United States v. Brian McClendon

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 10a0041n.06
No. 08-5155
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
United States of America, ) Jan 25, 2010
) LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
Brian Sean McClendon, ) WESTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
)
Defendant-Appellant, )
)
)
BEFORE: MERRITT, MOORE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
MERRITT, Circuit Judge. Brian McClendon had previously worked at a Wal-Mart in
Louisville, Kentucky. McClendon was convicted for offenses related to his role in the robbery of
an armored car guard at the Wal-Mart store and a subsequent drug conspiracy funded by the fruits
of that robbery. He appeals his conviction and sentence on grounds of insufficient evidence and the
unreasonableness of his sentence in addition to certain trial errors. We find all of his arguments
without merit and AFFIRM his conviction and sentence.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On March 20, 2006, an armed guard employed by AT Systems was leaving a Wal-Mart in
Louisville, Kentucky, when he was robbed at gunpoint by two men. Police arrested three men in
connection with the robbery: Brian McClendon, Marcus Capers and Marc Hill. Both Hill and Capers
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cooperated with police and claimed that McClendon was the mastermind behind the robbery. The
testimony of Hill and Capers – in connection with surveillance footage and phone records –
constituted the majority of proof offered against McClendon. At trial, Capers and Hill testified as
to their roles in the robbery. They provided much of the information about the planning and
execution of the robbery and drug conspiracy. Their testimony taken together alleges the following
events.
McClendon was the first to suggest robbing the Wal-Mart, and McClendon determined all
of the details of the robbery including the best date and time. Capers and McClendon alone went
to the Wal-Mart on March 13, 2006, allegedly for the purpose of robbing it on that date. However,
McClendon called off the robbery after waiting for the armored guard to arrive. He claimed that he
did not feel right about it and that they would return at another time. McClendon believed that they
needed a third party to help. Consequently, when McClendon saw Hill at the Wal-Mart days before
the robbery, he attempted to convince Hill “to do something for him,” but did not at that time explain
that he was recruiting Hill to help rob the Wal-Mart. The plan was for McClendon to enter the store
first to serve as a look-out and inform Capers and Hill – who were to wait outside the store – when
to enter. The men were to communicate via cell phone.
On March 20, 2006, Capers and McClendon, arriving in separate cars, met Hill at a gas
station near the Wal-Mart. Capers was driving his girlfriend’s car, and he switched the car’s license
plate with a stolen license plate. At this time, Capers informed Hill of the robbery plan. Hill
testified that he initially expressed reluctance to participate but later agreed after urging from
McClendon. Capers and Hill then drove Capers’ girlfriend’s car to the Wal-Mart and waited at the
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side of the store, while McClendon drove separately to the Wal-Mart. The men all waited for two
to three hours for the armored car to arrive. Capers testified that he had two cell phones with him
that day and that he and Hill communicated by phone with McClendon throughout this waiting
period.
Upon seeing the armored car pull into the restaurant parking lot adjacent to the Wal-Mart,
McClendon called Capers and Hill to inform them that the armored car was about to arrive at Wal-
Mart. Once the armored car arrived, McClendon entered the Wal-Mart store and continued to talk
to Capers on the phone. He informed them that they should get out of the car and wait at the Wal-
Mart shopping cart chute. Wal-Mart employee Kirby Brewer testified to noticing Capers and Hill
before the robbery standing outside the cart chute. Brewer also noticed that Capers was talking on
the phone during this time.
During this period, Edward Bell, the armored car guard, entered the Wal-Mart and went into
the cash office of the store. He made his delivery and picked up several bags of cash and checks.
Still on the phone with Capers, McClendon informed him that the guard was coming out of the cash
office. Thereafter, Capers and Hill entered the store by running through the store’s cart chute and
robbed Bell at gunpoint. Capers testified that prior to the robbery he placed his cell phone in his
pocket, but did not hang up on McClendon. Capers stated that McClendon was still on the phone
line during the entire robbery. After fleeing the store, Capers informed McClendon that they had
made it across the street and were en route to the Ford plant, the group’s prearranged meeting
location for after the robbery. McClendon remained in the store for the duration of the robbery.
Following the completion of the robbery, he purchased some shirts and pants and left the store.
