Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0244n.06
Filed: May 7, 2008
No. 07-1674
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
Alando Barry, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v. ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Noble Metal Processing, Inc., ) OPINION
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
BEFORE: GILMAN, ROGERS, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. In August of 2004, Alando Barry (“Plaintiff”), an African-
American male, was terminated from his employment as a forklift operator with Defendant, Noble
Metal Processing, Inc. (“NMP”). According to NMP, Plaintiff was terminated for violating the
company’s workplace violence policy by assaulting a supervisor. Based on his belief that NMP
actually terminated him because of his race, Plaintiff filed suit in federal court alleging race
discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq.,
along with various state law claims. In a ruling from the bench, the district court granted full
summary judgment for NMP. Plaintiff timely appealed the district court’s decision on the Title VII
claim only. For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 15, 2004, Plaintiff, a forklift operator, reported to his assigned work station in
Area 2 of the NMP facility. Upon arriving at his work station, Plaintiff noticed that he had not been
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
provided with a key to one of the four heavy-duty forklifts referred to around the shop as a “Big
Red.” Because a Big Red was necessary to lift the heavy loads that Plaintiff was required to move
throughout Area 2, he drove a smaller forklift out of Area 2 and into Area 1 in search of a Big Red.
Upon his arrival in Area 1, Plaintiff witnessed one of his co-workers, Ken West, who is also African-
American, sitting on a Big Red. Plaintiff proceeded to angrily confront West regarding his use of
a Big Red, which—according to Plaintiff—West’s job assignment did not require. A verbal
altercation ensued between the two men about whose turn it was to use a Big Red. Concerned that
the war of words between West and Plaintiff was on the verge of becoming physical, Linda Kolleda,
a white female and the Area 1 supervisor, attempted to intervene.1
Exactly what happened next differs depending on which individual is recounting the events.
According to Kolleda, Plaintiff placed his hands on her shoulder and “pulled me back abruptly”
while saying “excuse me.” Kolleda Dep. at 66. Kolleda indicated in her deposition that the force
applied to her shoulder caused her to stagger several steps backward. Kolleda further testified that
the altercation ended with Plaintiff’s informing West in a threatening manner that “he took care of
1
At the time of the incident in question, Plaintiff did not report to Kolleda because he was
assigned to Area 2. However, Kolleda had supervised Plaintiff several years before. During her time
as Plaintiff’s supervisor, the two had a disagreement over a write-up that Kolleda had issued to
Plaintiff. Plaintiff complained to Kolleda’s supervisor, who ripped up the document and explained
to Kolleda that such a disciplinary action was unwarranted. Plaintiff alleges that Kolleda held a
grudge against him because she was embarrassed by the incident, and her claim that Plaintiff violated
the workplace violence policy was revenge for the prior disagreement. It appears from the record
that after the write-up incident, Plaintiff moved to Area 2 and had no contact with Kolleda until the
altercation with West approximately two years later.
-2-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
all his business in the parking lot.” Kolleda Dep. at 68. Although the incident scared Kolleda, she
did not contact the police or NMP security.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, Plaintiff tells a somewhat different story. According to his
deposition testimony, when Kolleda attempted to intervene, he merely “touched” her on the shoulder
as if to say “excuse me.” Barry Dep. at 141. Plaintiff denied having pulled Kolleda out of the way
by her shoulder or otherwise exerting any force on her person. In Plaintiff’s opinion, Kolleda has
exaggerated the incident because she has a vendetta against him. When interviewed by Human
Resources personnel about the event, West indicated that he did not see Plaintiff push Kolleda. West
further stated that he never felt threatened by Plaintiff, and the two men later placed the altercation
behind them by shaking hands.
Following the altercation, Kolleda filed an incident report with NMP’s Human Resources
Department. The report alleged that Plaintiff’s conduct violated NMP’s workplace violence policy.
Upon receiving the incident report, Michelle Verkerkee, then-NMP Human Resources Manager,
commenced an investigation into Kolleda’s allegations. After briefly speaking with Plaintiff about
the situation, Verkerkee suspended him pending further investigation. During her investigation,
Verkerkee spoke with Plaintiff, West, and Kolleda. She also consulted with Tom Davenport, NMP’s
Vice President of Human Resources, as well as Brian Bickimer, NMP’s Plant Manager. At the
conclusion of her investigation, Verkerkee determined that Plaintiff had violated the workplace
violence policy. As a result—with Davenport’s blessing—she terminated Plaintiff’s employment
effective August 17, 2004.
