Robert Gulley v. Fishing Holdings

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 19a0446n.06
Nos. 18-5053/5055/6274
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
ROBERT GULLEY, ) FILED
) Aug 22, 2019
Plaintiff-Appellant, DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
)
v.
)
)
OPERATION BASS,
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Defendant-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
FLW, LLC, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
Defendant, )
)
HARTFORD INSURANCE COMPANY, )
)
Intervenor-Appellee. )
Before: MOORE, KETHLEDGE, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Robert Gulley has already recovered over $300,000 from
the person responsible for a boating accident that injured him. Now he seeks to recover as well
from his employer and his employer’s insurance company. The district court rejected his
arguments. We affirm.
I.
The Ranger Z520 is a high-performance fishing boat. At 20’9” in length, the 2011 model
measures slightly longer than your average pickup truck. The boat’s cockpit holds two cushioned
seats, one for the driver and one for the passenger. An aisle separates those seats, creating a path
from the cockpit to the front and rear of the boat, where the Ranger’s two fishing platforms are
located. These front and rear platforms each have a “pedestal seat”—a small chair atop a metal
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rod that rests in a socket at the center of the platform.
From the driver’s seat, a fisherman controls the Ranger’s direction and speed. For
direction, the boat sports a standard steering wheel. For speed, the Ranger has a hand throttle
mounted to the driver’s right. To accelerate, the driver pushes the throttle toward the front of the
boat; to put the engine in reverse, the driver pulls the throttle toward the back of the boat. A
fisherman maneuvering the Ranger therefore resembles someone driving a manual-transmission
car—left hand on the wheel, right hand on the stick.
The Ranger’s manufacturer, Fishing Holdings, LLC, sells and leases boats to customers
nationwide. One of its longtime customers is Operation Bass, Inc., a company that organizes
professional bass fishing tournaments throughout the United States. In 2011, Operation Bass held
a tournament on Kentucky Lake, a narrow lake that extends from southern Kentucky into northern
Tennessee. The tournament hosted several professional fishermen, including Shinichi Fukae. As
part of the tournament rules, Operation Bass required each fisherman to ride with a cameraman
who recorded the event for broadcasting. Fukae’s cameraman was Robert Gulley.
On the final morning of the tournament, the two men shoved off in the 2011 Ranger Z520.
That afternoon, Fukae decided to move north to fish one final location before the competition
ended. As Fukae prepared to maneuver the boat, he removed the pedestal seat from the forward
fishing platform and laid it in the aisle between the driver and passenger seats. Fukae then put the
boat’s engine in gear and motored north. As the boat accelerated, the pedestal seat began to move
around in the aisle. The seat’s movement distracted Fukae, and he tried to secure the seat with his
foot. When Fukae next looked up, he saw that the boat was heading directly toward a bridge tower;
but it was too late. The Ranger crashed into the bridge at speed. Gulley suffered numerous
injuries, including nine fractured ribs and a head wound.
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Gulley thereafter sought compensation for his injuries from several sources. First, he filed
a workers’ compensation claim with Operation Bass. As a result, Operation Bass’s insurer,
Hartford Insurance Company, covered Gulley’s medical bills and other expenses. Gulley then
sued Operation Bass, Fishing Holdings, and Fukae, alleging claims under both the Jones Act, 46
U.S.C. § 30104, and federal maritime law. Specifically, Gulley alleged that all three parties had
been negligent and that the two companies had failed to provide a seaworthy vessel and had failed
to pay money owed to him as an injured seaman.
The district court granted summary judgment to Operation Bass and Fishing Holdings, but
allowed the negligence claim against Fukae to proceed to a bench trial. Hartford Insurance then
moved to intervene as a third-party plaintiff for reimbursement of the workers’ compensation
payments it had made to medical providers on Gulley’s behalf.
Fukae admitted fault on the eve of trial, so the bench trial served only to calculate damages.
The court thereafter awarded Gulley $497,500 in damages, of which $165,558.92 were medical
expenses. Hartford moved to recover $189,361.61 as reimbursement, and the district court granted
the motion. These appeals followed.
II.
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Hanrahan v. Mohr,
905 F.3d 947, 953 (6th Cir. 2018).
A.
Gulley first argues that the district court erred when it granted summary judgment to
Operation Bass on his claim that the Ranger was “unseaworthy” under federal maritime law. (Like
the district court, we assume without deciding that Gulley was a “seaman” under the Jones Act
and federal maritime law.) Plainly the Ranger was seaworthy: it was more than “reasonably fit”
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for its “intended use,” which was to carry a fisherman and a cameraman around Lake Kentucky
for a day of bass fishing. See Churchwell v. Bluegrass Marine, Inc., 444 F.3d 898, 904 (6th Cir.
2006).
Gulley responds that the loose pedestal seat made the boat unseaworthy. “A vessel’s
condition of unseaworthiness might arise from any number of circumstances,” Usner v.