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Capers and Hill drove to the Ford plant to meet McClendon. The pair discarded the clothes
they wore during the robbery, moved the cash into a new bag, discarded all of the checks, and took
the stolen license plate off the car. McClendon arrived shortly thereafter, and the three men drove
in McClendon’s car to a local mall where McClendon gave the other two men money to buy a
change of clothes. After leaving the mall, the three went back to McClendon’s house and counted
the cash. Capers recalled the count being $42,000, while Hill testified that they counted $40,000 in
cash.
Capers testified that after the robbery, he and McClendon and McClendon’s girlfriend Stacy
drove to Toledo, Ohio, and Detroit, Michigan, where they purchased one kilogram of cocaine and
twenty pounds of marijuana with the money from the robbery. He asserted that this had been
McClendon’s intention all along, so that they might increase their gain from the robbery. After
arriving into Detroit, McClendon directed Capers to drive to a specific house, and McClendon
entered the house. Capers testified that McClendon came out of the house with cocaine wrapped in
aluminum foil. Capers also stated that when they returned to Louisville, he noticed about thirty
pounds of marijuana in the car. Capers believed that McClendon must have placed the marijuana
in the car while Capers was asleep at their motel.
Thereafter, police conducted an investigation, which eventually led to the arrest of Capers
and Hill on March 23, 2006. Capers and Hill chose to cooperate with police and provided details
of the robbery. Police corroborated Capers and Hill’s information with Wal-Mart video surveillance
footage and phone records. For instance, police believed that a person inside the store must have
alerted Capers and Hill as to the most opportune moment to enter and rob the guard. Only certain
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places in the store provided the vantage point necessary to see the guard. Images from the
surveillance tape revealed that McClendon was in the store with a vantage point where he could see
the guard.
Additionally, every surveillance image of McClendon showed him talking on a cell phone.
Police took these images in conjunction with Capers’ cell phone records, which showed that sixteen
phone calls were made between Capers’ 619-0720 number and a 767-0496 number. The records for
these phones showed that there were calls made between the phones immediately before, during and
after the robbery. Capers testified that 767-0496 was the phone number that McClendon was using
on the date of the robbery. The 767-0496 number was listed in the name of Angelia Musulin, but
she told police that she had never purchased a phone with this number. Musulin stated that she knew
McClendon, had worked with him, and had been a babysitter for his children a few times. Police
also relied on letters sent from McClendon to Angelia Musulin to tie McClendon to this phone. The
letters urged Musulin to claim that she owned the cell phone number 767-0496.
Detective Larry Duncan arrested McClendon on August 22, 2006, pursuant to an arrest
warrant. Detective Duncan read McClendon his rights and then transported him to police
headquarters. McClendon waived his rights and was interrogated by Duncan and FBI Special Agent
Greg Ahlers. After being confronted with the surveillance images, he admitted to being in the Wal-
Mart that day, but he denied being involved in the robbery. He claimed all phone calls between
himself and Capers concerned a trip to Detroit that the pair planned on taking. McClendon admitted
to driving with Capers to Detroit, and once there, purchasing one kilogram of cocaine and twenty
pounds of marijuana.
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A federal grand jury charged McClendon with the following five offenses: interference with
interstate commerce by threats or violence related to an attempted robbery of Wal-Mart on March
13, 2006, in violation of the Hobbs Act codified in 18 U.S.C. § 951(a) (“attempted robbery charge”);
using and carrying a firearm during the attempted robbery charge, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924
(c)(1)(A); interference with interstate commerce by threats or violence related to the completed
robbery of Wal-Mart on March 20, 2006, in violation of the Hobbs Act codified in 18 U.S.C. §
1951(a) (“completed robbery charge”); aiding and abetting the using, carrying, or brandishing of
a firearm during completed robbery charge, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924 (c)(1)(A); conspiring to
possess with intent to distribute 500 or more grams of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and
841(b)(1)(B)(ii) (“drug conspiracy charge”); and two forfeiture counts. After a trial on these charges,
a jury convicted McClendon of the completed robbery charge and the drug conspiracy charge and
acquitted him of all other charges. The District Court sentenced McClendon to 240 months of
imprisonment on the completed robbery charge and 360 months of imprisonment for the drug
conspiracy charge, with the terms of imprisonment to run concurrently. The District Court also
entered a restitution order against McClendon, jointly and severally with Capers and Hill, in the
amount of $76,068.65. McClendon timely appealed.