-3-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
Plaintiff then filed a grievance, alleging that he was terminated without cause in violation of
the collective bargaining agreement entered into between Plaintiff’s union and NMP. The grievance
proceeded to arbitration. Following a full-fledged arbitration hearing, the arbitrator held that
Plaintiff had violated the workplace violence policy, and the violation was cause for termination
under the collective bargaining agreement. After having his grievance denied, Plaintiff received his
EEOC right to sue letter and commenced this Title VII action.
Upon the completion of discovery, NMP moved for summary judgment on all of Plaintiff’s
claims. The district court held a hearing on NMP’s motion. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
district court granted NMP summary judgment on all of Plaintiff’s claims in a ruling from the bench.
Applying the burden-shifting analysis announced by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas
Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), the district court expressed doubt as to whether Plaintiff had
established a prima facie case of discrimination. But, it reasoned that even if the elements of the
prima facie case had been proven, Plaintiff’s Title VII claim failed because there was no evidence
that his violation of the workplace violence policy on which NMP based its termination decision was
merely a pretext for race discrimination.2
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review and Summary Judgment Standard
This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Nichols v. Moore,
477 F.3d 396, 398 (6th Cir. 2007). At the summary judgment stage, the district court must construe
2
Plaintiff’s brief contains no argument regarding his state-law claims; therefore, the only
issue properly before this court is whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment for
NMP on Plaintiff’s Title VII claim.
-4-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Jones v. Potter,
488 F.3d 397, 403 (6th Cir. 2007). The mere allegation of a factual dispute is insufficient to “defeat
an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the dispute must present a genuine
issue of material fact.” Henderson v. Walled Lake Consol. Schs., 469 F.3d 479, 487 (6th Cir. 2006).
A “genuine” dispute is one that would permit a reasonable jury to return a verdict in favor of the
nonmoving party, and a fact is “material” only if its resolution could affect the outcome of the
litigation under the applicable law. Id.
B. Discussion of Plaintiff’s Title VII Claim
A plaintiff may prove that he was subject to disparate treatment based on race in violation
of Title VII by way of either direct or circumstantial evidence. Clay v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 501
F.3d 695, 703 (6th Cir. 2007). In cases—like that currently before this court—where there is no
direct evidence of discrimination, the plaintiff’s circumstantial evidence must be presented via the
burden-shifting framework established by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas. See Michael
v. Caterpillar Fin. Servs. Corp., 496 F.3d 584, 593 (6th Cir. 2007). Under McDonnell Douglas, the
plaintiff must first prove a prima facie case of discrimination. Texas Dept. of Cmty. Affairs v.
Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53 (1981). If the plaintiff succeeds in establishing a prima facie case,
the burden then shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the
action taken against the plaintiff. Id. at 253. Should the defendant be able to offer a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that the defendant’s offered justification was merely a pretext for unlawful discrimination.
Id.
-5-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
In the current case, Plaintiff argues that he has established a prima facie case and that NMP’s
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason—his violation of the workplace violence policy—was a pretext
for racial discrimination. NMP first argues that summary judgment was properly granted because
Plaintiff has failed to make out a prima facie case. It further states that even if a prima facie case has
been established, Plaintiff’s claim lacks merit because there is no evidence that his violation of
NMP’s workplace violence policy was a pretext for race discrimination.
To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, a plaintiff must prove by a preponderance
of the evidence that: (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was subject to an adverse
employment action; (3) he was qualified for the position; and (4) a similarly situated person outside
of the protected class was treated more favorably. Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 582-83
(6th Cir. 1992). There is no debate in this case that Plaintiff has satisfied the first three requirements
of a prima facie case. The parties, however, vigorously dispute whether Plaintiff has established that
NMP treated a similarly situated Caucasian more favorably.3
To satisfy the similarly situated requirement, a plaintiff must show that the comparable
employee is similar “in all of the relevant aspects.” Ercegovich v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154
F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted). In announcing the “all of the
relevant aspects” standard, Ercegovich narrowed this court’s prior holding in Mitchell, which had
3
While the district court recognized the dispute regarding the similarly situated requirement,
it elected to assume arguendo that a similarly situated Caucasian employee was treated differently
and proceeded to grant summary judgment for NMP on the ground that Plaintiff could not establish
pretext. Because this court can affirm a district court’s summary judgment decision on any grounds
supported by the record, even if different than those relied on by the district court, we find it proper
to first consider whether Plaintiff has established a prima facie case. See Jones, 488 F.3d at 404.
