Dixon v. White

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0001n.06
Filed: January 3, 2007
No. 05-1786
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
JOHN HENRY DIXON, )
)
Petitioner-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
HAROLD WHITE, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
Before: CLAY and ROGERS, Circuit Judges; KATZ, District Judge*
ROGERS, Circuit Judge. We reverse the district court’s denial of John Henry Dixon’s
habeas petition because the Michigan courts unreasonably applied the United States Supreme Court’s
holding in Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647 (1992), when they determined that Dixon did not
suffer a violation of his speedy trial right. See U.S. Const. amend. VI (“In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial. . . .”); Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386
U.S. 213, 222 (1967) (holding that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Sixth Amendment
applicable to states proceedings).
On January 16, 1994, state authorities arrested Dixon and charged him with two informations
of sexually penetrating his girlfriend’s daughter, Ann Lear, in violation of Michigan law. See Mich.
*
The Honorable David A. Katz, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
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Dixon v. White
Comp. Laws § 750.520b(1)(a) (first degree criminal sexual conduct with a person under the age of
thirteen). Seven months later, on August 16, 1994, Dixon filed a Demand for Speedy Trial. Five
months later, on January 17, 1996, Dixon moved to dismiss the two informations against him for
lack of a speedy trial. He renewed the motion eight months later, on November 20, 1996, and then
filed another motion to dismiss seven months later, on June 2, 1997. On June 20, 1997, the day that
the trial began—over three-and-a-half years after the state filed its informations against
Dixon—counsel renewed Dixon’s motion, which the trial court rejected.
There were several reasons for the three-and-a-half-year delay. First, eight months of the
delay resulted from a series of stipulated adjournments. Second, some of the delay resulted from a
congested court docket and a court error that accidentally removed the case from the state court’s
docket. Third, Dixon requested Lear’s psychological records, which the Oakland Family Services
originally refused to produce and which the court employees negligently handled.
Dixon eventually received a trial, during which Lear testified that her mother’s live-in
boyfriend, Dixon, sexually assaulted her on at least two separate occasions. First, Lear testified that
in October 1993, when she was twelve years old, Dixon asked her to join him alone in the family
basement. It was there, according to Lear, that Dixon pulled down her pants and licked her vagina.
Lear testified that she kicked Dixon, causing him to stop, and then she returned upstairs. Lear also
claimed that Dixon threatened to hurt her if she told anyone about the incident.1 Second, Lear
1
Lear’s brother, John Lear Jr., testified regarding other attempts by Dixon to prevent the
alleged incident from coming to light. John Lear Jr. testified that, in January 1994, Dixon promised
Lear Jr. $100 if he and his sister “kept their mouths shut” about the incidents.
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testified that, in December 1993, Dixon entered her bedroom, pulled down her pants, and touched
her vagina with his pinky finger. Lear also testified about other instances of sexual abuse for which
the state did not charge Dixon. Specifically, Lear testified that, from the time that she turned nine
or ten, Dixon repeatedly sexually assaulted her at around seven o’clock in the morning.
Mary Larkin, an Assistant Oakland County Prosecutor, testified that Lear told her that,
“Everything I [Lear] said about him [Dixon] was a lie. He left without telling me. I was mad at him.
I got the idea to make up the [allegations] from his cousins. . . . None of it happened, I’m coming
forward now because he shouldn’t go to jail for something he didn’t do.” In a later conversation
with Larkin, Lear returned to her original story and insisted, “What I said in court and what I told
you earlier on [about the allegations against Dixon] is the truth.”
Finally, the state called Dr. Michael Eadie, who testified about his medical examination of
Lear. According to Dr. Eadie, during his examination, Lear told him that Dixon vaginally
manipulated her using his tongue and fingers, but not his penis. Dr. Eadie testified that he observed
that Lear’s hymenal ring was not intact, a fact consistent with Lear’s allegations against Dixon. On
cross-examination, Dr. Eadie conceded that the injury could have occurred as a result of penile
intercourse, masturbation, or the insertion of a tampon.
