United States v. Anderson

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 06a0455n.06
Filed: June 29, 2006
No. 05-5569/05-5697
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
JASON EDWARD ANDERSON, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee. )
)
)
BEFORE: KEITH, COLE, Circuit Judges. MILLS1, District Judge.
PER CURIAM. Defendant-Appellant Jason Anderson (“Anderson”) was convicted
pursuant to a guilty plea of interstate transportation of a stolen motor vehicle in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2312 and interstate transportation of stolen goods in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314. He
appeals the district court’s sentence arguing that his sentence violated the ex post facto clause of the
Fifth Amendment. The government cross-appeals the district court’s failure to enhance and assess
criminal history points to Anderson’s sentence. For the following reasons, this Court AFFIRMS
the district court’s denial of Anderson’s due process ex post facto claim and AFFIRMS Anderson’s
sentence.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1
The Honorable Richard Mills, United States District Court for the Central District of
Illinois, sitting by designation.
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On April 1, 2004, Anderson was released from prison. Fourteen days later, Anderson stole
a loaded Peterbilt tractor trailer from the Omelette House parking lot in Corinth, Mississippi.
Shortly after stealing the tractor trailer, Anderson realized that the trailer was loaded. He drove
the tractor trailer through several states into Tennessee. When he arrived in Tennessee, the tractor-
trailer became disabled in a ditch where he abandoned the truck.
On April 17, 2004, Anderson was arrested in Tennessee. He was charged in a complaint
filed April 19, 2004, and subsequently indicted May 5, 2004. The indictment charged him with
interstate transportation of a stolen motor vehicle in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2312 and interstate
transportation of a stolen good in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314. A subsequent government
investigation revealed that the value of the tractor trailer was $100,000 and the value of the stolen
goods was $166,000.
On December 8, 2004, Anderson entered an “open” plea to the two count indictment without
a plea agreement. During the plea hearing, Anderson admitted that he committed the instant offense
while he was on probation and less than two years after being released from prison. While he
admitted that the value of the merchandise in the trailer exceeded $5,000, the government’s witness
testified that the value of the merchandise exceeded $200,000.
On March 31, 2005, the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) was filed with the district
court. The PSR calculated Anderson’s offense level at fifteen and his criminal history points at
sixteen, which resulted in a criminal history category of VI. Based on his offense level and criminal
history category, the Sentencing Guidelines recommended a range between forty-one and fifty-one
months. Anderson filed a memorandum objecting to the PSR and to the imposition of a sentence
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higher than twenty-four months. He also objected to the enhancements of his offense level based
on ex post facto grounds and alleged that the sentencing enhancements were based upon facts not
alleged in the indictment. Specifically, he argued that he did not admit to the government’s alleged
amount of loss of more than $200,000 in the indictment or at his plea hearing. Anderson also
objected to the calculation of his criminal history in the PSR based on the additional points that were
added for committing the offense while he was under a sentence of probation less than two years
after his release from prison.
On March 14, 2005, the district court conducted a sentencing hearing. At the hearing,
Anderson did not object to the government’s introduction of documents to prove that the value of
the stolen tractor trailer and goods exceeded $200,000. The district court sustained Anderson’s
objections to the additional offense level points for the value of the stolen property being more than
$5,000. Thus, the district court refused to add twelve points to the base offense level and found that
the offense level should be eight before the reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The district
court also sustained Anderson’s objection to the addition of three points to his criminal history for
committing the offense while under a sentence of probation or parole and less than two years after
his release from imprisonment. These facts reduced the criminal history points from sixteen to
thirteen, but did not effect his overall criminal history category. The district court rejected
Anderson’s objection that the imposition of a sentence of more than twenty-four months violated
the Fifth Amendment ex post facto clause.
In examining the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, the district court chose to upwardly depart
above the advisory United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) range and articulated the
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following reasons for its sentence: (1) to provide the maximum amount of drug and mental health
treatment for the defendant; (2) this was a serious offense which Anderson had committed
repeatedly; (3) Anderson was not in control of his behavior; (4) Anderson demonstrated a total
inability to respect and follow the law; and (5) to deter and protect the public from Anderson
committing further crimes.
The district court concluded that Anderson’s offense level was six and his criminal history
category was VI, which resulted in an advisory Guideline range of twelve to eighteen months. The
district court, using§ 3553(a) factors, departed upward and sentenced Anderson to thirty-six months
followed by three years of supervised release.
On March 15, Anderson filed a timely Notice of Appeal with this Court. On April 15, the
government filed a Notice of Appeal. The government filed a corrected Notice of Appeal on May
13, 2005.
II. ANALYSIS
A. DUE PROCESS AND EX POST FACTO
Anderson was sentenced on March 14, 2005, one month after the Supreme Court issued its
decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005). Anderson claims that
applying the remedial portion of Booker, violates the ex post facto clause of the Constitution because
under Booker he will receive a longer maximum sentence. The ex post facto clause is implicated
where a law punishes retrospectively. “A law is retrospective if it ‘changes the legal consequences
of acts completed before its effective date.’” United States v. Davis, 397 F.3d 340, 347 (6th Cir.