-6-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
required that the plaintiff and the comparable employee be “similarly situated in all respects.” Id.;
see also Clayton v. Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d 605, 610-11 (6th Cir. 2002) (recognizing that Ercegovich
modified the analysis set forth by the Mitchell court). While the precise aspects of employment that
are relevant to determining whether the similarly situated requirement has been satisfied depend on
the facts and circumstances of each case, this court has generally focused on whether the plaintiff
and the comparable employee: (1) share the same supervisor; (2) are subject to the same standards;
and (3) have engaged in the same conduct “without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances
that would distinguish their conduct or the employer’s treatment of them for it.” Ercegovich, 154
F.3d at 352 (internal quotation marks omitted).
1. Same Supervisor
The determination of whether two employees shared the same supervisor is made on a case-
by-case basis and does not depend entirely on whether the two shared the same immediate
supervisor. See McMillan v. Castro, 405 F.3d 405, 414 (6th Cir. 2005). Rather, this court has
determined that in many instances the term “supervisor” should be construed broadly to include
cases where both employees’ situations were handled by the same “ultimate decision-maker.” Id.
In McMillan, the plaintiff claimed that the district court erred by instructing the jury that to be
similarly situated the comparable employee “must have dealt with the same supervisor.” Id. at 413-
14. According to the plaintiff in McMillan, the instruction erroneously implied that two employees
who did not share the same immediate supervisor—but did share the same ultimate decision-maker
and were subject to employment decisions issued by that individual—could not be similarly situated.
Id. at 413-14.
-7-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
Rejecting this argument, the McMillan court explained that the jury could have reasonably
concluded that the term “supervisor” encompassed those individuals who ultimately determined what
employment actions would be taken against the plaintiff and the comparable employee. Id. at 414;
see also Seay v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 339 F.3d 454, 459 (6th Cir. 2003) (stating that the “same
supervisor” analysis is focused less on whether the comparable employee shared the same immediate
supervisor as the plaintiff and more on whether the individual who ultimately meted out the
discipline to both individuals was the same). Thus, under McMillan and Seay, two employees who
are directly supervised by different individuals are not necessarily dissimilar if the same member of
management disciplined both the plaintiff and the comparable employee.
This court has previously held that a plaintiff and a comparable employee are not similarly
situated where they were disciplined by different ultimate decision-makers. See Smith v. Leggett
Wire Co., 220 F.3d 752, 762-63 (6th Cir. 2000). In Smith, the plaintiff claimed that his former
employer discriminated against him on the basis of race in violation of a state statute that mirrored
Title VII in all respects. Id. at 758. Applying Title VII case law and principles to the plaintiff’s
complaint, this court in Smith determined that the non-minority employees that he claimed received
preferential treatment “were not similarly situated as a matter of law.” Id. at 763. The Smith court
reasoned that the comparable employees were not similarly situated in part because they were
disciplined by a different decision-maker than was the plaintiff. Id. at 762. In fact, the individual
who disciplined the comparable employees was no longer employed by the defendant when the
decision was made to terminate Smith. Id. at 763.
-8-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
In this case, Plaintiff argues that he is similarly situated to a Caucasian employee named Pete
Duncan, who Plaintiff says violated NMP’s workplace violence policy in 2003, but was not subject
to termination. According to Plaintiff, Duncan was involved in a workplace altercation with another
NMP employee, Charles Brown. The impetus for the altercation was Brown’s apparent romantic
interest in a female co-worker who had previously dated Duncan. As Plaintiff recounts the Duncan-
Brown incident, Duncan shoved and threatened Brown while the two were on the clock at NMP.
