United States v. Kendricks

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0282n.06
Filed: April 13, 2005
No. 02-6505
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
)
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
STEPHEN KENDRICKS, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION
)
_______________________________________)
Before: BATCHELDER and MOORE, Circuit Judges, and CALDWELL,* District Judge.
KAREN CALDWELL, District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Stephen Kendricks
(“Kendricks”) appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress. Kendricks was convicted
by a jury on all nine counts of an indictment including two counts of armed bank robbery. He was
sentenced to imprisonment for 500 months. Prior to trial, Kendricks moved to suppress certain
evidence and statements made by him to law enforcement officers including a confession. The
district court denied the motion and we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE
A. The Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation.
*
The Honorable Karen K. Caldwell, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.
Kendricks was convicted by a jury on all nine counts of an indictment including two counts
of armed bank robbery. Kendricks appeals his conviction arguing that, prior to trial, the district
court incorrectly denied his motion to suppress certain evidence and statements made by him to law
enforcement officers, including a confession. The district court referred the motion to the magistrate
judge who conducted a hearing and entered a Report and Recommendation finding the following
facts.
On August 3, 2001, Officer Joe Fletcher (“Fletcher”) of the Chattanooga Police Department
was patrolling in his car in his normal patrol area, the Alton Park/Piney Woods area. At 1:45 p.m.,
he heard over the police radio that 911 had received a call reporting that the First Tennessee Bank
at 3503 Broad Street was being robbed. The police radio further reported that witnesses identified
the robbers as two black men wearing black plastic and masks and that witnesses saw a brown or
black convertible leaving the bank and heading towards 38th Street and Alton Park Boulevard.
Fletcher proceeded toward that area, turning onto 37th Street and heading toward Alton Park
Boulevard. About two-tenths of a mile from the bank, Fletcher saw Kendricks, a black male,
walking on the right shoulder of 37th Street toward Alton Park Boulevard. Kendricks was wearing
a white t-shirt, dark jean shorts with the cuffs rolled up, and tennis shoes. The stretch of the road
where Kendricks was walking had no sidewalks. There were no businesses in the immediate area
but there was a bus stop and an elementary school farther down 37th Street. Fletcher did not see
anyone else walking on the road. Shortly after Fletcher saw Kendricks, the police radio dispatch
reported that the suspects, now three black males, had probably discarded their plastic clothing.
Fletcher stopped his patrol car in front of Kendricks and asked him to approach the car.
Kendricks walked to the car. Fletcher exited the car and patted down Kendricks for weapons. The
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officer then informed Kendricks of the bank robbery and said he “needed to talk to him to make sure
if he was a part of it or not.” After Kendricks identified himself to the officer, at 1:51:25 p.m.,
Fletcher informed the dispatcher that he had stopped Kendricks.
After Kendricks identified himself, Fletcher remembered that only a week or two earlier, a
Chattanooga Police Department detective told Fletcher to be on the lookout for a Stephen Kendricks
and Kendricks’ friend, Tyrone Griffin (“Griffin”), because they were suspects in a recent robbery
of a store in nearby St. Elmo. The detective also told Fletcher to be on the lookout for a white El
Camino because Kendricks and Griffin drove a white El Camino.
Fletcher asked Kendricks what he was doing in the area, and Kendricks replied that he had
been at the Pizza Hut applying for a job. Fletcher did not believe Kendricks’ story because
approximately one week earlier Fletcher had been called to the same Pizza Hut by the restaurant
manager. On that date, the manager had informed Fletcher that Kendricks and Griffin had been in
the restaurant to pick up Griffin’s paycheck and the manager believed there were arrest warrants for
the two men. When Fletcher arrived at the restaurant, the two had already left without Griffin’s
paycheck. Based on this event, Fletcher believed that both men knew they would not be welcome
at the Pizza Hut.