Dixon was the only defense witness. He testified that, in October 1993, he asked Lear to
come to the basement to help him fix the furnace; however, he insisted that nothing sexual occurred
between him and Lear. He also testified that he never went to Lear’s bedroom in the middle of the
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Dixon v. White
night and never encouraged Lear to keep her mouth shut.2 On June 26, 1997, a jury convicted Dixon
of both counts, and on September 22, 1997, a judge sentenced him to concurrent state prison terms
of 25 to 50 years on each count.
The jury did not hear evidence that Dixon considers crucial to his defense. Pertaining to the
violation of the right to a speedy trial, the jury did not hear evidence from Patrick Mercier, Dixon’s
employer. According to Dixon’s counsel, Mercier would have testified that Dixon was usually at
work by eight o’clock in the morning. Dixon planned to use Mercier’s testimony to prove that Dixon
could not have assaulted Lear at seven o’clock in the morning, as she alleged that he did on
numerous occasions (although not the two particular occasions for which the state charged Dixon).
Dixon’s counsel explained to the court that “we did attempt to locate Mr. Mercier as soon as we
found out that we were going to be trying the case last Thursday. . . . [However,] the defendant has
been advised that Patrick Mercier is no longer living in the State of Michigan, and he’s no longer
available for us to call as a witness.”
On October 7, 1997, Dixon filed a motion for a new trial raising the speedy trial and ability-
to-raise-a-defense issues, which the trial court denied on October 22, 1997, because Dixon did not
show that the delay prejudiced his defense. The state trial court noted that Mercier’s testimony
constituted “alibi testimony” and that “defense counsel has failed to make any request of this Court
or the People relative to securing said witness for the purpose of proceeding to trial.” On December
2
As to John Lear, Jr.’s accusations that Dixon offered him $100 if he and Lear kept their
mouths shut, Dixon testified that he did not make such an offer, but instead told John Lear, Jr. that
“The only way I could really take you fishing is if Ann [Lear] went forward and told the truth.”
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No. 05-1786
Dixon v. White
15, 1997, Dixon appealed, and the Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed his conviction and sentence
on February 25, 2000. People v. Dixon, No. 208349 (Mich. Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2000). The Michigan
Court of Appeals balanced the four factors that the United States Supreme Court identified in Barker
v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), and held that Dixon did not suffer any prejudice because he did not
show that Mercier would have offered relevant testimony. Indeed, the crimes for which the state
charged Dixon did not occur during working hours, and Mercier’s testimony, therefore, was not
relevant to the central issues in the case. On October 30, 2000, the Michigan Supreme Court denied
his delayed Application for Leave to Appeal. People v. Dixon, No. 116735 (Oct. 30, 2000). On
October 22, 2001, Dixon filed a habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, raising the speedy trial and
ability-to-raise-a-defense issues in this appeal. The district court denied the motion on April 21,
2005, because there was no showing of “substantial prejudice” as a result of the failure to locate
Mercier.3
Dixon is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus only if he can show that Michigan’s adjudication
of his claims on the merits
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme
Court of the United States, or
3
Dixon also argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel when his counsel failed
to present evidence that Lear told her grandmother, Aline Dixon, that Lear’s half-brother, Dennis
Lear, would climb into Ann Lear’s bed, demand that she pull off her clothes and, if she refused,
would tear off her clothes. In addition, Dixon argues that he was denied effective assistance of
counsel when his attorney failed to present evidence that Lear accused Julian “Andy” Dixon, John
Dixon’s brother, of sexual assault. Because we hold that John Dixon suffered a violation of his right
to a speedy trial, we do not address these claims.