Id. Following the altercation, Brown lodged a complaint with NMP’s Human Resources
Department. Id. NMP then conducted an investigation and Duncan was disciplined, but not
terminated.4 Id. In Plaintiff’s opinion, this information is sufficient to establish that Plaintiff and
Duncan were similarly situated.
Unfortunately for Plaintiff, there are critical differences between the Duncan-Brown incident
and Plaintiff’s assault of Kolleda that are fatal to Plaintiff’s claim when considered in light of the
legal standards set forth above. First, like the plaintiff and the comparable employees in Smith,
Plaintiff and Duncan shared neither the same immediate supervisor nor were their disciplinary
matters handled by the same ultimate decision-maker. At the time of the incident involving Brown,
Duncan himself was employed by NMP as a supervisor, whereas at the time of the altercation with
4
At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel repeatedly stated that NMP failed to follow its own
zero tolerance workplace violence policy because Duncan was issued a warning instead of being
terminated as the policy requires. A review of the record, however, illustrates that a violation of the
policy need not result in termination. NMP’s policy provides that any employee who engages in
workplace violence “will be disciplined, up to and including termination.” NMP 2004 Bargaining
Unit Associate Handbook at 16 (emphasis added). Thus, Plaintiff’s assertion that NMP’s policy
requires termination, and the company’s failure to terminate Duncan indicates that the policy was
selectively enforced against Plaintiff, lacks merit.
-9-
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
Kolleda and West, Plaintiff was not employed in a supervisory capacity. Based on this difference
in their status, there is no argument to be made that Plaintiff and Duncan shared the same immediate
supervisor; Plaintiff’s immediate supervisor would have been a person of the same rank as Duncan.
In essence, it is Plaintiff’s position that he and Duncan shared the same supervisor because both
incidents were handled by NMP’s Vice President of Human Resources, Tom Davenport. This
argument finds no support in the record.
The allegations lodged against Plaintiff were investigated by NMP’s Human Resources
Manager, Michelle Verkerkee, who ultimately determined, in consultation with Davenport, that
termination was warranted. During her deposition, Verkerkee indicated that she was on maternity
leave at the time of the Duncan-Brown incident and had no involvement in the resolution of that
matter. Given her absence, Verkerkee testified that the Duncan-Brown incident had been addressed
by Human Resources Staffing Specialist, Rayana Mariland, without any input from Verkerkee.
Additionally, the record indicates that Davenport was also entirely oblivious to the handling of the
Duncan-Brown incident. In fact, Davenport testified in his deposition that he was unaware of the
incident until it was raised by Plaintiff in this case. He further testified that as an NMP Vice
President, he would not have been advised of the Duncan-Brown altercation because “there would
be no reason for the plant HR person to bring a verbal warning to my attention.” Davenport Dep.
at 18.
As the record bears out, Verkerkee and, to a lesser extent, Davenport were the individuals
responsible for terminating Plaintiff. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to
Plaintiff, there is not even a scintilla of evidence that either of those individuals had any involvement
- 10 -
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
in the handling of the Duncan-Brown incident. There is also no evidence that Rayana Mariland or
any of the other individuals involved in the resolution of the Duncan-Brown incident participated
in the decision to terminate Plaintiff. Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to produce any evidence from
a which a reasonable jury could conclude that he and Duncan shared the same supervisor.
2. Same Standards
There is no dispute in this case that Plaintiff and Duncan, as employees of NMP, were both
governed by the same NMP workplace violence policy. Thus, they were both subject to the same
standards of conduct during their employment with NMP and further analysis is not necessary
regarding this factor.
3. Same Conduct
In order for the conduct of a comparable employee and the Title VII plaintiff to be considered
the “same conduct,” it must be similar in kind and severity. See Meijer, 281 F.3d at 611. The
plaintiff in Meijer, an African-American truck-driver, was terminated for violating a company safety
policy regarding the proper way to drive a truck away from a loading dock. Id. at 607. As a result
of the plaintiff’s failure to follow Meijer’s company policy, a dockworker who was loading the truck
suffered severe injuries. Id. at 608. Claiming that he was terminated based on his race and not his
violation of company policy, the plaintiff filed a Title VII action against Meijer. Id. at 607.