2005) (quoting Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 433 (1987)). Anderson argues that this Court should
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apply the mandatory Guidelines to his sentence, so that he will not receive a higher sentence under
the remedial Booker holding. The government contends that Anderson improperly seeks a sentence
that would comport with the Sixth Amendment requirements of Booker, but avoids the possibility
of a higher sentence under Booker’s remedial holding.
Recently, this Court in United States v. Ediger, 166 F.Appx. 218 (6th Cir. Feb. 14, 2006)
(unpublished) rejected a similar ex post facto argument. In Ediger, the defendant argued that
because he engaged in criminal activity before Booker, the district court’s application of Booker to
his sentence violated his due process rights and the rule against ex post facto laws. This Court
summarily rejected Edigar’s argument stating that:
[t]he Supreme Court also explicitly held that its decision would apply to all cases on
direct review, cases where the defendants necessarily completed their criminal
activities before Booker was decided. If Booker applies to the sentences of
defendants who have already been sentenced (but whose cases are on direct appeal),
it is undisputable that Booker must also apply to the sentences of defendants like
Ediger who committed crimes before Booker but were sentenced after Booker.
Id. at 225 (emphasis added). Other circuits have rejected similar ex post facto claims. See United
States v. Jamison, 416 F.3d 538 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. Dupas, 417 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir.
2005); United States v. Lata, 415 F.3d 107 (1st Cir. 2005); United States v. Scroggins, 411 F.3d 572(5th Cir. 2005); United States v. Duncan, 400 F.3d 1297, 1306-07 (11th Cir. 2005); United States
v. Lucania, 397 F.Supp.2d 288 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) (“post-Booker courts have uniformly rejected this
argument”); United States v. Green, __ F.3d __, No. CR-2-01-072, 2005 WL 1460176 (S.D. Oh.
June 21, 2005); United States v. Null, slip op., No. 04-253, 2005 WL 1527747 (E.D.Pa. June 28,
2005); United States v. Gray, 362 F.Supp.2d 714 (S.D.W.Va. 2005).
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Anderson argues that he pled guilty based on the facts of his indictment without signing a
plea agreement relying on the fact that he would be sentenced within a certain Guideline range. In
Booker, the Supreme Court held that (1) the constitutional rule announced in Blakely v. Washington,
542 U.S. 296 (2004), applies to the Guidelines; and (2) the Guidelines are no longer mandatory, but
advisory. Booker, 543 U.S. at 220. The Supreme Court clearly instructed that both holdings should
be applied to all cases on direct review. Id. at 268. This Court must apply both portions of the
Booker holding, including the remedial portion, to Anderson’s sentence which does not violate the
ex post facto clause. Accordingly, we reject Anderson’s argument that his sentence violates the ex
post facto clause.
B. REASONABLENESS OF SENTENCE
The government cross-appeals the district court’s sentencing determination arguing that the
district court erred when it calculated the amount of monetary loss attributable to Anderson’s
conduct and its failure to enhance his sentence for committing the crime less than two years after
his release from prison. “When reviewing sentencing decisions, [this Court] review[s] the district
court’s factual findings for clear error, while reviewing the district court’s conclusions of law de
novo.” United States v. Hazelwood, 398 F.3d 792, 795 (6th Cir. 2005). Where the district court
applied advisory Guidelines, this Court reviews the selection of the sentence for reasonableness.
United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Davis, 397
F.3d 340, 346 (6th Cir. 2005). When the district court properly calculates the sentence under the
Guidelines, a rebuttable presumption attaches that the sentence length is reasonable. United States
v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 707-08 (6th Cir. 2006).
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Even if there was a sentencing error, the Court does not remand if it determines that the error
was harmless. United States v. Hazelwood, 398 F.3d 792, 801 (6th Cir. 2005). “Under the harmless
error test, a remand for an error at sentencing is required unless we are certain that any such error
was harmless–i.e. any such error ‘did not affect the district court’s selection of the sentence
imposed.’” Id. (quoting Williams v. United States, 503 U.S. 193, 203, 112 S.Ct. 1112 (1992)).
1. Amount of Loss Calculation
The government contends that the district court erred when it failed to enhance Anderson’s
sentence based on the government’s $266,000 amount of loss calculation. Before the sentencing
hearing, Anderson filed a memorandum challenging the amount of loss calculation alleging that the
amount of loss in the PSR was based upon facts he did not admit to in his plea and were not alleged
in the indictment. The amount of loss reflected in the indictment was only more than $5,000,
whereas the government alleged that the amount of loss was $266,000.
Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2B1.1(b)(1)(G), an amount
of loss of more than $200,000 amount of loss results in a twelve level enhancement, which for
Anderson would have resulted in a Guideline range of forty-one to fifty-one months. Anderson’s
admitted value of the stolen goods, $5,000, would only result in a two-point enhancement. During
the sentencing hearing, when evidence regarding the amount of loss was submitted, Anderson did
not object. The district court, however, sustained Anderson’s objection to the amount of loss
calculation based on Anderson’s objections in his sentencing memorandum.