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Dixon v. White
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceedings.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
The Michigan courts in this case engaged in an “unreasonable application of clearly
established Federal law” when they held that Doggett did not require dismissing the informations
in this case. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). In Doggett, DEA agents set out to arrest Marc Doggett within
weeks of his indictment only to find out that Doggett had left for Colombia four days earlier. 505
U.S. at 648-49. Efforts to apprehend Doggett failed after his name vanished from the United States
Treasury Enforcement Communication System, Panamanian officials released Doggett from custody,
and a DEA agent failed to pursue the case. Id. at 649-50. Eight-and-a-half years later, a Marshals’
Service check of outstanding warrants revealed Doggett’s name and authorities arrested him in the
United States, where he had settled for six years. Id. Doggett argued that the eight-and-a-half-year
delay after his indictment violated his right to a speedy trial even though he could not prove actual
prejudice. The Supreme Court agreed, referring to the Government’s “lethargy” in prosecuting the
case. Id. at 653.
This case is materially indistinguishable from Doggett with respect to the four relevant
speedy-trial inquiries, namely “whether delay before trial was uncommonly long, whether the
government or the criminal defendant is more to blame for the delay, whether, in due course, the
defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial, and whether he suffered prejudice as the delay’s result.”
Id. at 651. First, although the three-and-a-half-year delay in this case is less than the eight-and-a-
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half-year delay in Doggett,4 it is still uncommonly long. Second, as in Doggett, the state is more to
blame for the delay.5 Third, Dixon, like Doggett, raised his right to a speedy trial, and, fourth, like
Doggett, could not show actual prejudice from the delay.
Indeed, three facts suggest that the violation of the right to a speedy trial in this case was
worse than the one that the Supreme Court found unconstitutional in Doggett. First, in this case,
Dixon knew that the state filed informations against him, while in Doggett, the defendant did not
know about the arrest warrant. Thus, while Dixon lived three-and-a-half years with the weight of
prosecution on his shoulder and watched his desire to clear his name go unfulfilled, Doggett did not.
Second, and relatedly, the government in Doggett did not disregard Doggett’s requests for a speedy
trial because Doggett did not know about his indictment. Here, in contrast, the state failed to protect
Dixon’s known desire to have a speedy trial after Dixon raised his speedy trial rights on four separate
occasions. Thus, while the government in Doggett was unaware of a speedy trial demand, the state
in this case knew about Dixon’s desire to prove his innocence at trial, yet failed to secure his right
to a speedy trial. Third, Dixon presented an argument that he suffered prejudice because his
4
The state was not responsible for the entire eight-and-a-half-year delay as Doggett made his
apprehension more difficult by leaving the United States. The Supreme Court noted that Doggett
resided in the United States for six years before American authorities apprehended him. 505 U.S.
at 650.
5
Of the 41 months delay, 8 months of delay resulted from stipulated adjournments
(attributable to both parties), 6 months resulted from a clerk mistakenly typing “final disposition”
on the docket sheet (attributable to the state), 17 months resulted from difficulties obtaining Lear’s
psychological records from the Oakland Family Services (a fraction of which is attributable to
Dixon, who sought the records), and the remaining 10 months resulted from a congested trial docket
(attributable to the state).
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No. 05-1786
Dixon v. White
employer was unable to testify that Dixon arrived on time during the time period at issue in the case.
While the Michigan courts concluded that the testimony would not have exonerated Dixon, the fact
that Dixon made a showing (however weak) that he actually suffered prejudice distinguishes this
case from Doggett, where the defendant presented no evidence of actual prejudice.
Because this case is materially indistinguishable from Doggett, the Michigan courts engaged
in an unreasonable application of United State Supreme Court precedent when they held that the
delay in this case did not violate Dixon’s right to a speedy trial. Having found a violation of the right
to a speedy trial, we do not reach Dixon’s remaining arguments on appeal. Cf. People v. Mikula, 269
N.W.2d 195, 199 (Mich. Ct. App. 1978); Lewis v. Wilkinson, 307 F.3d 413, 422 (6th Cir. 2002).
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND
to the district court for the grant of a writ of habeas corpus.
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