Richey v. Mitchell

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 05a0039p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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Petitioner-Appellant, -
KENNETH T. RICHEY,
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No. 01-3477
v.
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BETTY MITCHELL, Warden, -
Respondent-Appellee. -
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
No. 98-01418—Patricia A. Gaughan, District Judge.
Argued: May 7, 2003
Decided and Filed: January 25, 2005
Before: SILER, DAUGHTREY, and COLE, Circuit Judges.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Paul E. Nemser, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellant.
Michael L. Collyer, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OHIO, Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Paul E. Nemser, Kenneth J. Parsigian, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP,
Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellant. Michael L. Collyer, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY
GENERAL OF OHIO, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. John J.P. Howley, KAYE SCHOLER LLP,
New York, New York, for Amicus Curiae.
COLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAUGHTREY, J., joined. SILER,
J., (pp. 23-26), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
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OPINION
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R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge. Kenneth T. Richey was arrested, convicted, and
sentenced to be executed for intentionally starting an apartment fire that killed two-year-old Cynthia
Collins. He continues to maintain his innocence. Following a series of unsuccessful appeals in the
Ohio state courts, Richey petitioned the district court for a writ of habeas corpus, and the court
denied his request. Richey now appeals this decision. Because constitutional errors have
undermined our confidence in the reliability of Richey’s conviction and sentence, we REVERSE
the decision below.
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I. BACKGROUND
On June 30, 1986, at approximately 4:15 a.m., a fire started in the second-floor apartment
of Hope Collins, who was elsewhere at the time. Her two-year-old daughter, Cynthia, was alone in
the apartment, and she died in the fire. The Fire Chief initially blamed the fire on an electric fan,
but then asked Assistant State Fire Marshal Robert Cryer to investigate further. Cryer arrived at the
apartment at 6:30 a.m. and spent most of the day investigating. The next day, Cryer told the
prosecutor’s office that he believed that the fire had resulted from arson.
Cryer based his conclusion solely on his belief that some of the burn patterns he found at the
apartment demonstrated the presence of accelerants. He found no empty containers of flammable
liquids. From the apartment, Cryer took nothing that the Ohio Arson Crime Laboratory (“State
Arson Lab”) could test for the presence of accelerants, nor did he order the scene secured at the end
of his June 30 investigation. Instead, Cryer authorized the building’s owners to clean the apartment.
The owners discarded the damaged living room carpet, which ended up at a local garbage dump.
The police investigation quickly focused on Richey. On the morning of June 30, within
hours of the fire, he was interviewed by the police chief. On July 1, Richey was arrested for arson
and gave a tape-recorded interview to the police, who were joined by Cryer and a prosecutor.
Although acknowledging that he was intoxicated and therefore did not remember much of what
happened early in the day on June 30, Richey denied starting the fire. Because gasoline and paint
thinner were stored in an unlocked greenhouse across the street from the apartment building, the
State theorized that Richey had obtained these materials from that greenhouse. However, the owner
of the greenhouse was unable to determine whether any gasoline or paint thinner was missing, and
Cryer took none of the accelerants from the greenhouse to compare with the materials at the fire
scene.
On July 10, 1986, a grand jury charged Richey with: (1) aggravated felony murder;
(2) aggravated arson; (3) breaking and entering; (4) involuntary manslaughter during the
commission of a felony; and (5) child endangerment. The court appointed two attorneys to defend
Richey against the charges, to which he pled not guilty, not guilty by reason of insanity, and not
competent to stand trial by reason of insanity. The trial court ordered Richey to undergo a
psychiatric examination, and he eventually withdrew his insanity plea and was adjudged competent
to stand trial. In late 1986, Richey waived his right to a trial by jury, and agreed to be tried before
a three-judge panel, under Ohio Revised Code Section 2945.06. The heart of the indictment against
Richey was the charge of aggravated felony murder, which, if proven, made him eligible for the
death penalty. According to the statute in effect at the time, an aggravated felony murderer must
have “specifically intended to cause the death of the person killed[—]the prosecution must prove
the specific intent of the person to have caused the death by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”
OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 2903.01(D). The State concedes that it presented no evidence that Richey
specifically intended to kill Cynthia Collins. Rather, the State hypothesized that Richey set fire to
the Collins apartment so that he could kill his ex-lover, Candy Barchet, and her new boyfriend, Mike
Nichols, who were spending the night together in the apartment below. The testimony at trial
established that Barchet moved into the building on June 15, and that within a few days she and
Richey progressed to a sexual relationship. Apparently, Richey frequently told Barchet that he loved
her and would kill any other men she dated. John Butler testified that on June 24, he had sex with
Barchet, and that when Richey learned of this encounter, he confronted Butler while carrying a
knife. Right after the confrontation, Richey broke his hand by punching a door.
On June 29, Richey attended a party hosted by Peggy Villearreal, who lived next door to
Hope Collins. Barchet brought Nichols to the party, kissed him in plain view of the other guests,
told Richey that she wanted to date Nichols, and later took Nichols home with her. Several
witnesses testified that Richey – who was intoxicated that night – became upset upon learning of
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 3
Barchet’s new boyfriend. One witness testified that Richey proclaimed that “[i]f I can’t have
[Barchet], nobody else can.” Three other witnesses testified that Richey told them that Building A,
the subsection in which Barchet resided,“was going to burn” that night.
Hope Collins testified that around 2:00 a.m., as the party began to wane, Richey asked her
if he could sleep on her sofa that night, but she refused. Collins testified that Richey offered to steal
some flowers for her from the greenhouse located across the street, but she declined his gesture.
Shortly after 3:00 a.m., a friend of Collins drove up to the building and asked Collins to go out with
him that night. Collins told him that she did not have a babysitter. According to Collins, Richey
volunteered to “keep an eye” on Cynthia, as long as he could sleep on Collins’s couch. Collins
testified that at 3:30 a.m., with Cynthia in Richey’s care, she went out with her friend.
The fire started at about 4:15 a.m. Five eyewitnesses testified that after Richey emerged onto
the scene: (1) he repeatedly hollered that “[t]here’s a baby in the house”; (2) he repeatedly
attempted to enter the burning apartment building to save Cynthia’s life; (3) he proceeded so far into
the building that “he came back out coughing and spitting up”; and (4) and police eventually had
to restrain him from entering the building. The Assistant Fire Chief stated that Richey’s efforts to
save Cynthia “constituted that of a person who completely was disregarding his own safety.”
Conversely, another tenant testified that upon viewing the fire, Richey boasted that “[i]t looks like
I did a helluva good job, don’t it.”
As part of its investigation, the State eventually retrieved six samples of debris remaining
from the fire. Several of those samples came from the carpet that had first found its way into the
garbage dump. On the afternoon of July 1, nearly two days after the fire broke out, the Deputy
Sheriff retrieved the carpet from the dump. One piece of carpet was recovered from atop the
garbage pile, and another was partially covered by trash. Once removed, the carpet was placed in
the sheriff’s parking lot. The carpet stayed in the parking lot – located no more than forty feet away
from gasoline pumps – for three weeks, before it was finally taken to the State Arson Lab for testing.
Similarly, a wood chip sample was not removed from Collins’s apartment for testing until July 17,
nearly three weeks after the fire.
These samples were analyzed by the State Arson Lab using gas chromatograms, which one
of the State’s forensic chemists, Dan Gelfius, described at trial as “scientific instrumentation that
allows the differential migration of the components of hydrocarbons to separate and to give . . . a
pattern similar to the identification of fingerprints.” Basing his conclusions on a method of
analyzing the chromatograms that has neither been published nor peer-reviewed, Gelfius testified
that both a sample of carpet from Collins’s living room and a sample of wood from her balcony
contained paint thinner, and that another sample of the living room carpet contained gasoline. The
State detected no traces of accelerants on the other three samples from the apartment, the clothing
and boots that Richey wore on June 29, or the bandage that covered his broken hand.
Gelfius was unaware of the carpet’s removal to the local garbage dump and then to the
sheriff’s parking lot until he arrived to testify at trial. He has since acknowledged that, had he
known about these detours, he would have been “very concerned” and “probably work wouldn’t
have been done on this case.” The missing links in the carpet’s chain of custody did not disturb
Assistant State Fire Marshal Cryer, because he believed that the same paint thinner was found on
both the living room carpet and the balcony. However, this turned out to be false: the Chief of the
State Arson Lab, Mohammed Gohar, and Gelfius have since acknowledged that the State Arson Lab
did not – and would not have even been able to –“match” the paint thinner purportedly found on the
deck to the paint thinner purportedly found on the carpet.
Yet the State’s scientific evidence went unchallenged at trial. Richey’s forensic expert for
the trial was L. Gregory DuBois of the firm CTL Engineering. Richey’s trial counsel acknowledged
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 4
that DuBois “was not recommended by any civil defense attorney or any other attorney.” Instead,
trial counsel learned about DuBois’s firm through an advertisement that he received in the mail.
Trial counsel stated that he “called CTL because they advertised [that] they had experts in arson
investigation, and [DuBois] was the one [that CTL] sent up.” CTL sent DuBois, whose formal
education was limited to a bachelor’s degree in metallurgical engineering and a partially completed
stint in business school. Although accredited in Ohio as an accident reconstructionist, he primarily
performed “vehicle accident reconstructions.” He had no accreditations in arson or fire
investigations. Moreover, although DuBois was a member of the American Society for Testing
Materials, the membership was solely through CTL; DuBois had no individual membership in the
group, and he had attended no “seminars or other educational venues sponsored by the ASTM.”
Similarly, although DuBois was a member of the International Association of Arson Investigators
(“IAAI”), his involvement was limited to receiving quarterly publications in the mail, and at the time
he was hired by Richey’s trial counsel, he had attended no IAAI seminars on fire investigation.
Finally, although DuBois had participated in numerous arson investigations with CTL, he did so in
a supporting role: “[t]ypically, [he] would review the results [of the investigations] with the chemist
who performed the analyses.”
DuBois’s resume, which trial counsel had received, indicated that he worked as a
metallurgical engineer, and that his arson-related training consisted of only two two-day courses,
neither of which involved the subject of burn patterns. Both courses were taught by personnel from
the State Arson Lab, whose inculpatory conclusions DuBois was hired to review. Moreover, DuBois
admitted that he admired Mohamed Gohar—Chief of the State Arson Lab, who oversaw the testing
in Richey’s case—and he believed that Gohar stayed at the forefront of technology and was “quite
authoritative in his field.” At the time he was hired, DuBois believed that the state fire marshal’s
office did a better job of fire sample analysis than his own employer did.