The district court erred in sustaining Anderson’s objection where it believed that it could not
enhance Anderson’s sentence based on the government’s proof as to the amount of loss. This Court
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has stated that “Booker held that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to
support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty
or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt
or else the Sixth Amendment is violated.” United States v. Blood, 435 F.3d 612, 630 (6th Cir. 2006).
In Booker, the Supreme Court stated, “when a trial judge exercises his discretion to select a specific
sentence within a defined range, the defendant has no right to a jury determination of the facts that
the judge deems relevant.” 543 U.S. at 233.
This Circuit has followed Booker on numerous occasions stating that “Booker did not
eliminate judicial-fact finding in sentencing in cases where a defendant plead[s] guilty.” United
States v. Williams, 411 F.3d 675, 678 (6th Cir. 2005). The district court erred when it failed to
increase Anderson’s sentence because it believed that it violated the Sixth Amendment to engage
in judicial fact finding to which Anderson did not admit. See United States v. Davis, 397 F.3d 340,
352 (6th Cir. 2005) (stating that Booker does not forbid all judicial fact-finding in sentencing. . .
post-Booker judges may enhance sentences based upon facts not found by a jury, provided they do
not consider themselves required to do so.”) (citing Booker, 543 U.S. at 233).
Even though the district court erred in failing to recogize its authority to assess a higher
amount of loss, this error was harmless because the district court’s sentence is reasonable. In
support of his argument, Anderson relies on United States v. Couch, 65 F.3d 542 (6th Cir. 1995).
In Couch, the district court sentenced the defendant under the burglary instead of the theft
Guidelines. This error resulted in a sentence that was too high, but the court departed downward.
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This Court ultimately held that the error was harmless where the court chose to deviate from the
improperly calculated Guideline range. Id.In this case, the above $200,000 Guideline range would have resulted in the sentence range
being calculated at forty-one to fifty-one months. Whereas the $5,000 amount, which Anderson
admitted, resulted in a twelve to eighteen months sentencing range. The district court then departed
upward to thirty-six months. Assuming the district court used the correct Guidelines range, the
district court properly considered the § 3353(a) factors when sentencing Anderson which would
place him a little below the $200,000 amount of loss sentencing range. The district court gave a
detailed explanation for the thirty-six month sentence. In examining the sentence, thirty-six months
does not significantly vary from the forty-one to fifty-one Guideline range to warrant reversal.
Moreover, when sentencing him the district court used its superior knowledge of the specific facts
of this case in evaluating the seriousness of the criminal offense. In particular, the court considered
Anderson’s repeat behavior, required drug treatment and the need to deter him from future conduct.
Most importantly, this sentence does not create a great disparity amongst other defendants who
commit similar crimes. Accordingly, the district court’s error in failing to recognize its authority
to apply the § 2B1.1(b)(1)(G) enhancement for the $200,000 amount was harmless.
2. Criminal History Points
The government also cross-appeals the district court’s sentencing determination arguing that
the district court failed to properly calculate Anderson’s Guideline range. The government contends
that Anderson’s sentence was unreasonable because the district court should have assessed him an
additional three criminal history points– sixteen instead of thirteen– because Anderson committed
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the offense while he was on probation and less than two years after his release from prison for
another crime. The government is correct that under the Booker advisory scheme the district court
must properly calculate and consider the appropriate Guideline range. United States v. Webb, 403
F.3d 373, 384 (6th Cir. 2005) (stating that “a sentencing is unreasonable when the district judge fails
to ‘consider’ the applicable Guidelines range”); United States v. Forrest, 402 F.3d 678 (6th Cir.
2005) (stating that “sentencing courts must still take the Guidelines into account and must construe
the Guidelines properly in doing so”); see also, United States v. Yagar, 404 F.3d 967, 970 (6th Cir.
2005) (finding that the district court will need to consider the correct Guidelines-recommended
sentence in fashioning its own post-Booker sentence on remand);United States v. Trammel, 404 F.3d
397, 403 (6th Cir. 2005) (same).
U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d) - (e) provides, in pertinent part, that a defendant’s criminal history shall
be enhanced “if the defendant committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice
sentence, including probation,” and/or “if the defendant committed the instant offense less than two
years after release from imprisonment.”
The district court should have added three points because Anderson committed the instant
offense on April 14, 2004, while on probation and less than two years after his release from
imprisonment on April 1, 2004. This error, however, was harmless because thirteen or more
criminal-history points places a defendant in the highest criminal-history Category VI.2 Thus,
2
The government concedes in its brief that this error was harmless stating that “[w]hile the
court’s error was perhaps understandable, and had no effect on the ultimate determination of
defendant’s Criminal History Category which the district court determined to be Category VI” but
the government still alleges that the case should be remanded. (Government’s Brief at 31).
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remanding to recalculate the criminal history category would have no effect on Anderson’s sentence.
See United States v. Ortiz, 63 F.3d 952, 955 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating that because the defendant’s
criminal history category remains the same, we do not need to resolve the criminal history dispute).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court AFFIRMS the district court’s denial of Anderson’s due
process ex post facto claim and AFFIRMS Anderson’s sentence.