s conclusion that Beard was part of a single, long-term conspiracy to distribute
heroin and cocaine in Lansing, Michigan. Testimony was elicited that beginning in the mid-1980s,
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when Beard was approximately 19 years old, Beard and others sold heroin and cocaine supplied by
Beard’s mother, Elnora Beard. Beard continued to sell heroin and cocaine for his mother until he was
sent to prison in 1989. Despite the defendant’s contention otherwise, the fact of Beard’s
incarceration from 1989 to 1995, does not prevent a finding of a single conspiracy because Beard
did not put forth any evidence to support a claim that he withdrew from the conspiracy. Indeed,
numerous witnesses testified that, upon release from prison, Beard quickly began selling heroin and
cocaine to many of the same distributors and customers to whom Elnora Beard, who suffered a
debilitating stroke in 2000, had previously sold. The continuity of distributors, customers, location,
and the unique dual packaging of heroin and cocaine bindles over the course of approximately two
decades supports the jury’s finding of a single conspiracy. Thus, Beard has failed to show that plain
error occurred below.
2. Prosecutorial misconduct
Next, Beard contends that he was denied his due process right to a fair trial because the
government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by (1) introducing improper bad acts evidence
against him and (2) vouching for the truthfulness of government witnesses who had entered into plea
agreements pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11. Beard asserts that his prosecutorial
misconduct claims must be reviewed de novo because they contain mixed questions of law and fact.
However, because Beard did not object to the alleged misconduct at trial, he has forfeited the
arguments and this Court’s review is limited to the plain error standard.
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a. Bad acts evidence
Beard generally complains of “bad acts” and “improper hearsay” evidence introduced against
him at trial. Beard contends that, because the evidence at trial did not support the single conspiracy
allegation, the introduction of hearsay and bad acts evidence against him regarding activities
occurring prior to 2000 was error. Because we have concluded that a reversible variance did not
occur at trial as to Count 1, it was not plain error for the district court to permit the introduction of
evidence linking Beard with drug use and distribution activities in the 1980s and 1990s.
b. Improper vouching
Lionel Beard also contends that the prosecutor improperly vouched for the credibility of
government witnesses when questioning those witnesses on direct examination about their plea
agreements. The record, however, does not support a finding of such prosecutorial misconduct.
When reviewing claims of prosecutorial misconduct, this Court employs a two-step test.
First, it must be determined whether the statements were improper. United States v. Francis, 170
F.3d 546, 549-50 (6th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). Second, if the statements appear improper, the
Court must look to see if they were flagrant and warrant reversal. Id. In determining flagrancy, the
following factors are considered: 1) whether the statements tended to mislead the jury or prejudice
the defendant; 2) whether the statements were isolated or among a series of improper statements; 3)
whether the statements were deliberately or accidentally before the jury; and 4) the total strength of
the evidence against the accused. Id. If the statements were improper but not flagrant, a defendant’s
conviction will be reversed only if: 1) the proof of the defendant's guilt is not overwhelming; 2) the
defense counsel objected; and 3) the trial court failed to cure the impropriety by failing to admonish
the jury. Id.4
“Improper vouching occurs when a prosecutor supports the credibility of a witness by
indicating a personal belief in the witness's credibility thereby placing the prestige of the office of
the United States Attorney behind that witness.” Id. at 550; see also United States v. Kerr, 981 F.2d
1050, 1053 (9th Cir.1992) (stating that improper vouching occurred when prosecutor asserted own
belief in witness's credibility through comments including “I think he [the witness] was candid. I
think he is honest.”). Courts have also found improper vouching where prosecutors imply special
knowledge of facts not in front of the jury or of the credibility and truthfulness of witnesses and their
testimony. Id. (citing United States v. Carroll, 26 F.3d 1380, 1388 (6th Cir. 1994) (stating that
improper vouching occurred when prosecutor argued that the witness testifying under a plea
agreement was in jeopardy if the court or government did not find the testimony truthful)). It is not
improper vouching for a prosecutor to introduce a witness’s plea agreement on direct examination,
even if it includes a truthfulness provision. Francis, 170 F.3d at 550.