After the initial appellate briefing in this case, McClendon obtained new counsel who moved
to strike his original brief. This request was denied, but this Court provided McClendon’s new
counsel the opportunity to supplement McClendon’s original brief. Both McClendon and the
Government have since filed supplemental briefs for this Court’s consideration. This opinion
addresses all claims made from both the original and supplemental briefs.
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II. ANALYSIS
1. Sufficiency of the Evidence
McClendon claims that his convictions were based on insufficient evidence. This Court
reviews the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction by viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution and determining whether “any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319 (1979). While “more than just a scintilla” of evidence is required to sustain a conviction,
circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient. See United States v. Sherlin, 67 F.3d 1208, 1214 (6th
Cir. 1995); see also United States v. Vincent, 20 F.3d 229, 233 (6th Cir. 1994). McClendon’s
burden “is very heavy because the reviewing court does not judge the credibility of witnesses or
weigh evidence, and it draws all reasonable inferences in the governments’s favor.” United States
v. Ostrander, 411 F.3d 684, 691 (6th Cir. 2005). Further, “the uncorroborated testimony of an
accomplice may support a conviction under federal law.” Sherlin, 67 F.3d at 1214 (quoting United
States v. Gallo, 763 F.2d 1504, 1518 (6th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1017 (1986)).
The Robbery Charge
The jury convicted McClendon of a violation of the Hobbs Act for his participation in the
robbery. The Government must prove two elements to prevail on a Hobbs Act charge: “(1)
interference with interstate commerce (2) in the course of a substantive criminal act.” Ostrander,
411 F.3d at 691. First, robbing a business satisfies the first element of the Hobbs charge, so long as
there is an effect on interstate commerce. Id. A national corporation such as Wal-Mart has an effect
on interstate commerce. Second, the statute names robbery as a substantive criminal act, thus
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satisfying the second element of the Hobbs charge. See 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). Statements made by
Capers and Hill implicating McClendon in the robbery would alone be sufficient to support his
conviction. But their testimony is further corroborated by circumstantial evidence such as the phone
records, the Wal-Mart surveillance video, and the letters McClendon sent to Angelia Musulin
encouraging her to lie for him.
McClendon takes issue with the credibility of Capers and Hill, but we must ordinarily defer
to the credibility determinations made by the jury where there is conflicting testimony. See United
States v. Jefferson, 149 F.3d 444, 445 (6th Cir. 1998). The same is true concerning the credibility
of Danielle Smith, Capers’ girlfriend, who testified at trial to incriminating statements made by
McClendon concerning the robbery.
Finally, McClendon contends that the prosecution presented no evidence tying him to the cell
phone records in question. Both Capers and Hill testified at trial that this was the phone number that
they used to communicate with McClendon both prior to and during the robbery. Further, this was
the number that McClendon asked Angelia Musulin to claim as her own. McClendon had no reason
to request this of Musulin if he had no connection to that phone number. In sum, there was sufficient
evidence for a rational jury to convict McClendon of the robbery.
The Drug Conspiracy Charge
The jury convicted McClendon for conspiring to possess with intent to distribute 500 grams
or more of cocaine. McClendon’s primary argument regarding his drug conviction is that Capers’
testimony alone is not sufficient evidence to uphold his conviction. As noted above, the
uncorroborated testimony of Capers is enough to support McClendon’s conviction. In addition,
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McClendon himself admitted in his post-arrest interview to traveling to Detroit to purchase drugs.
Given the evidence presented against McClendon, a rational juror could have found the essential
elements of the drug conspiracy charge beyond a reasonable doubt.
2. Reasonableness of the Sentence
McClendon next argues that his sentence was unreasonable pointing both to the amount of
restitution and the term of imprisonment imposed. This Court reviews a sentence for both
substantive and procedural reasonableness under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Likewise, the amount of restitution is evaluated under this same
standard. United States v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 832, 849 (6th Cir. 2006).