Fletcher testified that he then advised Kendricks that “I was going to go back over to the
bank with him to check to see if he was involved in the holdup. I said, ‘If it’s not you, I’ll cut you
loose.’” Fletcher opened the door and Kendricks entered the back of the patrol car. The back of the
car is separated from the front with metal bars. The back doors are locked and cannot be opened
from inside. Kendricks was not handcuffed and retained his cell phone.
Fletcher and Kendricks arrived at the bank at 1:54:40 p.m. Fletcher then asked the dispatcher
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to call the Pizza Hut to see if a person matching Kendricks’ description had been in the restaurant
that morning. At 1:56 p.m., the dispatcher called back and reported that, according to Pizza Hut,
no person meeting Kendricks’ description had been in that morning. Fletcher then conducted a
“show-up” in which he asked witnesses to the bank robbery if they could identify Kendricks as one
of the robbers. The witnesses could not identify Kendricks because the men had worn black masks.
Except for the show-up, Kendricks remained locked in the back of the police car parked in the bank
lot. Fletcher viewed the bank video of the robbery and was unable to identify Kendricks in the
video.
While still in the bank parking lot, Fletcher heard over the police radio that a witness had
reported that two men had jumped out of the get-away car and hopped into a white El Camino with
gold rims and red tinted windows. Fletcher remembered the earlier conversation in which the
Chattanooga Police Department detective had informed him that Kendricks and Griffin drove a
white El Camino. The first mention of the white El Camino on the incident summary report was at
2:25 p.m. when the dispatcher announced its location. The next reference occurs at 2:44 p.m., when
the dispatcher advised officers to be on the lookout for the car because the robbery suspects may be
in it.
FBI Agent Paul Healy (“Healy”) arrived at the bank at approximately 2:10 p.m. and took
over the investigation from the police department. He spoke with Fletcher, who told him about
Kendricks and the Pizza Hut story. Healy went inside the bank to view the video of the robbery.
Afterward, he approached the patrol car, opened the patrol car door and identified himself to
Kendricks. In response to Healy’s questions, Kendricks stated he had been at the Pizza Hut to apply
for a job. Healy walked across the street to the Pizza Hut to talk to the manager, who denied that
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anyone came in for a job application that day. The magistrate judge found that Healy was at the
Pizza Hut for 40 to 45 minutes.
When Healy returned, he spoke with fellow FBI agent Wayne Jackson, who told Healy that
Kendricks had told him that he had gone to the Pizza Hut to see a friend. Jackson orally advised
Kendricks of his Miranda warnings before asking him any questions. Healy then opened the back
of the patrol car and allowed Kendricks to stand outside for a short time though Kendricks was not
allowed to move far from the car. Healy did not search Kendricks in the parking lot because he was
aware of the police department’s policy of patting down a suspect before putting him in a patrol car.
Because of the discrepancies in the stories that Kendricks gave to him and to Jackson, and because
Healy knew Kendricks was lying about going to the Pizza Hut to apply for a job, Healy decided he
would like to question Kendricks further at the FBI office in downtown Chattanooga.
Healy testified that, “I told Mr. Kendricks that it was [sic] inconsistencies in his statement,
and I’d like him to come to the FBI office so we could further investigate.” Later in the suppression
hearing, Healy testified that he told Kendricks, “please come down to the FBI office so we can
straighten this out.” Still later in the hearing, Healy testified that he told the defendant, “We’ve got
some inconsistencies here, you know. You need to come down, please come down with us to the
FBI office and, you know, we could straighten this out” and “you need to get this straightened out.”
Healy did not tell Kendricks he did not have to come. He did not issue Kendricks his Miranda
warnings prior to Kendricks’ arrival at the FBI office.
Fletcher drove Kendricks to the FBI offices. He was not handcuffed and was allowed to
keep his cell phone. When they arrived, Healy “informed [Kendricks] I was going to search him, just
as a matter of policy, before he came in our spaces.” Healy further testified that, “what I was
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looking for is [sic] any weapons, narcotics, knives, those type items.” Healy started the search by
rolling down Kendricks’ pant legs. Healy then saw pink dye on the cuff consistent with dye used
in bank robbery dye packs. Healy testified that he also searched Kendricks’ pockets and found a
receipt from the Suburban Lodge Motel, and $120 in cash stained by the dye used in dye packs.