Beard contends that the government improperly vouched for the credibility of cooperating
witnesses by eliciting questions on direct examination about their obligations, pursuant to their plea
agreements, to testify truthfully. Beard points in particular to the prosecutor’s examination of Willie
Frazier. Although the prosecutor emphasized the obligation of cooperating witnesses in general,
and Willie Frazier in particular, to provide truthful testimony, he did not make any blatant statements
of personal opinion regarding the credibility of those witnesses. In his questions to Frazier about his
plea agreement, the prosecutor elicited testimony that Frazier understood that, under the terms of his
plea agreement, he would fully cooperate with the government by testifying at trial and that if he
testified untruthfully he would be prosecuted. The prosecutor also reviewed in detail the terms of
the proffer letter that Frazier signed prior to signing the plea agreement. The prosecutor highlighted
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Frazier’s “obligation to do nothing other than candidly reveal the whole truth about all matters
relevant to [his] potential as a witness.” He also reviewed the government’s promise that “nothing
said or revealed by [Frazier] during the attempted negotiation of [a plea agreement] would be used
against [Frazier] as long as [he] tell[s] the truth.”
We do not believe that the prosecutor’s questioning in this regard was outside the bounds of
propriety. Indeed, a prosecutor is permitted to “elicit testimony about [a plea agreement’s] terms,
attack the credibility of the witness because of it and even refer to the plea agreement of a
government witness in an attempt to deflect defense counsel’s use of the agreement to attack the
witness’s credibility.” Francis, 170 F.3d at 550.
Moreover, assuming for the sake of argument that the prosecutor’s questioning on the
truthfulness obligations of witness Frazier was improper, it was clearly not flagrant. The jury was
unlikely to have been misled because the Court interjected a cautionary instruction during the
prosecutor’s examination of Frazier reminding the jury that “the government has no special way of
telling when someone is telling the truth” and that “a decision as to whether someone is telling the
truth is yours.” Further, the government’s detailed inquiry into Frazier’s truthfulness obligations was
largely isolated. The prosecutor’s review of the plea and proffer agreements of its other witnesses
was largely cursory and did not deal at length with promises of truthful testimony. Accordingly, we
find that the prosecutor’s questioning did not constitute prosecutorial misconduct and that Beard’s
due process right to a fair trial was not violated.
3. Drug quantity calculation
We next address Beard’s contention that the drug quantity calculation in his Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSR”) was plainly erroneous, was inconsistent with the quantities charged
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in the indictment and the jury verdict and proofs at trial, and adversely affected his substantial rights.
Because Beard did not object at sentencing to the drug quantity calculations that he now appeals,
appellate review of those calculations is for plain error. United States v. Treadway, 328 F.3d 878,
883 (6th Cir. 2003).
Again relying on the argument that the government failed to prove the existence of a single
conspiracy at trial, Beard contends that an appropriately conservative drug quantity calculation must
be limited to his drug involvement from 2002 to 2005. As discussed above, however, the evidence
supports the jury’s finding of a single conspiracy. Thus, the PSR appropriately calculated the drug
quantity attributable to Beard based on a longer period of time than the three year period urged by
the defendant.
4. Substantive reasonableness of sentence
Finally, Beard challenges the reasonableness of his sentence. This Court reviews the
substantive reasonableness of sentences for abuse of discretion. Beard contends that the district
court placed unreasonable weight on factors related to his character and personal life. Beard also
asserts that the district court selected his sentence to “punish him for the ills of society rather than
for his specific conduct.” The defendant’s contentions are without merit. The transcript of the
sentencing hearing reveals that the district court considered the factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
The district judge concluded that based on those factors and in light of Beard’s assault on Willie
Frazier at the Newaygo County, Michigan jail, a sentence at the lowest end of the guidelines (360
months incarceration) was not warranted. Nothing in the district judge’s articulated reasons for
imposing 420 months of incarceration gives cause for concern that an inappropriate amount of
weight was accorded to any one sentencing factor. Nor does it appear from the record that the
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district judge imposed sentence upon Beard based upon the general “ills of society.” Accordingly,
Beard has failed to rebut the presumption of reasonableness attached to his within-guidelines
sentence.
II.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment and the sentence imposed by the district
court.
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