Although Richey’s trial counsel had been appointed on July 14, 1986, and received the State
Arson Lab reports on August 5, 1986, he did not meet with DuBois (or any other potential expert)
until September 11, 1986. At that meeting, according to DuBois, trial counsel told him that “he was
interested in keeping costs to a minimum, . . . . and he told [DuBois] that he wanted about ten hours
in the initial investigation.” Trial counsel did not ask DuBois what type of work was necessary to
investigate the fire; according to DuBois, “the ten hours was given to me by [trial counsel] as an
implied budget, that this was what he could afford in this particular case to have the time spent, and
he wanted to know what could I do for ten hours worth of time.” It was not until November 18,
1986 that trial counsel contacted DuBois again, and in the interim DuBois did no further work on
the case. By this point, despite having had no idea what conclusions DuBois would draw, trial
counsel had already put his name on the witness list.
When his investigation finally began, DuBois contacted Gohar. The two “work[ed] together,
went through each chromatogram, and [DuBois] had [Gohar] show [him] which standard he used
and what result he got, and which sample matched which chromatogram.” DuBois conducted no
independent testing of the samples, nor did he interview Cryer or otherwise attempt to analyze the
growth and spread of the fire. Trial counsel, however, “wasn’t aware that [DuBois] had not done
any [independent testing] until well after the trial.” Although trial counsel never asked DuBois to
perform any independent testing, he “assumed [DuBois] would do more than just look at [the]
reports of Cryer.” Furthermore, when DuBois presented his findings to trial counsel, counsel did
not ask him what his basis was for those findings. DuBois, who submitted no written report to trial
counsel, confirmed that counsel “was surprisingly nonargumentative with me [and] didn’t challenge
me on what I thought or why I thought what I did or anything.” Nor did DuBois recall counsel ever
asking him about any problems with the State’s evidence.
Rather, admitted trial counsel, “once [DuBois] confirmed that everything Cryer had done was
accurate and appeared to be in order, we decided at that point not to use him.” Reading between the
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 5
lines, the State then subpoenaed DuBois to testify against Richey. DuBois contacted trial counsel
and asked for his help in resisting the subpoena, but he received none. According to DuBois, he was
told by Richey’s counsel that “I’ll [DuBois] just have to do what I have to do.” Consequently,
Richey’s sole forensic expert testified at Richey’s trial against him, acknowledging that he found
nothing wrong with the State’s conclusions. Trial counsel neither cross-examined DuBois nor
presented any other scientific evidence.
When informed, following trial, about the full extent to which the carpet had been diverted
prior to arriving at the State Arson Lab, DuBois responded that “I don’t think [that counsel] told me
the entire sequence of events involving the carpeting after the fire and before trial.” When asked
whether this information would have affected his acquiescence to the State’s scientific conclusions,
DuBois remarked that:
I don’t know if I knew that at the time I did this investigation. And it raises
a problem with spoilation of this evidence. I’m having trouble right now telling you
whether or not that changes my opinion or affects it.
I’m looking – I looked at this fire and I looked at a lot of things together in
reaching my conclusion about this fire. And if you take out a piece of this puzzle,
then I would have to re-evaluate what’s left about this fire.
The panel found Richey guilty on all counts (except involuntary manslaughter, which was
a lesser alternative to aggravated felony murder), including aggravated felony-murder. At the death
penalty sentencing hearing, Richey presented an array of evidence about his background and
upbringing. He had received his first mental evaluation at age thirteen, and had been repeatedly
treated at mental institutions. A psychologist testified that Richey suffers from a borderline
personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder, and that he functions at the emotional level
of a ten- or eleven-year-old. A social worker testified that Richey suffers from “histrionic behavior
disorder.”
The panel unanimously sentenced Richey to death. It concluded that “Richey purposely and
with specific intent caused the death of Cynthia Collins” and disagreed that mitigation was
warranted by Richey’s attempt to save her. Instead, the panel opined that “[t]his final contention
of the defendant was immediately disposed of when placed in juxtaposition to the unrefuted
evidence that the defendant pulled the fire alarm from the hall prior to torching the decedent’s
apartment and effectively eliminated the chance that Cynthia Collins would awaken and escape her
own demise.”
The “unrefuted” evidence supporting the panel’s conclusion that Richey had pulled the fire
alarm—which even the State did not argue—was the testimony of Cryer, who noted that he saw the
smoke detector hanging from the ceiling by its wires, eight inches below the ceiling, when he arrived
at the apartment the morning after the fire. (At trial, Hope Collins testified to her belief that the
smoke detector had been connected and functioning in the hours prior to the fire.)
On direct appeal, Richey was represented by counsel from the Ohio Public Defender
Commission. After he reviewed the trial record, appellate counsel discussed the appealable issues
with his supervisor, and expressed his view that trial counsel’s “representation of Mr. Richey had
been markedly deficient and that the deficiencies had severely prejudiced Mr. Richey’s defense.”
According to appellate counsel:
[My supervisor], who is a personal friend of [trial counsel], listened to my views
regarding the prejudicial deficiencies of [trial counsel’s] representation of Mr.
Richey, and responded by saying that I should do the best job I could without raising
the ineffective assistance of trial counsel issues. [My supervisor] did not tell me that
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 6
the ineffectiveness arguments I wanted to make lacked merit. He simply told me not
to make them . . . . [he] left me with no doubt that if I were to push on the ineffective
assistance of counsel issues, he would not be pleased and my job rating would suffer.
This was not the first time [my supervisor] had directed me and others in our office
not to raise ineffectiveness issues in a brief. On an earlier occasion I had to sneak
into the office after hours to put an ineffective assistance of counsel argument back
in a direct appellate brief after [my supervisor] had taken it out.
Yet appellate counsel averred that “[t]he errors made by [trial counsel] were too egregious to be
completely ignored. Therefore, I raised ineffective assistance of trial counsel as an appellate issue
. . . but did so in a relatively weak fashion so that I would not have too severe a confrontation with
[my supervisor]. Furthermore, I did not raise many of the specific instances of trial counsel’s
ineffectiveness that I had noted in reviewing the record, and did not research what I regarded as
other potentially meritorious ineffective assistance of counsel arguments.”
The Ohio Court of Appeals affirmed Richey’s conviction and sentence. State v. Richey, 1989
WL 156561 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 28, 1989); State v. Richey, 1989 WL 156562 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec.
28, 1989). By a vote of four to three, the Ohio Supreme Court affirmed. State v. Richey, 595 N.E.2d
915 (Ohio 1992), rehearing denied 598 N.E.2d 1172 (table). The U.S. Supreme Court denied
certiorari. Richey v. Ohio, 507 U.S. 989 (1993), rehearing denied, 508 U.S. 934.
At this point Richey retained new counsel, who uncovered new evidence and retained new
scientific experts. Counsel submitted an affidavit from Villearreal, who recanted her trial testimony,
claiming that “I never heard Kenny Richey say anything about burning ‘A Building’ or about using
Marine Corps tactics to burn the building. I don’t recall exactly what I said at [Richey]’s trial, but
if I said anything about [Richey] threatening to burn A Building or about using Marine Corps tactics,
I was wrong.” Villearreal further averred that during and after the party, Richey “was at ease,
having fun and enjoying himself. He was not angry about anything[, and] expressed no anger
toward Candy Barchet, Mike Nichols or anybody else.”
Villearreal also contended that Cynthia “was always into everything, including matches and
lighters. Sometimes when Hope and I would be drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes, Cynthia
would grab our lighters and run into her bedroom.” Villearreal detailed a number of incidents in
which Cynthia’s action failed to comport with basic fire safety, including one in which Cynthia
placed a lit cigarette between sofa cushions, and also averred that according to Hope, Cynthia had
twice set fire to their beds, using, respectively, a curling iron and a cigarette lighter. Villearreal also
declared that she ate dinner at Collins’s apartment the night of the fire, and that the smoke alarm was
“hanging loose.” Indeed, noted Villearreal, “Hope’s smoke detector was almost always unhooked.
It was very sensitive and would go off when we were just smoking cigarettes or even when just the
oven was on. So Hope used to keep it unhooked.”
According to Villearreal, her knowledge of these circumstances was no mystery to either the
prosecutor or Richey’s trial counsel. Specifically, Villearreal averred that “before Richey’s trial for
arson and murder, [she] spoke to [his] lawyer . . . about Cynthia Collins’ playing with fire.”
Villearreal expressed surprise that during Richey’s trial, “no one asked me any questions about
Cynthia’s playing with fire.” As for the prosecutor, Villearreal stated that she “also spoke with the
prosecuting attorney . . . before [Richey]’s trial. I probably also told him about Cynthia’s playing
with fire but I don’t specifically recall.”
Richey’s new forensic experts both castigated the State’s scientific conclusions and surmised
that DuBois’ accession to them amounted to professional incompetence. Richard Custer, a specialist
in fire reconstruction, testified that – even in 1986, when the State tested the samples – Cryer’s
conclusions were based on “unsound scientific principles.” First, Custer opined that the burn pattern
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 7
could also have resulted from a fire that occurred naturally, and that Cryer’s theory of the
accelerant’s pour pattern and location would have required the use of ten gallons of fuel. Second,
Custer testified that the irregular burn patterns on the deck – which Cryer believed indicated that
accelerants were used – were caused simply by intense radiation. Indeed, elaborated Custer, whether
or not an accelerant had been used, the fire would have spread downward, and any evidence of
accelerant in the gaps would have been destroyed by the fire itself. Third, Custer discounted Cryer’s
belief that accelerant use was evinced by the fire’s speed, noting that rapidly spreading fires are
common in residences with modern furnishings and room sizes. Finally, Custer dismissed Cryer’s
explanation for the state of the smoke detector – that it had been dislodged prior to the apartment’s
ignition – as speculative. Custer noted that the high temperature around the ceiling could easily
have dislodged even a smoke detector that was mounted.
Custer concluded that the fire scene reflected an accidentally set fire that experienced
“flashover”—a possible collateral consequence of the fire’s radiated heat causing additional objects
to combust. Custer produced three computer models detailing how the fire would have progressed
had it spread accelerant-free, and determined that flashover would have occurred in the two most
likely scenarios. Moreover, based on his knowledge of Hope Collins’s smoking habits at the time,
photographs that showed the presence of alcoholic beverages and smoking paraphernalia on the
evening of the fire, and the fact that Collins and some of her friends had been using marijuana that
evening, Custer concluded that the fire was likely caused by a carelessly discarded cigarette that had
smoldered, for several hours, between the cushions of the living room couch.
Andrew Armstrong, Ph.D., a chemist and forensic scientist, echoed Custer’s conclusions.
Reviewing the State’s raw data – and also applying what he believed to be contemporaneous
scientific standards – Armstrong concluded that “there is no evidence of an identifiable ignitable
liquid in any of the samples from the fire scene.” The sample of wood obtained from the balcony
revealed no paint thinner; the chromatogram from the sample did not “even look close” to the
pattern associated with paint thinner, and instead revealed only turpentine, which occurs naturally
in the type of wood used to construct patios. The pattern purportedly revealing paint thinner in the
carpet, opined Armstrong, did not conclusively indicate paint thinner, as it was also consistent with
common household products such as furniture polish or insecticide. Moreover, although the State
concluded that both of the aforementioned samples contained paint thinner, Armstrong testified that
the two samples did not even reveal the same substance.