Healy testified that he did not think the dye- stained money in the defendant’s pocket came from the
bank robbery which occurred that morning because the money was too clean. It looked as if the
money had been washed. He knew of two previous bank robberies which had occurred recently
where dye packs had exploded and he had been called by businesses recently to come look at pinkish
stained money so he knew that dye-stained money was in circulation.
After the search, Healy took Kendricks to the fifth floor where the FBI offices were located.
They went to an interview room a few feet from the front door which is kept locked. A deputy from
the county sheriff’s department joined them for the interview. At 3:01 p.m., Healy read Kendricks
his Miranda warnings from an “advice of rights” form which he then had Kendricks read and sign.
The items found on Kendricks were placed in front of him. Healy testified that he told Kendricks
he could leave but that Kendricks consented to the interview. Sometime during the interview, Healy
told Kendricks that, if he could call a family member to come pick him up, he could leave.
Kendricks called his brother, a cousin and a girlfriend on his cell phone, but no one came to pick him
up.
Because of inconsistencies in Kendricks’ story, Healy left the building to obtain a search
warrant for Kendricks’ room at the Suburban Lodge. Kendricks remained in the interview room with
Jackson. The search of the Suburban Lodge room was conducted at 10:55 p.m. and Healy found
dye-stained money in dissolving fluid, dry money with a pink stain on it, packaging for masks and
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other incriminating items.
Jackson went into the interview room at about 5:00 or 5:30 p.m. when Healy left to obtain
the search warrant. Jackson testified that, prior to that time, “Healy had been with [Kendricks] for
a while. And some of the time they were with him, they were fingerprinting him and photographing
him and, you know, doing different things.” Jackson talked with Kendricks from 5:00 or 5:30 p.m.
until midnight. During that time, Kendricks was given bathroom breaks, sodas and was offered
something to eat. He was told he could leave if he could contact a family member to pick him up.
Kendricks made some calls but no one came to pick him up. At about 11:00 p.m., Kendricks
admitted to being involved in the bank robbery.
Based on these facts, the magistrate judge concluded that the officers lawfully detained
Kendricks based upon reasonable suspicion until the time that Healy walked to the Pizza Hut. The
magistrate judge found that the only thing Healy could accomplish by going to the Pizza Hut was
to confirm what the dispatcher had already told Fletcher, i.e., that Kendricks had lied about being
in the Pizza Hut that morning. At the point that Healy left for the Pizza Hut, the magistrate judge
concluded, the officers were simply holding Kendricks hoping that a new lead would arise. Absent
probable cause to arrest him, the magistrate judge concluded that Kendricks should have been
released. The magistrate judge also determined that “a reasonable person in Kendricks’ position
would not have felt he had a choice about whether to go to the FBI office.”
The magistrate judge determined that the illegal detention of Kendricks enabled the search
of his person at the FBI office; his questioning and confession at the FBI office; and the search of
the Suburban Lodge room. Citing to Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 487-88 (1963), the
magistrate judge determined that the evidence obtained as a result of these events should be
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suppressed as “fruit of the poisonous tree.”
Accordingly, the magistrate judge recommended that the motion to suppress be granted as
to 1) the statements made by Kendricks after Agent Healy’s interview of the defendant in the bank
parking lot; 2) the evidence found on Kendricks’ person when Agent Healy searched the defendant
at the FBI office; and 3) all evidence found during the search of the Suburban Lodge room. The
magistrate judge further recommended, however, that Kendricks’ motion be denied as to the
statements he made to Fletcher on 37th Street and to Agent Healy in the bank parking lot before
Healy left for the Pizza Hut. The government filed objections to the magistrate judge’s Report and
Recommendation.
B. The District Court’s Order.
In its Order, the district court adopted all but two of the magistrate judge’s findings of fact.