Attempting to establish a prima facie case, the plaintiff in Meijer argued that several
Caucasian truck-drivers were not terminated for violations of the same company safety policy. Id.
at 610. This court rejected the plaintiff’s argument, holding that the Caucasian truck drivers who
violated the same safety policy were not similarly situated because their conduct did not result in
- 11 -
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
serious harm to another individual. Id. at 611. In the words of the Meijer court, when meting out
discipline an “employer is not precluded from considering the harm resulting from the conduct of
its employees.” Id. at 612.
Similarly, in Smith this court explained that comparable employees were not similarly
situated with the plaintiff because—in addition to being disciplined by different decision-makers as
previously discussed—the plaintiff’s conduct was more egregious than that of the comparable
employees. Smith, 220 F.3d at 763. The court stressed that Smith’s threat to “blow away some
MFers” at the plant was more serious than the threats leveled by the comparable employees who
received lesser forms of discipline. Id.; see also Braithwaite v. Timken Co., 258 F.3d 488, 497 (6th
Cir. 2001) (explaining that the plaintiff was not similarly situated to comparable employees who
were not terminated because his conduct amounted to a more serious violation).
Here, as with the plaintiffs’ attempts to establish that the comparable employees in Meijer
and Smith were similarly situated, Plaintiff’s conduct was more serious than that engaged in by
Duncan. In this case—accepting Plaintiff’s recollection of the incident as true—he placed his hands
on Kolleda, an NMP supervisor, as she attempted to intervene in an altercation that Plaintiff had
initiated with West. This physical touching of Kolleda during a heated altercation in the workplace
could clearly be considered a violation of the NMP workplace violence policy.
While it appears from the record that Duncan “nudged” Brown in a manner similar to the way
Plaintiff describes his contact with Kolleda, like the conduct involved in Meijer and Smith, Plaintiff’s
conduct was more severe than that engaged in by Duncan. Whereas Duncan assaulted a fellow
employee with whom he was having an argument, Plaintiff put hands on an uninvolved supervisor
- 12 -
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
who attempted to dispel the situation between him and West. There is a marked difference in the
workplace setting between nudging a co-worker with whom you are engaged in a heated discussion
and physically interfering with a supervisor who—in the performance of her duties—attempts to
intervene in an argument involving one of her subordinates. This difference in the severity of the
conduct between Plaintiff and Duncan leads this court to conclude that no reasonable jury could find
that their conduct was the “same conduct” for purposes of the similarly situated analysis.
Looking to the factors that this court examines to determine whether a plaintiff has
established that a similarly situated non-minority employee received more favorable treatment,
particularly the difference in supervisors, Plaintiff has failed to adduce evidence from a which a
reasonable jury could conclude that he and Duncan were similarly situated. Therefore, Plaintiff has
not established the fourth element of his prima facie case, and summary judgment was properly
granted for NMP.5
C. Plaintiff’s Argument Regarding the District Court’s Reliance on the Arbitrator’s Decision
At the conclusion of his brief, Plaintiff cursorily argues that the district court erroneously held
that his Title VII claim was barred by the arbitrator’s resolution of his grievance, in contravention
of Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 51 (1974). While Plaintiff is correct that the
Supreme Court did hold in Alexander that an arbitration proceeding regarding an employee’s
termination does not preclude the employee from later bringing a Title VII action, no such thing
5
Having concluded that Plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case, it is not necessary
for this court to determine whether the legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the termination was
a mere pretext for discrimination. We wish to note, however, that even were we to find a prima facie
case, Plaintiff has failed to produce any evidence of pretext; there is simply no evidence suggesting
that Plaintiff’s termination was racially motivated.
- 13 -
No. 07-1674
Barry v. Noble Metal Processing, Inc.
occurred in this case. The district court’s ruling on Plaintiff’s Title VII claim did not rely on the
arbitrator’s denial of Plaintiff’s grievance in any way. In granting summary judgment for NMP on
Plaintiff’s Title VII claim, the district court conducted a proper analysis under McDonnell Douglas
and determined that no reasonable jury could conclude that Plaintiff was terminated because of his
race. Plaintiff’s argument that the district court found that his Title VII claim was barred by the
arbitrator’s decision is completely devoid of merit and does not warrant further discussion.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment for
NMP.
- 14 -