Armstrong also testified that the carpet sample which the State concluded contained gasoline
lacked the “five peak component” pattern indicative of gasoline. Although acknowledging that the
ASTM had yet to adopt the “five peak” standard in 1986, Armstrong testified that he and other
experts employing gas chromatography knew of and relied upon the standard at that time. Noted
Armstrong, “Many carpet samples that have been exposed to fire conditions contain [the compounds
identified by the State Arson Lab] in some concentration.” Armstrong stressed that only the “five
peak” standard can eliminate false positives, and that “the elimination of false positives is of utmost
importance.” To the extent that the carpet did reveal gasoline, elaborated Armstrong, it would have
been gasoline that had evaporated, and it would have been impossible to determine when the
gasoline had reached the carpet. Armstrong agreed that the carpet could have absorbed gasoline
from the parking lot – which, recall, was located near gasoline pumps – on which the carpet had
rested for three weeks. Finally, Armstrong touched on a broader problem with the State’s
methodology that undermined its conclusions: no control samples had been compared with the
tainted ones.
In April 1994, Richey moved to reopen his appeal, arguing that he lacked the effective
assistance of appellate counsel. His motion was denied by the court of appeals, which was affirmed
by the Ohio Supreme Court. See State v. Richey, 653 N.E.2d 344 (Ohio 1995). Richey’s petition
for postconviction relief was denied by the trial and appellate courts, State v. Richey, 1997 WL
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722782 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 18, 1997), and denied review by the Ohio Supreme Court, State v.
Richey, 690 N.E.2d 1287 (Ohio Mar. 11, 1998) (table). Richey’s second state postconviction
petition was similarly denied by the trial and appellate courts, State v. Richey, 2000 WL 681642
(Ohio Ct. App. May 26, 2000), and further review was again denied by the Ohio Supreme Court,
State v. Richey, 736 N.E.2d 25 (Ohio Oct. 4, 2000) (table).
Advancing to federal district court, Richey filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus,
alleging that both his conviction and sentence were tainted by constitutional errors. The district
court denied Richey’s petition. Although it refused to conduct an evidentiary hearing, the district
court cited, in defense of the State’s forensic conclusions, an extra-record article written by forensic
scientist Anthony Cafe. Cafe has subsequently averred that the district court “miscited and
misunderstood my published articles” and that “most of the world’s leading forensic scientists in this
field would be horrified if they saw the chromatograms used to convict Kenny Richey.” Cafe
warned that “[i]f Kenny Richey were executed on the basis of this scientific evidence, then these
chromatograms will become historical documents, examined by scientists all over the world and
used to show just how wrong forensic evidence can be.”
The district court certified for appellate review eight of Richey’s grounds for relief. Richey
timely appealed, and we added three claims to the certificate of appealability. Included in the
certificate of appealability is the question of whether there was insufficient evidence to convict
Richey of the crimes with which he was charged or tried, as well as whether he suffered ineffective
assistance of counsel.
II. ANALYSIS
We apply the familiar habeas rules. Because Richey’s petition was filed after April 24, 1996,
it falls under the restrictions imposed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
(“AEDPA”). Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 326 (1997). AEDPA requires that we respect any
determination made by the state court unless it: (1) “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court,” or (2) “was
based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceedings.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1)–(2); see also Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000).
Within these constraints, we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo, but we may upset
its factual determinations only if they were clearly erroneous. Lott v. Coyle, 261 F.3d 594, 606 (6th
Cir. 2001).
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
The heart of the prosecution against Richey – and the basis for his death sentence – was that
he committed aggravated felony murder, which is prohibited by Ohio Revised Code § 2903.01.
Richey argues that to convict a person of aggravated felony murder under the statute, the State is
required to prove that the defendant intended to kill the person who actually died (in this case,
Cynthia Collins), but that here, the State introduced no evidence that Richey actually intended to kill
Cynthia. The State disputes this argument on the merits, and also urges that the claim has been
procedurally defaulted. Because a discussion of the procedural default in this case requires an
understanding of the merits, we will discuss the merits of the claim first.
1. Merits
The district court rejected Richey’s statutory argument, ruling that “this claim is not
cognizable in a federal habeas court as it is one touching purely on state law.” In so holding, the
district court misunderstood Richey’s claim. According to Fiore v. White, 531 U.S. 225 (2001), the
federal constitution’s Due Process Clause “forbids a State to convict a person of a crime without
proving the elements of that crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 228-29. Therefore, the state
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 9
law question regarding the elements of the crime predicates the enforcement of Richey’s federal
constitutional right. Thus, we must first look to state law to determine whether the State was
required to prove, as an element of the crime, that Richey intended to kill the victim.
a. Elements of Aggravated Felony Murder
At the time of the fire, the statute at issue provided:
(B) No person shall purposely cause the death of another while committing or
attempting to commit, or while fleeing immediately after committing or attempting
to commit . . . aggravated arson or arson . . . .
***
(D) No person shall be convicted of aggravated murder unless he is specifically
found to have intended to cause the death of another. . . . If a jury in an aggravated
murder case is instructed that a person who commits or attempts to commit any
offense listed in division (B) of this section may be inferred . . . to have intended to
cause the death of any person who is killed during the commission of, attempt to
commit, or flight from the commission of or attempt to commit the offense, the jury
also shall be instructed that the inference is nonconclusive, that the inference may be
considered in determining intent, that it is to consider all evidence introduced by the
prosecution to indicate the person’s intent and by the person to indicate his lack of
intent in determining whether the person specifically intended to cause the death of
the person killed, and that the prosecution must prove the specific intent of the
person to have caused the death by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
O.R.C. § 2903.01(law effective prior to July 1996) (emphasis added).
Although subsection B, the felony murder section of the statute, mandates no nexus between
the specific intent of the arsonist and the identity of the victim, subsection D, which informs the
intent required under subsection B, mandates that the jury be instructed to consider whether the
defendant “specifically intended to cause the death of the person killed, and that the prosecution
must prove the specific intent of the person to have caused the death by proof beyond a reasonable
doubt.” O.R.C. § 2903.01(D) (emphasis added). The plain meaning is unmistakable: according to
the statutory text, the defendant must have killed the person that he actually intended to kill.
Indeed, Ohio courts have interpreted subsection D of the statute in this exact way. In State
v. Maurer, 473 N.E.2d 768 (Ohio 1984), the court upheld an aggravated felony murder conviction
under subsection D because the judge instructed the jury that it had to find beyond a reasonable
doubt that not only did the defendant kill the victim in the course of a felony (a kidnapping), but also
that “there was present in the mind of the defendant a specific intention to kill Dawn Marie
Hendershot,” the person whom the defendant was charged with killing. Id. at 779; see State v.
Brewer, 1984 WL 6695 at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. July 18, 1984) (affirming conviction where the jury
was instructed to determine “whether defendant specifically intended to cause Tewksbury’s death,”
where Tewksbury was the person killed); State v. Grant, 620 N.E.2d 50, 62 (Ohio 1993) (upholding
an aggravated felony murder conviction where the defendant “burn[ed] down an occupied home,
known to contain children, in order to kill the children”) (emphasis added); see also Clark v. Jago,
676 F.2d 1099, 1102 (6th Cir. 1982) (“Ohio has left the company of those jurisdictions which have
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 10
traditional ‘felony murder’ offenses. . 1. . [u]nder Ohio law . . . purpose to kill is an essential element
of the crime of aggravated murder.”).
The State argues, however, that subsection D has no bearing on the elements of aggravated
felony murder, and “does not require the State to do anything—it concerns jury instructions.” This
argument is curious, to say the least. First, it is clear from the statute and case law that the State is
required to do something: it is required to prove the element of specific intent. Second, there is no
meaningful difference between requiring the State to do something and requiring that the jury be
informed that the State is required to do something. While the second formulation requires more
words to articulate, its practical effect is identical. Nor is it fathomable, as the State suggests, that
Ohio’s General Assembly intended to require specific intent when the defendant was tried by a jury,
but not when the defendant was tried by a panel of judges. Such a reading would mean that the
elements of the crime can change depending upon who the fact-finder is.2 Because such a
dichotomy would be unconstitutionally irrational, we are unable to embrace the State’s
interpretation. See I.N.S. v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 299-300 (2001) (noting that statutes should be
interpreted to avoid unconstitutional results). Consequently, in order to convict a defendant of the
crime of aggravated felony murder in Ohio, the State must prove that the defendant specifically
intended to kill the victim.
Not only does subsection D provide for the specific intent requirement, it provides for the
one way that the State can more easily satisfy this requirement. The statute creates the possibility
of a permissive inference by a jury, whereby the jury can infer from the circumstances of the felony,
that the defendant intended to cause the death of the person actually killed. OHIO REV. CODE ANN.
§ 2903.01(D). The statute makes clear, however, that this inference is not conclusive, and that the
jury must consider all the evidence on both sides, including any evidence presented by the defendant
“to indicate his lack of intent in determining whether the [defendant] specifically intended to cause
the death of the person killed. . .” Id. Although the statute details a less onerous means by which
the State can prove the specific intent of a defendant to kill the actual victim, even in this
circumstance, the statute does not change the substance of what the State must prove: that the
defendant intended to kill the very person who actually died. See State v. Brewer, 1984 WL 6695,
at *3 (Ohio Ct. App.).
b. Transferred Intent
In Richey’s case, the State presented no evidence that he specifically intended to kill Cynthia
Collins, and in fact conceded this point during oral argument before the state court. Instead, the
State presented evidence that Richey had a motive to kill Candy Barchet and/or Mike Nichols, and
thus, the State assumed that the doctrine of transferred intent could be used to find that Richey
specifically intended to kill Cynthia.3
1
It is noteworthy that Ohio also has a separate felony murder statute under which defendants are not eligible
for a death penalty specification. See OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 2903.02(B). Richey was not convicted under this statute.
2
Richey correctly argues that were there truly a distinction in Ohio law between the elements that must be
proven before a jury and those that must be proven before a panel of judges, trial counsel would have been obviously
ineffective in advising Richey to bypass a jury, and with it the extra element that the State could not satisfy.
3
The State relied solely on this theory of transferred intent to meet its statutory burden, and this approach in
Richey’s case dates back to the Bill of Particulars, where its stated, regarding Count One of the indictment that, “[t]he
purpose to cause the death of another, to-wit: Cynthia Collins arises from the intent of the Defendant to cause the death
of Candy Barchet and/or Mike Nichols.”
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 11
Because nothing in the language of O.R. C. § 2903.01 supports the idea that the Ohio
General Assembly affirmatively intended for transferred intent to apply to aggravated felony murder,
the State’s sole argument would be that the doctrine of transferred intent, derived from the common
law, applies to all intent crimes. However, the plain text of O.R.C. § 2903.01(D) indicates that the
statute not only fails to affirmatively permit transferred intent, it actually precludes it.
First, as previously stated, subsection D already specifies the single way in which the State
is permitted to utilize a more flexible approach to proving specific intent: the permissible inference.