Criminal History Weighed Too Heavily
First, McClendon argues that his sentence was substantively unreasonable because the
imposition of a 360 month sentence for the drug conspiracy charge conflicts with the sentencing
mandate of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). A sentence is substantively unreasonable “when the district court
selects a sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider relevant
sentencing factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States
v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 519-20 (6th Cir. 2008), cert. denied – U.S. –, 129 S. Ct. 450 (2008).
There is a presumption of reasonableness when a sentence falls within the guidelines range. United
States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006). McClendon contends that his sentence
violates the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) because the District Court allegedly gave greater weight
to his prior criminal history than any other factor under the statute. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
(articulating factors that District Court should weigh when sentencing a defendant). He asserts that
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the District Court considered his criminal history four times when calculating his Guidelines range:
“first with the increased statutory range, second with the career offender finding, third with the
increased career offender offense level of 37 because the maximum sentence for the increased
statutory range was life, and fourth with the increase of the criminal history category to VI.”
(Supplemental Br. of Appellant at 29.)(emphasis in original). But, McClendon also admits that his
360-month sentence is permissible under the Guidelines. Further, each of the enhancements that
McClendon complains about are permissible under the Guidelines.
Having reviewed the presentence report on which the District Court relied and the sentencing
hearing transcript, we find that the sentence rendered against McClendon was substantively
reasonable. The District Court emphasized McClendon’s criminal history, but also relied heavily
on the seriousness of the crime and the “need to protect the public and promote respect for the law.”
(Transcript of Sentencing Hearing at 28.) The District Court evaluated and weighted the § 3553(a)
factors appropriately when sentencing McClendon, and thus, his sentence is not substantively
unreasonable.
Amount of Restitution
McClendon next contends that his sentence was unreasonable because the District Court
improperly calculated the restitution order imposed against him. While this Court normally reviews
a restitution order under an abuse of discretion standard, McClendon did not object to the amount
of restitution at sentencing. Therefore, we review the District Court’s order for plain error.
McClendon seizes upon the fact that more than twenty-three thousand of the restitution amount was
derived from checks.
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Wal-Mart representative Robert Mangold testified that Wal-Mart’s loss was $52,149.13 in
cash and $23,919.02 in checks for a total of $76,085.65.1 McClendon argues that it was procedurally
unreasonable for the District Court to calculate restitution based on the amount of the checks because
the government presented no evidence as to whether the checks were endorsed to or by Wal-Mart,
whether the checks were used by McClendon or another party, or whether any of the money
associated with the checks was recovered by Wal-Mart. He also notes that Capers and Hill each
testified that the bounty received from the robbery was approximately $40,000. For support,
McClendon directs us to United States v. Dunn, 300 F. App'x 336 (6th Cir. 2008), where this court
struck down a sentence which impermissibly included interest when calculating loss to the victim
for sentencing guidelines purposes.
This issue is distinguishable from Dunn because it involves a factual dispute over the amount
of loss to the victim, not a procedural determination of loss calculation as in Dunn. Based on
Wal-Mart’s records and Mangold’s testimony that the “pickup deposit report” indicated that
$23,919.02 in checks had been stolen from the guard, the District Court did not plainly err in finding
that amount had been lost by Wal-Mart in addition to the cash. The $40,000 bounty alleged by
Capers and Hill was significantly less than the cash amount alone and was thus properly ignored by
the Court in calculating the full amount for restitution.
3. Motion to Suppress McClendon’s Statement to Police
1
The record is unclear as to the $.50 disparity between the sum of the cash and check amounts
and the restitution assessed.
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McClendon claims that his post-arrest statements were involuntary because Detective Duncan
coerced him into making them. He argues that the District Court erred by refusing to suppress these
statements. McClendon argues that the total time of the questioning in conjunction with promises
of leniency render the statements involuntary. Promises of leniency may be coercive when coupled
with threats of imprisonment or prosecution. See Williams v. Withrow, 944 F.2d 284, 289 (6th Cir.
