United States v. Davohn Godsey

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 12a0578n.06
No. 10-4511 FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Jun 06, 2012
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
) DISTRICT OF OHIO
DAVOHN GODSEY, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
BEFORE: GIBBONS, ROGERS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Davohn Godsey appeals his 175-month sentence for drug offenses. For the
reasons set forth below, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for resentencing.
Pursuant to a written plea agreement, Godsey pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute and
possess with intent to distribute cocaine base, cocaine, and marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count 1), possessing with intent to distribute approximately 217 grams of
cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (Count 2), and possessing with intent to distribute
approximately 122 grams of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (Count 3). With respect
to Godsey’s sentencing, the parties agreed to recommend a sentence within the advisory guidelines
range as calculated in accordance with the computations and stipulations set forth in the plea
agreement. The government agreed not to oppose a three-point reduction in the applicable offense
level for Godsey’s acceptance of responsibility pursuant to USSG § 3E1.1. The parties agreed that
the following represented the correct computation of the applicable offense level: “That the
No. 10-4511
United States v. Godsey
defendant conspired to possess with intent to distribute at least 150 grams but less than 500 grams
of crack cocaine (Base Offense Level 32) (mandatory minimum 10 years imprisonment).”
According to the plea agreement, the parties understood that if the district court granted Godsey a
three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, found that he met the criteria for the two-level
reduction under the safety valve provisions, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f), USSG § 5C1.2(a), and accepted
the plea agreement’s factual stipulations, then his total offense level would be 27. The plea
agreement continued: “While there is no agreement with respect to the Criminal History category
of the defendant, assuming a Criminal History category of I, the Guideline Range would be 70 to 87
months.” Per the plea agreement, Godsey, acknowledging that the plea agreement was entered into
pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(c)(1)(b), understood that the recommendations
and stipulations contained in the plea agreement were not binding on the district court and that “there
is no agreement as to his sentencing guideline level or criminal history category.”
The probation office prepared a presentence report using the 2009 edition of the sentencing
guidelines. Grouping the three drug counts together, see USSG § 3D1.2(d), the presentence report
set forth a base offense level of 32 based on the drug quantities involved. After a three-level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility and a two-level safety valve reduction, the presentence
report calculated a total offense level of 27. Although Godsey had no convictions resulting in
criminal history points, corresponding to a criminal history category of I, the presentence report
provided a lengthy list of arrests and other criminal conduct not resulting in charges or convictions.
Godsey’s total offense level of 27 and criminal history category of I yielded a guidelines range of 70
to 87 months. The presentence report pointed out that the statutory mandatory minimum sentence
for Counts 1 and 2 was 120 months if the safety valve provisions were not applied. The presentence
-2-
No. 10-4511
United States v. Godsey
report further noted that the new sentencing guidelines in effect on November 1, 2010, pursuant to
the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (FSA) would reduce the offense level by two based on the quantity
of crack cocaine.
Godsey was sentenced on November 22, 2010. Godsey objected to the presentence report’s
allegations of other criminal conduct; the district court, going through Godsey’s specific objections,
stated that it would disregard many of these incidents for sentencing purposes. Noting that the
presentence report set forth a total offense level of 27, the district court stated that “[i]t would be a
25 under the current guidelines, but they are not applicable.” The district court found that the
presentence report’s criminal history category of I under-represented Godsey’s criminal history and
therefore departed upward to a criminal history category of II. On this basis, the district court denied
application of the safety valve provisions. The district court calculated the guidelines range for
Counts 1 and 2 as 121 to 151 months and sentenced Godsey to concurrent terms at the maximum of
that range—151 months. The district court initially calculated the guidelines range for Count 3 as
70 to 78 months and varied downward to a 24-month sentence to run consecutively to the sentence
imposed on Counts 1 and 2, for a total sentence of 175 months of imprisonment. The district court
imposed a lifetime of supervised release. After the sentencing hearing was adjourned, the district
court reconvened the parties and recalculated the guidelines range for Count 3 as 21 to 27 months.
As the 24-month sentence on Count 3 was within the recalculated range, the district court did not
alter its previously announced sentence.
This timely appeal followed. Godsey challenges his sentence as procedurally and
substantively unreasonable. In the alternative, Godsey asserts that the government breached the plea
agreement by taking positions during the sentencing hearing that were inconsistent with the
-3-
No. 10-4511
United States v. Godsey
stipulations and recommendations contained in the plea agreement. The government concedes that
Godsey’s sentence is not procedurally reasonable because the district court incorrectly calculated the
guidelines range and agrees that a remand for resentencing is appropriate. The government contends
that Godsey’s other claims of procedural and substantive unreasonableness are moot in light of the
need for resentencing.