Thus it would be overreaching for this Court to read into the statute another flexible approach, such
as transferred intent. Second, as a general rule of statutory construction, every word has a meaning,
and the courts should not render statutory language superfluous. Hibbs v. Winn, 124 S. Ct. 2276,
2286 (2004); D.A.B.E., Inc. v. Toledo-Lucas County Bd. of Health, 773 N.E.2d 536, 543 (Ohio
2002). In this case, the State urges us to construe the phrase “intended to cause the death of the
person killed” to mean “intended to cause the death of another.” The difference in meaning is
profound, and it is worth noting that the Ohio General Assembly has actually used the phrase “death
of another” in another statute: its traditional felony murder statute. See OHIO REV. CODE ANN.
§ 2903.02(B) (stating that “[n]o person shall cause the death of another as a proximate result of the
offender’s committing or attempting to commit an offence of violence that is a felony”). The fact
that similar language was not used in this statute appears purposeful, suggesting that Ohio chose to
use a heightened intent requirement here, to make aggravated felony murder deserving of the death
penalty.
Fortunately, we need not go so far as to interpret Ohio’s statutory language to determine
whether the law permitted transferred intent in aggravated felony murder cases. The Ohio courts
themselves offered insight on this issue. At the outset, the assumption that the doctrine of
transferred intent broadly overlays all intent crimes is incorrect. “Ohio courts have noted that the
state legislature is aware of the doctrine of transferred intent at times applying the doctrine and other
times refusing to apply the doctrine to a statute.” In re A.C.T., 816 N.E.2d 1098, 1100 (Ohio Ct.
App. 2004). Although there have not been many judicial pronouncements on the narrow issue of
applying transferred intent to aggravated felony murder, all the cases that directly touch upon it
suggest that the doctrine is inapplicable here. In State v. Sowell, 530 N.E.2d 1294 (Ohio 1988), the
defendant relied on OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 2903.1(D) to argue that transferred intent could not
support his conviction for aggravated (non-felony) murder under §2903.1(A). In rejecting his
argument, the Ohio Supreme Court drew a distinction between the two subsections’ treatment of
transferred intent, such that subsection D could not be read to vitiate the incorporation of transferred
intent in subsection A. See id. at 1305. In so doing, the court explicitly limited its application of
transferred intent to cases of aggravated murder, not aggravated felony murder. See id. This
suggests that the doctrine of transferred intent did not apply to subsection D, and at the very least,
makes clear that the doctrine of transferred intent is not so over-arching as to be automatically
applicable in proving all intent crimes. One Ohio court has gone further to state that:
The doctrine [of transferred intent] has been applied for many years in Ohio but has
apparently been removed by the legislature from application in aggravated murder
cases. In revising R.C. 2903.01(D), the legislature [enacted the text at issue]. . . The
legislature did not remove the doctrine of transferred intent from application in
determining the absence or presence of purpose to kill in murder, as opposed to
aggravated murder, convictions. The limitation of the legislative reference to
aggravated murder implies to a point that the legislature intended for the doctrine of
transferred intent to have applicability in situations involving lesser crimes such as
murder.
State v. Mullins, 602 N.E.2d 769, 771 (Ohio Ct. App. Feb. 4, 1992) (upholding a murder conviction
based on transferred intent where the defendant, though was initially indicted on a charge of
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 12
aggravated murder, was actually found guilty by the jury on a charge of non-aggravated murder).4
The preceding state case law – and it is the only Ohio case law at the time that squarely addressed
this issue – indicates that transferred intent does not apply to subsection D of the aggravated felony
murder statute. Accordingly, in determining what the required elements of aggravated felony
murder were under OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 2903.1, we are compelled to adhere to Ohio’s specific
pronouncements at the time of Richey’s conviction and state appeals. Therefore, because the State
chose to prosecute Richey for aggravated felony murder (subsection B and D) of the statute, rather
than straight aggravated murder (subsection A), the State had to prove, as an element of the crime,
that Richey intended to kill Cynthia Collins.
The State does not address the aforementioned case law head-on. Instead, the State claims
that the case law was addressed and disposed of by the Ohio Supreme Court. Thus, the State turns5
a blind eye to the status of the law at the time of Richey’s conviction and the filing of his appeal;
it instead relies on the Ohio Supreme Court’s pronouncement in Richey’s case to support its
interpretation of what elements it needed to prove.
First, it is unclear if the issue of transferred intent as applied to subsection D of the statute
was truly decided by the Ohio Supreme Court. The State points to a portion of the court’s opinion
entitled “Sufficiency of the Evidence,” where the Ohio Supreme Court explains why there was
sufficient proof that Richey was the arsonist. State v. Richey, 595 N.E.2d 915, 924 (Ohio 1992).
Although this section addressed many issues, the court stated that, “The fact that the intended victim
escaped harm, and that an innocent child, Cynthia Collins, was killed instead, does not alter
Richey’s legal and moral responsibility.” Id. at 925. The court then proclaimed that “transferred
intent is firmly rooted in Ohio law.” Critically, it cited only cases addressing subsection A of the
statute–cases dealing with aggravated murder and not aggravated felony murder, for which Richey
was convicted.
However, even assuming that the Ohio Supreme Court’s brief statement in Richey’s case was
meant to interpret the aggravated felony murder statute,6 that court, although it has the ultimate
authority in interpreting state law, would have been offering a novel, or at least unforeseen,
interpretation of the statute. Prior to the holding in Richey’s case, both the text of the statute and
its treatment by the Ohio courts strongly indicated that transferred intent could not be applied to
aggravated felony murder. We have not found a single Ohio case where transferred intent was
4
The court’s statement was quite broad, seeming not to make the distinction between aggravated murder and
aggravated felony murder that the Sowell Court did. However, this distinction was not relevant for the Mullins Court’s
decision because it focused primarily on the difference between murder and aggravated murder.
5
In affirmative support of its position, the State does point to State v. Phillips, 656 N.E.2d 643 (Ohio 1995),
and State v. Coleman, 525 N.E.2d 792 (Ohio 1988) to show that subsection D is only applicable when a judge instructs
a jury, and that therefore in Richey’s case, where there was no jury, transferred intent was applicable. These cases do
not support the State’s proposition. In Phillips, the issue was whether the jury received proper instructions in an
aggravated felony murder case. The defendant claimed that the jury should have been instructed that any inference that
it made regarding specific intent was permissive, not conclusive. 656 N.E.2d at 668. The court determined that its more
general instructions were sufficient, because the State never opted to use the permissive inference in subsection D, the
jury was never told that it could make an inference, and therefore an instruction regarding the inference was unnecessary.
Id. Phillips is not about transferred intent, and it simply does not speak to whether transferred intent can be used in
aggravated felony murder cases. The same is true in Coleman, where the court determined that jury instructions
comported with subsection D because they conveyed to the jury that any inference of specific intent that was drawn from
the nature of the crime was nonconclusive. 525 N.E.2d at 796. The cases cited by the State do not impact the decision
before us in any way, they simply expound upon the permissive inference in subsection D, which neither party even
suggests was used in Richey’s case.
6
It should be noted that we certified the statutory question regarding transferred intent to the Ohio Supreme
Court, which declined to answer this question.
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 13
applied and upheld where the defendant was charged with aggravated felony murder, whereas the
language in Sowell and Mullins suggests the contrary. Thus, under the State’s interpretation of the
Ohio Supreme Court’s opinion, the court would have been expanding what at the time was the
known scope of the statute, raising what the United States Supreme Court has described as a most
serious due process concern: “that a statute precise on its face has been unforeseeably and
retroactively expanded by judicial construction.” Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 351
(1964).
It is well settled that the government cannot establish the sufficiency of the evidence by
resorting to an unforeseeable judicial construction of a criminal statute. The Supreme Court in
United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259 (1997),7 stated what it deemed to be the three manifestations
of the fair warning requirement:
First, the vagueness doctrine bars enforcement of a statute which either forbids or
requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intelligence must
necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application. Second . . . the
canon of strict construction of criminal statutes, or rule of lenity, ensures fair
warning by so resolving ambiguity in a criminal statute as to apply it only to conduct
clearly covered. Third, although clarity at the requisite level may be supplied by
judicial gloss on an otherwise uncertain statute, due process bars courts from
applying a novel construction of a criminal statute to conduct that neither the statute
nor any prior judicial decision has fairly disclosed to be within its scope.
Id. at 266 (internal citations and quotations omitted). See Gall v. Parker, 231 F.3d 265, 305-06 (6th
Cir. 2001) (granting writ of habeas corpus upon holding that elimination of an element of a crime,
or altering the necessary proof by the state supreme court violated Due Process Clause when both
the plain text of the statute and prior state court decisions instructed otherwise; see also Rabe v.
Washington, 405 U.S. 313, 316 (1972) (reversing as violative of the Due Process Clause a state law
conviction that rested on unforeseeable judicial interpretation of a criminal statute).
Accordingly, if the Ohio Supreme Court deliberated on, and decided the issue presented
before us now, it would have been a novel interpretation of the statute, because the plain meaning
and the court pronouncements in Sowell and Mullins indicated the opposite of what the State now
urges. Prior to Richey’s appeal before the Ohio Supreme Court, an Ohio appeals court (Mullins)
actually cited to subsection D of the aggravated felony murder statute as an example of an instance
where the Ohio General Assembly read out of a statute the transferred intent doctrine. Furthermore,
to the extent that the statute is ambiguous, the rule of lenity ensures that the requirement of fair
warning is met by resolving doubts in favor of the defendant. United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336,
348 (1971). Although the Ohio Supreme Court is the ultimate arbiter of the State’s laws, the fact
that the law prior to Richey’s final state appeal points to an interpretation of the statute without
transferred intent raises serious due process concerns of retroactivity and notice. It must be said that
this Court cannot decide what Ohio law should be, and that the Ohio Supreme Court could certainly
decide that transferred intent was meant to apply to subsection D of the statute, were its decision to
be made in a vacuum. However, because there was not a single judicial pronouncement suggesting
that transferred intent could be used under subsection D, and because the prior case law
affirmatively indicates to the contrary, the Ohio Supreme Court would have raised a federal
constitutional concern of impermissible retroactivity, had it authoritatively read transferred intent
into subsection D. Therefore, if we accept the State’s interpretation of the Ohio Supreme Court’s
7
The Lanier Court noted that in order to satisfy the fair warning requirement, there need not be a court
pronouncement applying the rule in a case with facts “fundamentally similar” to the one at bar. 520 U.S. at 268.
However, in Richey’s case, although there was certainly no Ohio case definitively reading transferred intent into
subsection D, there were strong indications that it was to be read out of subsection D.
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 14
opinion as having done this, it would have been a retroactive or novel application of a statute which
would have violated Richey’s clearly established rights under the Due Process Clause.