Luckenbach Overseas Corp., 400 U.S. 494, 499 (1971), including “the misuse of properly
functioning equipment . . . if the misuse occurs at the direction of a superior.” Churchwell, 444
F.3d at 904. But Gulley provides no evidence that Operation Bass intended that the pedestal seat
be left in the aisle while the boat was underway. Instead, Fukae removed the seat himself and—
despite the space available for the pedestal seat to be stored safely—placed the seat in the aisle.
No one told Fukae to do that. Hence this argument fails.
Gulley also contends that the Ranger was unseaworthy because it lacked a foot throttle,
which Gulley says would have made the boat “safer.” But Gulley has no evidence to support that
proposition either; and meanwhile the question is whether the boat was “reasonably fit” for its
“intended use,” not whether it could have been safer. Hence this argument too is meritless.
Gulley also cites two presumptions from admiralty law. First, the so-called “Oregon Rule”
creates “a rebuttable presumption that, when a moving object hits a stationary object, the moving
object is at fault.” See Bessemer & Lake Erie R.R. Co. v. Seaway Marine Transport, 596 F.3d 357,
361-62 (6th Cir. 2010). But this presumption merely allocates fault between the owners of the
moving object and the stationary one—a posture not presented here. See id. Second, the First
Circuit has created “a presumption of unseaworthiness” when “a vessel sinks in calm waters.” See
Underwriters at Lloyd’s v. Labarca, 260 F.3d 3, 8 (1st Cir. 2001). A shipowner can rebut this
presumption, however, by producing evidence “from which a factfinder could determine that the
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vessel sank for some reason other than the alleged unseaworthy condition.” Id. And here the
“other” reason is obvious: Fukae failed to look ahead and crashed into a bridge. The district court
therefore correctly granted summary judgment on Gulley’s claim of unseaworthiness.
B.
Gulley also argues that the district court erred when it granted summary judgment to
Operation Bass on his negligence claim. See 46 U.S.C. § 30104; Atl. Sounding Co., Inc. v.
Townsend, 557 U.S. 404, 415-16 (2009). To prove negligence, Gulley must show that his
employer, Operation Bass, failed to protect him from “obvious dangers” that Operation Bass
“knew or should have known” about. Churchwell, 444 F.3d at 907.
Here, Gulley contends that Operation Bass was negligent because Fukae had asked if he
could leave the pedestal seat ashore. Per tournament rules, however, an official barred Fukae from
doing so. But again it was by no means “obvious” that this command would lead to Fukae laying
the seat in the aisle, becoming distracted by it, and then crashing the Ranger into the bridge. The
district court thus correctly granted summary judgment to Operation Bass.
C.
Gulley argues that Operation Bass owes him medical expenses under federal maritime law.
A shipowner must provide an injured seaman “cure,” which as relevant here includes certain
medical expenses. See Skowronek v. Am. S.S. Co., 505 F.3d 482, 484-85 (6th Cir. 2007). But
Operation Bass’s insurer, Hartford, already paid all of Gulley’s medical expenses. Thus, Gulley’s
argument is meritless. See Al-Zawkari v. Am. S.S. Co., 871 F.2d 585, 588-89 (6th Cir. 1989).
D.
In appeal No. 18-6274, Gulley separately challenges the district court’s order permitting
Hartford to obtain reimbursement from the damages that Gulley recovered from Fukae. By way
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of background, Hartford paid $165,558.92 in medical expenses that were included in the damages
Gulley would otherwise receive from Fukae. Hartford therefore moved to collect that amount as
reimbursement. Gulley argues that this reimbursement violated federal maritime law.
We review this question of law de novo. See St. Clair Marine Salvage, Inc. v. Bulgarelli,
796 F.3d 569, 574 (6th Cir. 2015). Fukae admitted liability for Gulley’s injury, so Hartford was
entitled to sue him for reimbursement of the payments it had made on Gulley’s behalf. See Thomas
J. Schoenbaum, Admiralty & Maritime Law § 6.35, Westlaw (database updated Oct. 2018)
(collecting cases). That reimbursement would ensure that Gulley does not recover twice for the
same injury. Cf. Atl. Sounding, 557 U.S. at 423 n.10 (“[That] a violation of the duty of maintenance
and cure may also give rise to a Jones Act claim is significant only in that it requires admiralty
courts to ensure against double recovery.” (citation omitted)).
Here, the district court ordered Fukae to pay Gulley $165,558.92 in medical expenses. But
Hartford had already paid those expenses, so Fukae in effect owed Hartford, not Gulley, the
$165,558.92. Hartford was therefore entitled to reimbursement of that amount from Gulley’s tort
recovery. (The district court ultimately allowed Hartford to assert a lien of $189,361.61 to account
for other expenses paid to Gulley, but Gulley does not challenge the amount of the lien here.)
Gulley’s second appeal thus fails as well.
* * *
The district court’s judgment is affirmed.
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