The first fact concerned the amount of time that Healy was at the Pizza Hut across the street from
the bank. Citing to the transcript of the hearing and the timeline otherwise established by the
magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation, the district court determined that the magistrate
judge had mistakenly concluded that Healy spent forty to forty-five minutes at the Pizza Hut when
he was actually at the crime scene for that time period. The district court determined that Healy’s
trip to the Pizza Hut could not have taken more than a few minutes.
The district court’s second exception to the magistrate judge’s findings of fact concerned the
time when Healy learned of Kendricks’ connection to the white El Camino. The magistrate judge
had determined that Healy and Jackson did not know about Kendricks’ connection to the white El
Camino until they questioned him at the FBI office. The district court determined, however, that
Healy learned about the El Camino when he returned from the Pizza Hut. In reaching this
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conclusion, the district court cited to Healy’s testimony at the suppression hearing in which Healy
indicated that he “found out about the vehicles” upon his return from the Pizza Hut.
The district court determined that the officers acted quickly and diligently to investigate
their suspicions about Kendricks and that he was not detained in the bank parking lot longer than
reasonably necessary. The district court also determined that Healy effectively arrested Kendricks
when he took him to the FBI office, where he was searched, advised of his Miranda warnings and
interrogated. The district court recognized that Healy told Kendricks that he was free to leave on
more than one occasion but noted also that Kendricks was transported to the FBI office in a locked
car, effectively strip searched, dispossessed of his personal belongings, interviewed in a locked
room, fingerprinted and photographed. Thus, the district court concluded, in view of all the
circumstances, the officers had restricted Kendricks’ liberty in such a way that a reasonable person
would not believe he was free to leave.
The district court therefore denied in full Kendricks’ motion to suppress. Though it is not
stated in the district court’s Order, it is presumed that, having determined that Kendricks was
lawfully arrested, the district court determined that the search of Kendricks at the FBI offices was
a lawful search incident to arrest.
II. ANALYSIS
In reviewing the district court’s denial of defendant’s motion to suppress evidence, this court
reviews the district court’s factual findings for clear error and reviews its conclusions of law de
novo. United States v. Freeman, 209 F.3d 464, 466 (6th Cir. 2000).
One of the well established exceptions to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment
is the search incident to arrest. See e.g., Michigan v. DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 35 (1979); Chimel
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v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 762-63 (1969). Once a suspect is arrested based on the existence of
probable cause, officers may conduct a warrantless search of the suspect’s person and of the area
within the suspect’s immediate control. Chimel, 395 U.S. at 762-63.
On appeal, Kendricks argues that the district court incorrectly determined both that he was
arrested and that there was probable cause to arrest him at the time he was taken to the FBI offices.
“It does not take formal words of arrest or booking at a police station to complete an arrest.”
Manning v. Jarnigan, 501 F.2d 408, 410-411 (6th Cir. 1974); See also Gardenhire v. Schubert, 205
F.3d 303, 313 (6th Cir. 2000). A “seizure” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment occurs
when, “in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have
believed that he was not free to leave.” United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980).
Here, there is no real dispute as to whether Kendricks was, in fact, arrested when he was
taken to the FBI office. The magistrate judge and the district court both determined that Kendricks
would not have reasonably felt free to leave from the point that he was transported to the FBI offices
in the patrol car. As to Kendricks, while he disputes that he was arrested, he also points out that
Fletcher transported him in the rear of a police cruiser to the FBI office; that the rear of the police
cruiser had no operating door locks; and that, upon arriving at the FBI office, Fletcher physically
took Kendricks by the arm and escorted him into the FBI building. Kendricks himself argues that,
“[i]n these circumstances, a reasonable person would conclude he was not free to leave.”
The Court also notes that Healy had indicated to Kendricks that Kendricks needed or, at the
least, should to go to the FBI offices to straighten out inconsistencies in his statements; that Healy
advised Kendricks of his Miranda warnings upon arrival at the FBI offices and had him sign a
waiver of rights; that, after arriving at the FBI offices, Kendricks was taken to a locked interview
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room; that he was fingerprinted and photographed; and that the front door to the FBI’s office is kept
locked.