The State could point to no Ohio law, prior to Richey’s own case, that stands for the
proposition that transferred intent applies in aggravated felony murder cases. Thus, in compliance
with Ohio law, we must find that the State could not apply transferred intent in order to satisfy the
specific intent requirement in an aggravated felony murder case. Whether or not the Ohio Supreme
Court reached the issue of transferred intent as applied to subsection D, the State did not meet its
burden of proving all the required elements of aggravated felony murder. Based on the state of the
law at the time of his actions, the only way that Richey could have been constitutionally convicted
of aggravated felony murder would have been upon a showing that Richey intended to kill the
person that actually died. Because it is undisputed that there was no evidence to this effect, Richey’s
conviction necessarily lacked the support of sufficient evidence.
2. Procedural Default
Aside from the merits, the State argues that Richey has defaulted this claim because he failed
to press this argument during his direct appeal. “In all cases in which a state prisoner has defaulted
his federal claims in state court pursuant to an independent and adequate state procedural rule,
federal habeas review of the claims is barred unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the
default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that
failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Coleman v.
Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). Richey concedes that he did not raise the claim at trial or on
direct appeal, as he was required to by Ohio rules.
The first problem with the State’s argument that the claim was defaulted is the question
whether the state courts actually relied on an independent ground to deny Richey relief on this claim.
The ground is independent “only if the state court rendering judgment in the case clearly and
expressly stated that its judgment rested on a procedural bar.” Simpson v. Sparkman, 94 F.3d 199,
202 (6th Cir. 1996). In other words, a lapsed claim survives if the state court overlooked the default
and decided the claim anyway. See Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 297 n.3 (1967). Thus, if, as
the State contends, the Ohio Supreme Court did decide Richey’s claim regarding transferred intent,
this Court is free to review the claim without concern regarding the procedural bar. While we
express doubt regarding whether the Ohio Supreme Court truly considered transferred intent as
applied to subsection D of the statute, it is clear that the Ohio Supreme Court considered the issue
of transferred intent generally with regards to Richey’s case. The court stated that “the culpability
of a scheme designed to implement the calculated decision to kill is not altered by the fact that the
scheme is directed at someone other than the actual victim.” Richey, 595 N.E.2d at 925 (internal
quotations omitted). Moreover, at no point did the Ohio Supreme Court hold, or even intimate, that
Richey had forfeited the chance to contest the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction.
Because the United States Supreme Court requires a “‘plain statement’ that a [state court] decision
rests upon an adequate an independent state ground[],” Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1042
(1983), we must interpret this ambiguity to mean that the Ohio Supreme Court reached the issue of
transferred intent. Therefore, there was no independent state ground barring our review.
Additionally, Richey argues that the ineffective assistance of his trial and appellate counsel
supplies the cause needed to excuse his procedural default. Indeed, “[i]neffective assistance of
counsel can supply the cause that, together with prejudice, would excuse a procedural default.”
McFarland v. Yukins, 356 F.3d 688, 699 (6th Cir. 2004). To demonstrate cause for the procedural
default, Richey must show that both his trial and appellate counsel were ineffective. He must
demonstrate that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence,
and he must establish that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. Whether appellate counsel was
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 15
ineffective for failing to raise the ineffectiveness of trial counsel (predicated on trial counsel’s failure
to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence) turns, of course, on whether appellate counsel would
have been ineffective, absent the default below, for failing to challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence. To convince us that his counsel was ineffective, Richey must demonstrate that:
(1) counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) that the deficiency produced prejudice. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
Richey encounters a threshold hurdle in asserting the ineffectiveness of his appellate counsel:
he may not rely on ineffective assistance as cause to excuse the procedural default of his transferred
intent/sufficiency of the evidence claim, if the ineffectiveness assistance claim is itself procedurally
defaulted. Ohio Rule of Appellate Procedure 26(B) provides that “[a] defendant in a criminal case
may apply for reopening of the appeal from the judgment of conviction and sentence, based on a
claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. An application for reopening shall be filed . . .
within ninety days from journalization of the appellate judgment unless the applicant shows good
cause for filing at a later time.” Richey’s motion to reopen his appeal in the Ohio courts—in which
he asserted that his appellate counsel was deficient—was untimely, and the Ohio Supreme Court
denied the motion as untimely. See Richey, 653 N.E.2d at 345. The question remains, however,
whether the rule was an “adequate” basis to preclude federal relief. “[A] rule is adequate if it is
regularly or consistently applied by the state court[.]” White v. Schotten, 201 F.3d 743, 751 (6th Cir.
2000). Richey argues that the rule does not fall within this criterion because it provides no definition
of what constitutes “good cause” for an untimely filing and because the Ohio courts had neither
articulated meaningful standards nor consistently applied any type of criteria.
The district court below held that Richey had not defaulted his ineffective assistance claim
because “certainly as of the date [that] Richey filed his Rule 26(B) application, the ‘good cause’ rule
had not yet been applied with the regularity necessary to constitute an adequate and independent
state procedural rule.” See also Anderson v. Attorney General, 342 F.3d 1140 (10th Cir. 2003)
(“[S]tate procedural rules that bar ineffective assistance of counsel claims are further reviewed with
a healthy degree of skepticism.”) (internal quotations omitted); Page v. Frank, 343 F.3d 901, 909
(7th Cir. 2003) (same).
We agree with the district court below. We measure whether Rule 26(B) was “firmly
established and regularly followed by the time as of which it [was] to be applied.” Ford v. Georgia,
498 U.S.411, 423-24 (1991) (quotations omitted). Although we did not decide this question directly
in White, we did observe that “the state courts have not achieved consensus on what constitutes
‘good cause’ to excuse non-compliance with Rule 26(B).” Id. at 751. This was certainly true at, and
even after, the time when Richey was required to file his motion to reopen under 26(B). Cf. Mitchell
v. Mason, 325 F.3d 732, 739 (6th Cir. 2003) (“[I]t is the Warden’s burden to demonstrate that the
rule was already firmly established and regularly followed as of the time the state court invoked the
rule.”). In some instances, the Ohio courts failed to excuse the most minor of violations caused by
circumstances beyond the control of both the litigant and his lawyer. See, e.g., State v. Winstead,
658 N.E.2d 722 (Ohio 1996) (finding no good cause for a filing that was one day late, and that had
resulted “because the overnight courier that appellant’s counsel had used failed to deliver the
application before the deadline for filing expired”). In other cases, the courts found good cause for
significant violations even when no explanation whatsoever was provided by the litigant, solely
because the litigant was proceeding pro se. See, e.g., State v. Nitenson, 1994 WL 69894 at (Ohio
Ct. App. Feb. 24, 1994) (finding good cause “in the interests of justice” even though “application
was filed more than one year after we journalized our affirmation of his conviction and he gives no
sworn statements whatsoever in his application”). Nor were these inconsistent cases outliers in an
otherwise consistent application of 26(B). Compare, e.g., State v. McCarter, 1993 WL 107800
(Ohio Ct. App. Aug. 12, 1993); State v. Klein, No. 49260 (Ohio Ct. App. March 15, 1994); with
State v. Wright, 1994 WL 398805 (Ohio Ct. App. July 29, 1994); State v. Fields, No. 95 CA-08-048
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 16
(Ohio Ct. App. April 21, 1994). Thus, we find that Richey’s challenge to the effectiveness of his
appellate counsel is preserved.8
We now turn to the merits of Richey’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim as an excuse
for his procedural default. The deficiency of Richey’s trial and appellate counsel stems from the
same shortcoming: that they failed to grasp that the State did not prove (and, indeed, had not even
attempted to prove) that Richey specifically intended to cause the death of Cynthia Collins, as was
required by the aggravated felony murder statute.
The failure to understand the elements of the charged offenses and hold the State to proving
those elements is among the most basic responsibilities of competent counsel. “At the least, defense
counsel in a criminal case should understand the elements of the offenses with which his client is
charged and should display some appreciation of the recognized defenses thereto.” Scarpa v.
DuBois, 38 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir. 1994). The circumstances of Richey’s case magnified counsel’s
obligation to understand the elements, because his conviction of aggravated felony murder subjected
him not just to imprisonment, but to execution.
It would be one thing if counsel had failed to grasp a subtle question of statutory
interpretation or had failed to raise an issue that would have been uncovered by only the most astute
of jurists. However, as we explained above, at the time of Richey’s trial and appeal – not the time
of the Ohio Supreme Court’s ruling – both the plain text of the Ohio Code and the judicial decisions
interpreting it indicated that aggravated felony murder required specific intent, and that the doctrine
of transferred intent was unavailable to the State. See Prou v. United States, 199 F.3d 37, 48 (1st
Cir. 1999) (“Where, as here, an attorney fails to raise an important, obvious defense without any
imaginable strategic or tactical reason for the omission, his performance falls below the standard of
proficient representation that the Constitution demands.”). Indeed, we have held that counsel can
even be ineffective for failing to raise a legal claim that turns on an unresolved question of law, so
long as counsel is aware that an unresolved issue exists. See Combs v. Coyle, 205 F.3d 269, 286 (6th
Cir. 2000) (resolving circuit split in defendant’s favor, and then holding that counsel’s failure to
raise the objection was deficient because he “should have realized that the [practice at issue] was
at least constitutionally suspect” — as a result, “[c]ounsel’s failure to have objected at any point is
inexplicable, and we can perceive no possible strategic reason for such a failure” ); see also United
States v. Bass, 310 F.3d 321, 327-30 (5th Cir. 2002) (finding that appellate counsel was ineffective
for failing to challenge sufficiency on direct appeal when defendant’s conduct fell outside the
statute). It follows with even greater force that when both text and precedent compelled the
conclusion, and the conclusion would have gutted, as a matter of law, the primary charge and death
sentence, counsel was deficient for failing to raise it.
Having established that both trial and appellate counsel were deficient, Richey must also
demonstrate prejudice, a showing which is straightforward in this case. Because we have already
determined that specific intent was clearly a requirement and the State failed to meet this
requirement, Richey has demonstrated the necessary prejudice from the claimed violation of federal
law. By failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, trial counsel allowed the State to
8
Because we find that Rule 26(B) did not, in Richey’s case, constitute an adequate state ground to deny his
claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, we do not reach the question whether ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel could itself serve as the “cause” to excuse Richey’s failure to comply with Rule 26(B). In White v.
Schotten, 201 F.3d 743, 752-53 (6th Cir. 2000), we held that the 26(B) proceedings constituted part of the direct appeal
– during which a defendant is constitutionally entitled to counsel – such that ineffective assistance of appellate counsel
could serve as cause to excuse noncompliance with Rule 26(B). Although our decision in Lopez v. Wilson, 355 F.3d 931,
937-38 (6th Cir. 2004), cast doubt on whether White’s holding would survive the more deferential standard of review
required by AEDPA, Lopez has since been vacated and en banc review is still pending. See Lopez v. Wilson, 366 F.3d
430 (6th Cir. 2004).