We review the district court’s sentencing determination for procedural and substantive
reasonableness under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Battaglia, 624 F.3d
348, 350 (6th Cir. 2010). We “must first ensure that the district court committed no significant
procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range . . . .”
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007).
As the government concedes, the district court incorrectly calculated the guidelines range for
Counts 1 and 2, overlooking the three-level reduction for Godsey’s acceptance of responsibility.
Reducing the base offense level of 32 by three levels for acceptance of responsibility would result
in a total offense level of 29, which, when combined with a criminal history category of II, would
yield a guidelines range of 97 to 121 months of imprisonment—not 121 to 151months as calculated
by the district court.
In addition, the government correctly notes that the sentencing guidelines in effect on the date
of Godsey’s sentencing incorporated the FSA-based amendments, and would appear to reduce
Godsey’s offense level by an additional two levels. In accordance with the FSA, the Sentencing
Commission issued an emergency amendment to the guidelines, effective November 1, 2010, that
reduced the base offense level for various quantities of crack cocaine. As Godsey was sentenced on
-4-
No. 10-4511
United States v. Godsey
November 22, 2010, three weeks after the amendment took effect, the amended guideline should
have been applied.
While the Government has declined to address some additional issues properly raised by
Godsey, judicial economy warrants our addressing three of them. See United States v. McDaniel,
398 F.3d 540, 551 (6th Cir. 2005).
Godsey argues that the district court improperly relied on incident reports involving
allegations of dissimilar uncharged conduct to depart from criminal history category I to II. USSG
§ 4A1.3(a)(1) allows an upward departure “[i]f reliable information indicates that the defendant’s
criminal history category substantially under-represents the seriousness of the defendant’s criminal
history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes.” Types of information that
may form the basis for such an upward departure include “[p]rior similar adult criminal conduct not
resulting in a criminal conviction.” USSG § 4A1.3(a)(2)(E) (emphasis added). Although Godsey’s
presentence report set forth a lengthy list of arrests and other criminal conduct not resulting in
charges or convictions, only one prior arrest involved drug trafficking. The district court moreover
stated that it would disregard many of these incidents for sentencing purposes. An upward departure
based on criminal history was therefore not warranted.
In any event, the district court erroneously used the criminal history departure to deny Godsey
safety valve relief. The safety valve provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and USSG § 5C1.2(a) require
the district court to impose a guidelines sentence without regard to any statutory minimum sentence
if the defendant meets certain criteria. To be eligible for safety valve relief, a defendant must “not
have more than 1 criminal history point, as determined under the sentencing guidelines.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(f)(1); see also USSG § 5C1.2(a)(1). The presentence report found that Godsey had zero
-5-
No. 10-4511
United States v. Godsey
criminal history points, but the district court denied application of safety valve relief because his
criminal history category was under-represented. We have held that a departure based on the
inadequacy of a defendant’s criminal history category under USSG § 4A1.3 does not affect the
defendant’s criminal history score or eligibility for safety valve relief. United States v. Penn, 282
F.3d 879, 881-82 (6th Cir. 2002). The safety valve provision should accordingly have been applied,
which in turn would reduce his offense level by two levels. USSG § 2D1.1(b)(16).
The district court also erred in ungrouping Godsey’s three counts and calculating one
guidelines range for Counts 1 and 2 and another range for Count 3. USSG § 3D1.2(d) requires the
grouping of the drug offenses in this case.
Godsey requests that we reassign his case to a different district court judge upon remand.
Our authority under 28 U.S.C. § 2106 to remand a case to a different judge “‘is an extraordinary
power and should rarely be invoked. . . . [R]eassignments should be made infrequently and with the
greatest reluctance.’” Armco, Inc. v. United Steelworkers of Am., 280 F.3d 669, 683 (6th Cir. 2002)
(quoting United States v. Winters, 174 F.3d 478, 487 (5th Cir. 1999)). In determining whether
reassignment is necessary, we consider: “(1) whether the original judge would reasonably be
expected to have substantial difficulty in putting out of his or her mind previously expressed views
or findings; (2) whether reassignment is advisable to preserve the appearance of justice; and
(3) whether reassignment would entail waste and duplication out of proportion to any gain in
preserving the appearance of fairness.” Solomon v. United States, 467 F.3d 928, 935 (6th Cir. 2006).
Reassignment is not necessary in this case. We believe that the sentencing judge would not
have substantial difficulty in setting aside his previously expressed views regarding the identified
-6-
No. 10-4511
United States v. Godsey
guidelines issues and that there is a benefit to having Godsey resentenced by the judge who has
presided over his case, as well as the cases of his three co-defendants, from the beginning.
For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE Godsey’s sentence and REMAND to the district
court for resentencing. Resentencing shall be consistent with this opinion, but our remand is
otherwise general rather than limited.
-7-