As the district court noted, the agents told Kendricks he was free to leave three times after
he was placed in the interrogation room. It appears that in, at least, two instances, however,
Kendricks’ freedom to leave was conditioned on someone coming to the FBI offices to get him. In
these instances, the officers did not give Kendricks complete freedom to walk out of the office. The
district court correctly determined that, considering all of these circumstances, Kendricks was, in
fact, arrested when he was taken to the FBI office.
Kendricks does not dispute that his detention and questioning by officers was permissible
up until the time he was taken to the FBI office. Thus, the real dispute here is whether probable
cause existed to arrest Kendricks at the time he was taken to the FBI office. As to this issue,
Kendricks disputes the district court’s finding that Healy knew of Kendricks’ connection to the
white El Camino prior to taking Kendricks to the FBI office. Kendricks argues that the only
information known by Healy at that time linking Kendricks to the robbery was that he was, like the
suspects, a black male and that he was near the bank and had given inconsistent and possibly untrue
statements about his whereabouts.
Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within the officers’ knowledge and
of which they had reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to cause a person of reasonable
caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed by the person to be arrested.
Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200, 208 n.9 (1979). “The test for the existence of probable cause
is wholly objective.” United States v. Anderson, 923 F.2d 450, 456 (6th Cir. 1991). “[T]he subjective
belief of the arresting officer is irrelevant in determining whether probable cause exists.” Id. at 457.
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As an initial matter, the Court is unable to find, based on the evidence in the record, that the
district court clearly erred in finding that Healy knew about the white El Camino prior to taking
Kendricks to the FBI. At the suppression hearing, Healy confirmed that he “found out about the
vehicles” when he returned to the bank from the Pizza Hut. This would certainly indicate that he
learned about the white El Camino at that time.
More importantly, however, for purposes of determining whether probable cause existed to
arrest Kendricks, it is irrelevant whether Healy knew about the white El Camino and Kendricks’
connection to it. This is because it is undisputed that, prior to taking Kendricks to the FBI office,
Healy’s law enforcement colleague, Fletcher, knew about the white El Camino and Kendricks’
connection to it. “Many circuits, including our own, have determined that probable cause may be
established from the collective knowledge of the police rather than solely from the officer who
actually made the arrest.” Collins v. Nagle, 892 F.2d 489, 495 (6th Cir. 1989) (citing United States
v. Calandrella, 605 F.2d 236, 246 (6th Cir. 1979); United States v. Killebrew, 594 F.2d 1103, 1105
(6th Cir. 1979); United States v. McManus, 560 F.2d 747, 750-51 (6th Cir. 1977); United States v.
Woods, 544 F.2d 242, 259-60 (6th Cir. 1976)).
At the time that Kendricks was taken to the FBI office, the facts and circumstances
collectively known by the Chattanooga Police Department and the FBI were that 1) Kendricks met
the general description of the suspects; 2) he was walking only .2 miles from the bank in the area
where the robbery get away car had been heading; 3) the robbery had occurred only 5 to 15 minutes
before Fletcher spotted Kendricks; 4) one or more of the suspects might be on foot; 5) Kendricks
was walking in an area where Fletcher, who regularly patrolled this area, did not often see people
walking; 6) Kendricks was suspected of another recent armed robbery of a business in the area; 7)
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Kendricks had given false and inconsistent stories to law enforcement officers and agents regarding
where he had been that day; 8) the robbery suspects had ditched the getaway car and hopped into
a white El Camino; and 9) Kendricks drove a white El Camino.
Considering the totality of these facts and circumstances collectively known by Healy,
Jackson and Fletcher, probable cause existed to arrest Kendricks at the time he was taken to the FBI
office. Accordingly, the search of Kendricks at the FBI office was a lawful search incident to arrest;
the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine does not apply to exclude any of the evidence obtained as a
result of the arrest; and the district court properly denied Kendricks’ motion to suppress.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s Order denying Kendricks’
motion to suppress.
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