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 17
convict Richey and sentence him to death for a crime in which it had failed to satisfy one of the
elements. Although the State may have been able to apply the doctrine of transferred intent for other
crimes, such as felony manslaughter or perhaps even aggravated murder, the State chose to charge
Richey with aggravated felony murder. At the time of the fire, the State could not convict someone
of aggravated felony murder without proving that the defendant specifically intended to kill the
person who was actually killed. Had Richey’s attorneys presented a proper challenge of the
application of transferred intent to subsection D of the statute, Richey could not have been
constitutionally convicted of aggravated felony murder, because the State did not prove Richey’s
specific intent to kill the victim. Fiore v. White, 531 U.S. 225, 228-29 (2001). And by failing to
raise this (and trial counsel’s ineffectiveness ) on appeal, appellate counsel again deprived Richey
of dispositive relief. Richey was clearly prejudiced by his attorney’s deficiencies. Thus, the
procedural default of Richey’s transferred intent/sufficiency claim is excused because of the
ineffective assistance of both his trial and appellate counsel.
Because the Ohio Supreme Court considered the general claim regarding transferred intent,
the state procedural rule did not constitute an independent, unreviewable state law ground; however,
even if it did, the trial and appellate defaults were excused by cause (the result of ineffective
assistance of trial and appellate counsel) and prejudice (inherent in the fact that we find the claim
to be meritorious). In either case, Richey’s claim was preserved for review.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In a challenge that implicates his convictions on all charges, Richey also contends that his
trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in the way he handled his forensic expert and his failure
to challenge the scientific evidence of arson. The State argues that this claim has been procedurally
defaulted and disputes the claim on the merits.
1. Default
The State argues that this claim has been defaulted because Richey neglected to raise it on
direct appeal. As the Ohio Supreme Court has explained, however, “[a]ny allegations of
ineffectiveness based on facts not appearing in the [trial] record should be reviewed through the post
conviction remedies.” State v. Coleman, 707 N.E.2d 476, 483 (Ohio 1999). See also Byrd v.
Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 521 (6th Cir. 2000). As our analysis below will illustrate in detail, Richey’s
claims regarding his counsel’s ineffective handling of the scientific evidence depend almost entirely
on evidence outside the trial record: namely, (1) the testimony of DuBois, who explained trial
counsel’s limited oversight, supervision, and engagement; (2) the testimony of trial counsel, which
illustrated the process (or lack thereof) by which he decided to hire DuBois, as well as his oversight
(or lack thereof) over the course of DuBois’s scientific investigation; and (3) the testimony of Custer
and Armstrong, who explained the type and quality of scientific analysis that a reasonably competent
expert would have performed at the time of Richey’s trial. Thus, Richey was prohibited from raising
these claims on direct appeal.
Instead, Richey was required to raise the claims during his postconviction challenge. He did
so. During the postconviction proceedings, Richey argued that he was “wrongfully convicted on
the basis of false scientific testimony because trial counsel unreasonably relied upon DuBois, failed
to conduct an adequate investigation for a competent expert and failed to call an expert to rebut the
State’s false scientific testimony,” and supported these claims with the statements of trial counsel,
DuBois, Custer, and Armstrong. The state courts evaluated and decided the claim on the merits.
See Richey, 1997 WL at *3. We therefore may do the same.
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 18
2. Merits
As previously noted, Strickland requires that Richey demonstrate both deficient performance
and resulting prejudice.
a. Deficient Performance
In order to show deficient performance, a defendant must show that counsel’s representation
“fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. A “court
deciding an actual ineffectiveness claim must judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged
conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.” Id. at 690.
“In making that determination, the court should keep in mind that counsel’s function, as elaborated
in prevailing professional norms, is to make the adversarial testing process work in the particular
case.” Id.
At the outset, the State, and the dissent to this opinion, argue that Richey has no
constitutional right to the “effective assistance of an expert.” The district court also noted that it was
not unreasonable for trial counsel to “decline [to conduct] further expert-shopping once that expert
rendered his opinion.” Both might be true if trial counsel had done everything he was supposed to
have done, and – through no fault of trial counsel – the expert had simply come up short. See
Skaggs v. Parker, 235 F.3d 261, 268 (6th Cir. 2000) (defense expert’s erratic and incoherent
testimony during trial was not attributable to the failings of counsel given that the expert had been
recommended by two colleagues and that counsel had used the expert before). But Richey argues,
and the record reflects, that the failures of Richey’s expert were largely caused by the failures of
Richey’s counsel. See Bloom v. Calderon, 132 F.3d 1267, 1277 (9th Cir. 1997) (“[C]ounsel’s failure
to adequately prepare his expert and then present him as a trial witness [amounts to] constitutionally
deficient performance.”). As Richey’s counsel observes, “[i]ncompetence cannot excuse
incompetence.”
First, trial counsel hired DuBois, based solely on a promotional flier that he happened to
come across. DuBois was unqualified for the job because he worked primarily in another field,
lacked training to do the job, and came into the litigation believing that the State’s experts were
more reliable than he was. Moreover, the minimal training he had received came from the very
people whose conclusions he was being hired to review. The dissent notes that “There is no
suggestion in the record that counsel was put on notice that DuBois was either incompetent or
unqualified to serve as Richey’s expert.” However, we have held that the deficiencies of an expert
can be imputed to counsel when counsel has failed to adequately research and screen an expert
witness. See Glenn v. Tate, 71 F.3d 1204, 1210 n.5 (6th Cir. 1995) (finding deficient performance
because “we are not prepared to assume that Drs. Ramani and Siddal would have been the experts
retained by the defense . . . if counsel had done their homework”). Thus, counsel owes more to his
client than a passive duty to watch for red flags of incompetence.
Moreover, trial counsel waited two months after he was retained, and a full month after he
received the State’s scientific results, to contact and meet with DuBois. After their first meeting,
he limited DuBois’s initial investigation to ten hours—without any basis for doing so. See Skaggs,
235 F.3d at 270 (finding deficient handling of expert not excused “simply because counsel believed
it would not be worth their time to request additional money from the court”); Lloyd v. Whitley, 977
F.2d 149, 158 (5th Cir. 1992) (finding deficient performance when counsel “wrongly assumed that
funds were unavailable and he abandoned what he knew to be an important pursuit”). After
DuBois’s stunted investigation, counsel waited another two months to meet with DuBois, who did
no work in the interim.
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 19
Third, counsel failed to thoroughly inform DuBois about a critical problem with the State’s
scientific evidence—that the carpet had been housed in a garbage dump and on a parking lot located
near gasoline pumps. See Glenn, 71 F.3d at 1210 (“[D]efense counsel should obviously have
worked closely with anyone retained as a defense expert to insure that the expert was fully aware
of all facts that might be helpful to the defendant.”); see also Affinito v. Hendricks, 366 F.3d 252,
260 (3d Cir. 2004) (“When the key issue in a criminal case is whether the defendant suffered from
a diminished capacity, we can think of nothing more critical than ensuring that the defense’
psychiatric expert has as complete and accurate a description of the facts and circumstances
surrounding the crime as possible. . . . [Failure to provide the expert with this information] was not
a trial tactic, it was gross incompetence.”); Bloom, 132 F.3d 1273 (finding deficient performance
when counsel possessed information that defendant had suffered extensive abuse as child, but
counsel “failed to provide the information to Dr. Kling or to any other physician who examined
[defendant]”). Although DuBois does not remember precisely what trial counsel told him, he did
acknowledge that “I don’t think [that counsel] told me the entire sequence of events involving the
carpeting after the fire and before trial.”
Fourth, trial counsel kept himself in the dark about all aspects of his expert’s analysis.
counsel had no idea that DuBois, rather than performing his scientific tests or even conducting his
own analysis of the test results, was essentially being spoon-fed the results by Gohar (who was the
chief of the State Arson lab). Only after the trial did counsel learn that DuBois performed no testing
or independent analysis; counsel had never bothered to instruct or simply ask DuBois about the
investigation and analysis he had hired him to perform. Moreover, counsel did not ask for a written
report from DuBois explaining his conclusions, nor did counsel ask DuBois about the bases for his
conclusions, or even if the State’s conclusions suffered from any flaws or gaps. Despite DuBois’s
endorsement of the State’s forensic findings—which seriously damaged Richey’s case—counsel,
in DuBois’s words, “was surprisingly nonargumentative with me [and] didn’t challenge me on what
I thought or why I thought what I did or anything.”
Even though trial counsel was not a scientist, this should not relieve him of his responsibility
to understand the evidence being used to convict and execute his client. Furthermore, aside from
the presentation of testimony from his own expert, he would have to be sufficiently informed to
cross-examine the State’s experts. See Dees v. Caspiri, 904 F.2d 452, 455 (8th Cir. 1990)
(“[C]ounsel had a duty to garner the expertise necessary to cross examine [the State’s expert].”).
This responsibility was heightened here, given that the State called to the stand not only its own
experts but also DuBois. See Glenn, 71 F.3d at 1210 (“We can only assume that defense counsel,
not having done their homework, were not prepared to interrogate [their court-appointed experts]
about the basis for the very damaging conclusions they stated.”). That counsel was a lawyer, rather
than scientist, should not have left him unable to comprehend even the basics of the science at issue.
This is particularly so when the chain of custody, which is a legal issue, was critical to the reliability
of the scientific evidence.
Fifth, trial counsel prematurely placed DuBois on his witness list and then failed to mitigate
this mistake. Because trial counsel dragged his feet in hiring and debriefing DuBois, he had to put
DuBois on his witness list before he was aware how DuBois would testify. See Skaggs, 235 F.3d
at 270 (rejecting time-pressure as excuse for counsel’s performance when the time pressure was
itself caused by counsel’s “wait[ing] until the eleventh hour to prepare for the penalty phase and to
line up a psychiatric expert to testify on [defendant’s] behalf”). This became a problem, as once
counsel decided against using DuBois, the State subpoenaed him to testify on its behalf. Nor, at this
point, did counsel attempt to quash the subpoena or otherwise contest the testimony, or even cross-
examine DuBois when he testified.
Finally, counsel failed to offer any competing scientific evidence. Of course, it is not always
the case that “counsel must continue looking for experts just because the one he has consulted gave
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 20
an unfavorable opinion.” Dees, 904 F.2d at 454. However, the testimony of Custer and Armstrong
makes it clear that, even in 1986, a reasonably diligent attorney would have found witnesses to
attack the State’s conclusions. And “[w]here there is substantial contradiction in a given area of
expertise, it may be vital in affording effective representation to a defendant in a criminal case for
counsel to elicit expert testimony rebutting the state’s expert testimony.” Knott v. Mabry, 671 F.2d
1208, 1213 (8th Cir. 1982). Nor was this a case in which counsel would have had to uncover an
expert willing to spew junk science, because Armstrong and Custer both agreed that the scientific
standards prevailing in 1986 would have seriously undermined the State’s results, and both testified
that they would have been available to apply such standards. See Soffar v. Dretke, 368 F.3d 441,
477 (5th Cir. 2004) (“As was made evident during the state habeas proceedings, . . . defense counsel
would not have had to look far to find a ballistics expert who could have provided testimony to aid
his defense.”).