1991); see also United States v. Johnson, 351 F.3d 254, 261-62 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding that
“promises of leniency may be coercive if they are broken or illusory.”) McClendon was in police
custody for six hours and questioned for two of those hours. He did not consume food or drink
during that time, but the record reflects that he never requested any. Detective Duncan informed
McClendon of his Miranda rights at the time of arrest. Later, McClendon signed a waiver of rights
form after reading the rights out loud. McClendon made the following statement at the end of his
interrogation:
Um, I would like to add the fact that, uh, Mr. Duncan has been truthful to me from
the beginning ... Um, also I want to add the fact that this investigation was to my
satisfaction. It-It ...it’s not, I was not forced to tell anything. I was not forced to say
anything. I was not coerced to nothing; never did I take a break – a 15-minute break
to over-think things. We’ve talked straight through this. Um, I’m not gonna
maintain a innocence or a guilt right now because that would just be stupid. But at
the same time I just want to thank....on the record, I just want to thank Mr. Duncan
and his partner uh, for the respect that they’ve shown me. Thank you.
(Government’s Response to Def.’s Motion to Suppress Statement at 5-6.) Moreover, the record
evidence does not support a conclusion that the District Court clearly erred in finding that “there was
no promise of leniency.” Supplemental Hr’g Tr. Vol. 2 at 173. Reviewing the totality of the
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circumstances, we conclude that McClendon’s statements were voluntarily given, and the District
Court did not err when refusing to suppress them.
4. Exclusion of Private Investigator from the Courtroom
McClendon next argues that the District Court abused its discretion by excluding his private
investigator from the courtroom during the trial. Federal Rule of Evidence 615 allows a court to
exclude witnesses from the courtroom “so that they cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses.”
Fed. R. Evid. 615. In addition to exempting a party from being sequestered, this rule does not
authorize exclusion of “a person whose presence is shown by a party to be essential to the
presentation of the party’s cause.” Fed. Rule Evid. 615(3).
After the District Court instituted “the rule” and sequestered all witnesses for the trial,
McClendon asked the Court for leave to allow his investigator to be exempted and allowed to remain
in the courtroom. McClendon’s counsel informed the Court that the investigator was not an expert,
but instead was providing impeachment and background information. Following reflection on the
issue, the District Court denied this request, instead choosing to provide McClendon’s counsel with
frequent breaks to discuss the case with the investigator and allow the investigator to obtain
transcripts from the other witnesses. McClendon claims that these modifications were insufficient
because the investigator interviewed several government witnesses and could provide immediate
insight to their cross-examinations if allowed to remain in the courtroom. We find that the District
Court’s modifications allowed McClendon’s investigator to participate significantly in his defense
and that the investigator’s presence was not “essential.” These frequent breaks provided ample
opportunity for the private investigator to assist McClendon’s counsel. Additionally, the Court gave
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the investigator materials, such as access to the transcripts of witness testimony, that allowed him
to aid defense counsel in the impeachment of witnesses and strategic defense planning. The District
Court acted appropriately within its discretion. The decision to exclude the private investigator, and
instead provide other modifications, did not prejudice McClendon’s right to a fair trial.
5. Court’s Response to Jury Question
Finally, McClendon claims that the District Court erred by failing to properly respond to a
jury question. During deliberations, the jury submitted a question as to who had been identified as
having the telephone number ending in 7086. McClendon claims that the District Court responded
by making a “general reference to the previous instruction that the jury rely upon its recollection of
the testimony.” (Appellant’s Supplemental Br. at 25.) According to McClendon, this response did
not satisfy the Court’s obligation to resolve jury questions “with concrete accuracy.” Bollenbach v.
United States, 326 U.S. 607, 612-13 (1946); United States v. Nunez, 889 F.2d 1564, 1568 (6th Cir.
1989).
However, the cited “concrete accuracy” language concerns questions of law, Nunez, 889 F.2d
at 1569, whereas this case involves a question of fact. When the jury submits a factual question,
instructing the jury to rely on its own recollection of the testimony is proper and “carefully
preserve[s] the province of the jury while minimizing any prejudice to the defense or the
prosecution.” United States v. Blanks, No. 91-6084, 1992 WL 120205, at *2 (6th Cir. June 2,
1992)(per curiam); See also Ramonez v. Berghuis, 490 F.3d 482, 489 n. 7 (6th Cir. 2007). Moreover,
McClendon notes that Detective Duncan “had testified at trial that he did not know whose phone
number ended in 7086.” (Appellant’s Supplemental Br. at 25.) Thus, the answer to the jury’s
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question was apparently not contained in the record, making it unclear what else the Court could
have told the jury.
V. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.
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