Instead, counsel adopted a defense that rendered Richey a sitting duck. Given the testimony
of witnesses that Richey was upset at his ex-girlfriend and had made threatening comments, trial
counsel’s theory – that the fire was intentionally started by someone else – was doomed to fail. See
Foster v. Lockhart, 9 F.3d 722, 726 (8th Cir. 1993) (presentation of alibi defense did not excuse
counsel’s failure to investigate possibility that defendant in rape case was impotent, given that
“[defendant’s] alibi defense was vulnerable” – “[t]he vulnerability of the alibi defense shows the
unreasonableness of the attorney’s failure to investigate further and present the impotency defense”).
And even if counsel had reasonably believed that this defense had merit, he could not have made
an informed choice without reasonably investigating the alternatives. See Soffar, 368 F.3d at 474
(“[A]n actual failure to investigate cannot be excused by a hypothetical decision not to use its
unknown results.”).
Trial counsel’s failure to screen, supervise, or engage DuBois left Richey with little more
than “a warm body with a prefix attached to his name,” Skaggs, 235 F.3d at 273 n.3 (quoting
Ramdass v. Angelone, 187 F.3d 396, 411 n.1 (4th Cir. 1999) (Murnaghan, J., dissenting)). In a case
anchored by scientific evidence, the failure to subject this evidence to meaningful adversarial testing
was woefully deficient. Moreover, we are unable to articulate any sound professional reason why
counsel did not do so. The dissent argues that counsel was obligated to provide DuBois’s name as
a potential witness, and that the prosecution’s use of the defense’s expert does not violate the
defendant’s rights. While we agree that Richey’s rights were not violated simply because the State
used DuBois as its own witness, we believe that given the context here – where the defendant had
a single expert witness who conducted no independent analysis and then became the witness for the
other side without any cross-examination – there was a massive failure by trial counsel in his
handling of the expert witness. Accordingly, we must conclude that counsel’s performance was
“outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. The
state court’s conclusion to the contrary was unreasonable.
b. Prejudice
We proceed to measure prejudice. In order to show prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate
that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the factfinder would have had
a reasonable doubt about his guilt.” Combs, 205 F.3d at 290. “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the trial’s outcome.” Foster, 9 F.3d at 726. In
determining whether there was prejudice, we “must consider the totality of the evidence before the
judge or jury.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. The prejudice inquiry is complicated slightly in this
case because trial counsel’s errors were twofold: deficiencies plagued both his hiring and handling
of DuBois. Under either scenario, however, the evidence of prejudice is overwhelming.
Had counsel made the effort to find a qualified expert, rather than blindly hiring DuBois, the
expert would have had the expertise and wherewithal to undermine the State’s evidence that the fire
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 21
was caused by arson. Custer and Armstrong highlighted a litany of irregularities in the State’s
scientific evidence. First, Custer revealed alternative explanations for the circumstances that led
Cryer to finger arson as the culprit, and surmised that the fire was more consistent with an accidental
outbreak. Second, Armstrong opined that “there is no evidence of an identifiable ignitable liquid
in any of the samples from the fire scenes.” Moreover, the blunders that Armstrong highlighted –
the State’s failure to use accepted methodology, use control groups, and eliminate other
explanations, to name a few – would likely have led the factfinder to adopt the defense’s
understanding of the science.
Custer and Armstrong similarly explained, without refutation, that the scientific standards
upon which they relied were widely accepted in 1986, leaving little doubt that counsel would have
been able to find a competent expert had he bothered to look for one. See Horsley v. Alabama, 45
F.3d 1486, 1495 (11th Cir. 1995) (“[T]o prove prejudice by failure to investigate and failure to
produce a certain kind of expert witness, a habeas petitioner must demonstrate a reasonable
likelihood that an ordinarily competent attorney conducting a reasonable investigation would have
found an expert similar to the one eventually produced.”). Indeed, both Custer and Armstrong
averred that they would have served as experts at the time, had they been contacted by counsel.
These experts’ attacks on the State’s evidence would have been all the more powerful given
the absence of corroborating physical evidence. Neither Richey’s clothing, boots, or bandage
revealed the presence of accelerants. No empty cannisters of flammable liquids were found at or
around the scene. And the owner of the neighboring greenhouse—from which the State theorized
Richey stole the accelerants—was unable to determine whether anything was missing.
Furthermore, even if counsel’s initial decision in hiring DuBois was proper, counsel’s
ineffective handling of DuBois resulted in prejudice to Richey. First, counsel’s delays in hiring
DuBois, and his arbitrarily limiting the hours that DuBois could work without understanding what
type of work needed to be done in this case, made DuBois more dependent on the legwork of the
State’s experts, whose conclusions he was already predisposed to accept. Moreover, counsel’s
procrastination forced him to disclose DuBois as a potential witness before he knew whether doing
so would benefit his client. The result was that the State was able to present not only the testimony
of its own scientists, but also use Richey’s own expert against him. Cf. Bloom, 132 F.3d at 1278
(finding prejudice when “[expert]’s report, which he now acknowledges was inaccurate, permitted
the prosecution to turn Kling’s trial testimony against [defendant]”).
Second, trial counsel’s failure to supervise DuBois left him unaware that DuBois was being
spoon-fed results from the State, rather than conducting an independent analysis of the data.
Counsel’s failure to engage DuBois meant that possible deficiencies in the State’s evidence were
never explored, and also left him wholly unprepared to challenge the State’s evidence or to cross
examine his own expert as later became necessary. See Skaggs, 235 F.3d at 274 (prejudice when
“defense counsel failed to prepare or present any other meaningful mitigation evidence that might
have compensated for their use of [an unqualified expert]”).
Finally, trial counsel’s failure to fully inform DuBois about the carpet samples’ excursions
at the garbage dump and parking lot deprived DuBois of all the information he needed to draw his
conclusions, and made him more likely to agree with the conclusions of the State. Indeed, DuBois
has subsequently indicated that his conclusions would likely have changed had he been fully
informed about the chain of custody problems. Bloom, 132 F.3d at 1276 (finding prejudice from
failure to disclose information to expert given that “had he been provided with this information at
the time of his original evaluation, he would have altered his conclusions”).
The record indicates that a competent arson expert—fully informed and supervised, and
using the methods available to him at the time of trial—would have all but demolished the State’s
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 22
scientific evidence, and with it a large part of the case against Richey. See Foster, 9 F.3d at 722
(finding prejudice because “[i]f the attorney had investigated further, he would have discovered
objective medical evidence casting substantial doubt on the victim’s story”). The State presented
other evidence, of course, which demonstrated Richey’s motive, means, and opportunity. But the
prejudice inquiry is not the same as the sufficiency of the evidence analysis or the analysis that a
court might perform when deciding a motion for summary judgment. As the Fifth Circuit has
explained, we need not find “that a reasonable jury could not have reached the same verdict if
counsel had performed effectively.” Johnson v. Scott, 68 F.3d 106, 109 n.4 (5th Cir. 1995). Richey
“need not show that he could not have been convicted. Instead, he need only undermine our
confidence in the trial’s outcome.” Foster, 9 F.3d at 726.
Witnesses, moreover, are not always believed. Just as an alleged victim’s testimony that the
defendant had raped her became far less persuasive given evidence that the defendant was impotent
and thus physically incapable of raping her, see id., the testimony of Richey’s acquaintances and
Hope Collins, who had a motive to downplay her own responsibility for her daughter’s death, would
have been far more vulnerable to impeachment and skepticism absent evidence that the fire stemmed
from arson. See also Combs, 205 F.3d at 290 (finding prejudice from defense counsel’s mishandling
of scientific evidence of defendant’s mental capacity for acting with “purpose and intent,” even
though “the State presented other evidence of [defendant]’s purpose and prior calculation and
design”); Baylor v. Estelle, 94 F.3d 1321, 1324-25 (9th Cir. 1996) (finding prejudice from defense
counsel’s failure to pursue evidence that semen found at scene of the first of a series of rapes did not
come from defendant, even though defendant had made detailed confession to the rapes); cf. United
States v. Tarricone, 996 F.2d 1414, 1419 (2d Cir. 1993) (finding prejudice from defense counsel’s
failure to pursue exculpatory handwriting evidence, even though there was other circumstantial
evidence of defendant’s guilt).
Accordingly, we find that counsel’s incompetent handling of the sole forensic expert in this
case fell far below the wide range of acceptable professional standards, and that absent counsel’s
grave mistakes, there is a reasonable probability that the three-judge panel would have at least had
a reasonable doubt as to whether Richey set the fire that ultimately caused the death of Cynthia
Collins.
III. CONCLUSION
Because our holdings above entitle Richey to all the relief that he has sought, we do not
consider or decide his other claims. The district court’s judgment is REVERSED, and the case is
REMANDED with instructions that a conditional writ of habeas corpus, giving the State of Ohio
ninety days to attempt to retry Richey or release him from custody, be GRANTED.
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 23
_______________
DISSENT
_______________
SILER, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusions that
there was insufficient evidence against Richey on the charge of aggravated felony murder, that this
issue was not procedurally defaulted, and that trial counsel was ineffective in his handling of his
expert witness, DuBois.
The first issue, insufficiency of the evidence, due to the fact that Richey could not have been
sentenced to death for the aggravated felony murder charge under Ohio Revised Code § 2903.01
through transferred intent, is procedurally defaulted. As the majority opinion states, Richey has
conceded that he did not raise this claim at trial or on direct appeal. The district court correctly
found that this issue was procedurally defaulted. As it said: “Richey did raise an insufficiency of
evidence claim to the Ohio Supreme Court, although that claim asserted only that his conviction
rested on solely circumstantial evidence.” The Ohio Supreme Court discussed transferred intent
only as a sub-issue under the issue of circumstantial evidence. See State v. Richey, 595 N.E.2d 915,
925 (Ohio 1992). Transferred intent is not one of the issues listed in the certificate of appealability.
To the contrary, the district court denied a certificate of appealability on this issue, and we did the
same. Therefore, the question of transferred intent can only be approached by this court as a subpart
of the certified issue on appeal of the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel either by the failure
of appellate counsel to raise the question on direct appeal, or the failure of appellate counsel to raise
the question of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for his failure to argue the issue of transferred
intent before the trial court.
As the district court correctly found, this assertion is in the nature of a faulty indictment
claim, which must be raised prior to trial under Ohio Rule of Criminal Procedure 12. Of course,
Richey gets around that barrier by asserting that the Ohio Supreme Court reached the issue of
transferred intent, but it was part of its ruling on the sufficiency of the evidence, not as a separate
issue. Nevertheless, the majority has accepted Richey’s argument of skirting the procedural default
by finding that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence
under this transferred intent issue, and that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the
ineffectiveness of trial counsel on that point. However, that issue was also procedurally defaulted,
because of the failure by Richey to timely reopen his appeal in the Ohio courts under Ohio Rule of
Appellate Procedure 26(B), as the Ohio Supreme Court held that the motion was untimely.
Nevertheless, assuming that it was not barred by an untimely application under Rule 26(B), as the
district court found, I would still find that there was no ineffective assistance of appellate counsel
for failing to raise the ineffective assistance of trial counsel on this point of transferred intent. The
reason for my conclusion is simple. The Ohio Supreme Court found that the doctrine of transferred
intent applied in this case when it said “‘ [t]he doctrine of transferred intent is firmly rooted in Ohio
law.’” Richey, 595 N.E.2d at 925 (quoting State v. Sowell, 530 N.E.2d 1294, 1305 (1988)). It held
that the doctrine of transferred intent was applicable under Ohio Revised Code § 2903.01(B).
Therefore, had counsel raised the issue before the trial court and preserved it on appeal, the issue
would have been lost before the Ohio Supreme Court.
The majority admits that the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that transferred intent is applicable
under the charge in this case. However, it has essentially eviscerated the power of the Ohio Supreme
Court to interpret its own statutes. It relies upon the language from State v. Mullins, 602 N.E.2d
769, 771 (Ohio Ct. App. 1992). However, the language quoted from Mullins is dictum, for the
holding was that the doctrine of transferred intent applied in a case where the defendant was charged
under Ohio Revised Code § 2903.02(A). Obviously, the Ohio Supreme Court did not feel bound
by it, not only because it was dictum but it came from a lower court. Instead, the Ohio Supreme
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 24
Court interpreted the Sowell case and found that transferred intent had always applied in similar
cases.
The majority correctly states that the scope of review under AEDPA requires that we uphold
the decision of the Ohio Supreme Court unless it: (1) “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court,” or (2) “was
based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). I am not certain on which of these prongs the majority has
anchored its decision, but it seems to be that it was contrary to or involved an unreasonable
application of clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court. It cites Fiori
v. White, 531 U.S. 225, 228-29 (2001), which held that a state criminal conviction violates the Due
Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment when a person is convicted of a crime when the
elements of the crime have not been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In Fiori, the crime for
which the defendant was convicted was the failure to possess a permit for the operation of a
hazardous waste facility. The Commonwealth agreed that it had not proven that basic element. To
the contrary, in this case at bar, the State met its burden to prove intent through the doctrine of
transferred intent, which was the law in Ohio at the time of this crime, as interpreted by the Ohio
Supreme Court.
The majority also relies upon Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 351 (1964), for the
proposition that the Ohio Supreme Court could not retroactively expand the criminal act prohibited
under Ohio law. However, the Ohio Supreme Court held that its decision in this case followed the
law which had been in Ohio for many years preceding Richey’s conviction. Therefore, the Ohio
Supreme Court’s ruling on transferred intent was neither contrary to nor involved an unreasonable
application of clearly established Federal law as determined by the Supreme Court. From Williams
v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 411 (2000), under the “unreasonable application” clause,
a federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in
its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly
established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also
be unreasonable.
I suggest that the Ohio Supreme Court did not make any unreasonable application of clearly
established Federal law here, nor was it contrary to Fiori or Bouie. It is best to leave it up to the
Ohio Supreme Court to decide the application of its own laws, so long as it does not do so
unconstitutionally. Cf. Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 17 (2003) (“A federal court may not
overrule a state court for simply holding a view different from its own, when the precedent from this
Court is, at best, ambiguous.”). Thus, appellate counsel was not ineffective for not raising
ineffective assistance of trial counsel on this issue.
I also respectfully disagree with the majority on its conclusion that Richey was deprived of
the effective assistance of counsel at the guilt phase of his trial. The Ohio Court of Appeals found
that counsel was not ineffective under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). State v.
Richey, 1997 WL 722782, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 1997). Therefore, because it correctly identified
Strickland as the authoritative case governing Richey’s claim, we must decide whether its
application of the Strickland standard was “objectively unreasonable.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 409.
It is Richey’s “burden to show that the state court applied Strickland to the facts of his case in an
objectively unreasonable manner.” Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 25 (2002)(per curiam).
I agree with the majority that this issue is not procedurally defaulted, due to the fact that the
Ohio Court of Appeals ruled on it and the circumstances of this claim depend on evidence outside
the trial record. However, I disagree with the majority on the issue of deficient performance, so I
do not discuss the question of prejudice as an alternative basis except for one minor point. The
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 25
majority finds several errors amounting to ineffective assistance on the selection and use of the
expert witness, DuBois. The majority concludes that DuBois was unqualified for several reasons.
However, in Skaggs v. Parker, 235 F.3d 261, 272 (6th Cir. 2000), we noted that a claim “that the
petitioner is entitled to a competent expert in his defense,” has never been “explicitly adopted by this
Court.” Accord Campbell v. Coyle, 260 F.3d 531, 550-51 (6th Cir. 2001). The record does not
support Richey’s allegation that counsel retained DuBois without performing an adequate
background check. Richey makes much of DuBois’s academic inexperience in the fields of forensic
science and fire investigation, but it appears that his in-class training consisted of courses in fire
investigation taught by members of the Ohio Fire Marshal’s Office, the very entity he was hired to
critique. There is no suggestion in the record that counsel was put on notice that DuBois was either
incompetent or unqualified to serve as Richey’s expert. The majority infers that it was wrong to find
him through a promotional flier, but that does not disqualify an expert. After counsel contacted
DuBois and discussed some of the facts of the case, DuBois sent a follow-up letter explaining the
services he and his employer would provide. The letter included the fact that his business would
“investigate the cause and origin of a fatal apartment fire.” It would “include a visit to the fire
scene, review of available information and reports, and a preliminary report of our findings.” He
also estimated that he could do it in ten hours. DuBois listed his company’s services, which
included fire and explosions investigations. Nothing in his resume or company profile indicated that
he was either incompetent or unqualified to serve as an expert. Moreover, DuBois indicated that his
company was involved in approximately 400-500 fire investigations prior to 1987 and he played
some role in almost all of them. In 1986 alone, DuBois was involved in 10-30 arson investigations.
Based on the foregoing, it cannot be said that the decision to hire DuBois was “objectively
unreasonable” pursuant to Strickland. Although his classroom training in forensic science and fire
investigation was fairly limited, counsel could not have been on notice of such limitations, and any
academic inadequacies seemed to have been compensated for with practical field experience.
Obviously, there may have been experts out there somewhere who were better qualified, but the law
does not require counsel to search throughout the world to find the best expert in the field and hire
him. See Sidebottom v. Delo, 46 F.3d 744, 753 (8th Cir. 1995).
The majority also finds fault in counsel’s delay in meeting with DuBois and limiting the
initial investigation to ten hours. However, these sub-claims were never raised in State court, so
they were procedurally defaulted. Even if these sub-issues were not procedurally defaulted, the
claims cannot prevail on the merits. Although counsel’s delay in providing DuBois with the State’s
scientific report and data prevented DuBois from conducting an independent test of the extracts,
Richey has not argued that counsel knew of or should have known of the short lifespan of the
extracted compounds. This is not a situation where an attorney was aware of a particular risk and
ignored it; rather, this is a situation where only with the benefit of hindsight that counsel’s delay
could have been harmful. The Supreme Court has warned that “every effort [must] be made to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged
conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 689. Moreover, Dr. Armstrong testified that his review of the data suggests that there were no
extracts available to be tested following the State’s initial test. That is, the State’s original tests used
up all the extracts. Thus, regardless of how soon counsel could have insisted that DuBois conduct
his own tests, no tests could have been performed. Richey has not alleged that the State violated any
laws in the course of conducting the tests. Furthermore, the fact that extracts were not available in
this case did not prevent Dr. Armstrong from later rendering an opinion as to the accuracy and
validity of the State’s tests.
The limitation of ten hours for the work of the expert shows nothing. Richey has not shown
prejudice under Strickland. DuBois testified that he spent more than ten hours on the case and his
biggest limitation was not being able to see the fire scene carpeting, which was not the result of
counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness.
No. 01-3477 Richey v. Mitchell Page 26
The majority also criticizes counsel’s failure to inform DuBois about the fact that the carpet
was removed from a dumpster on a parking lot located near gasoline pumps. But DuBois was
ambiguous about this. In his deposition, he said he probably knew it. He also said:
I do recall [counsel] told me that the carpeting had been thrown out and - I probably
misstated whether or not he told me it had been sampled and then thrown in the
dumpster or thrown in the dumpster then sampled. But I did know that there was
some questionable handling of the carpeting after the fire, and [counsel] was rather
upset about it.
Counsel also raised this at trial. Therefore, it is unclear whether counsel withheld this information
from DuBois. Thus, Richey has not carried the burden to show this conduct to be objectively
unreasonable behavior.
Next, the majority criticizes the fact that trial counsel placed DuBois on his witness list and
then failed to mitigate the mistake. Although counsel did not have DuBois’s report, he was
obligated to disclose the name of this witness under the Ohio Criminal Rules. He had a tactical
reason for disclosing the name of the expert, so he was not ineffective by making such a disclosure.
Morever, counsel was not ineffective for failure to quash the subpoena or otherwise contest his
testimony. The Ohio Supreme Court discussed the underlying merits of that issue. See Richey, 595
N.E.2d at 922-23. It indicated that the prosecution’s use of a defense expert does not violate the
rights of an accused, unless there is a disclosure of confidential communications between the
attorney and the client. In this case, there were no such problems. Therefore, any objection or
attempt to quash the subpoena would have been unsuccessful. If counsel was thinking of the
possibility of calling DuBois as a witness, he had to list his name, even when he did not yet have
DuBois’s report. Otherwise, had DuBois filed a report favorable to Richey, counsel may not have
been able to use DuBois.
Finally, the majority criticizes counsel for failing to offer any competing scientific evidence
or to screen, supervise, or engage DuBois. However, counsel does not have a duty to “continue
looking for experts just because the one he has consulted gave an unfavorable opinion.” Dees v.
Caspiri, 904 F.2d 452, 454 (8th Cir. 1990)(per curiam). Unless a defense attorney has reason to
doubt the objectivity of an expert, the failure to obtain a new “impartial” expert will not be
objectively unreasonable. See Jones v. Murray, 947 F.2d 1106, 1112 (4th Cir. 1991). DuBois
reviewed the results of the tests from the State’s expert and agreed with them. There was nothing
to indicate to counsel that the results were not correct. The Supreme Court has indicated that post-
AEDPA claims of ineffective assistance of counsel will succeed only in limited circumstances. In
Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685 (2002), the Court stated:
For [petitioner] to succeed, however, he must do more than show that he
would have satisfied Strickland’s test if his claim were being analyzed in the first
instance, because under §2254(d)(1), it is not enough to convince a federal habeas
court that, in its independent judgment, the state-court decision applied Strickland
incorrectly. Rather, he must show that the ... Court ... applied Strickland to the facts
of his case in an objectively unreasonable manner.
Id. at 698-99 (internal citations omitted). Richey has not done that here. Therefore, I would not find
that the decisions of the Ohio courts were contrary to or unreasonable applications of Federal law
as interpreted by the Supreme Court. Thus, I would affirm the decision of the district court in
denying the petition for a writ of habeas corpus.