United States v. Manuel Campos-Chavez

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0298n.06
No. 09-6372 FILED
May 05, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
MANUEL CAMPOS-CHAVEZ, aka Amador )
Castro-Chavez, ) OPINION
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: McKEAGUE and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; and MAYS, District Judge.*
PER CURIAM. Manuel Campos-Chavez pled guilty to one count of illegal reentry and was
sentenced to seventy months in prison. He now argues that the district court abused its discretion
when it imposed a sentence within the sentencing range, which was based in part on a sixteen-level
enhancement that, according to Campos-Chavez, was not supported by empirical evidence. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Campos-Chavez was indicted on and pled guilty to one count of illegal reentry after having
been previously deported following a conviction for an aggravated felony, in violation of 8 U.S.C.
§ 1326. A presentence report (“PSR”) was completed, which determined that Campos-Chavez’s
*
The Honorable Samuel H. Mays, Jr., United States District Judge for the Western District
of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 09-6372
United States v. Campos-Chavez
base offense level was eight, pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2L1.2(a) (“USSG”).
It also determined that Campos-Chavez was subject to a sixteen-level enhancement, pursuant to
USSG § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i), because he had been previously deported following a conviction for a
drug trafficking offense for which the sentence imposed exceeded thirteen months. With a three-
level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, Campos-Chavez’s total offense level was twenty-one
and he had a criminal history category of V. Accordingly, the resulting Guidelines range of
imprisonment was seventy to eighty-seven months. Campos-Chavez filed no objections to the PSR.
At his sentencing hearing, Campos-Chavez again stated that he had no objections to the PSR,
and the court adopted the PSR and its resulting Guidelines range of seventy to eighty-seven months.
Campos-Chavez requested a below-Guidelines sentence, arguing that § 2L1.2 resulted in an
excessive sentence and that the Sentencing Commission failed to articulate a “considered rationale
for either the use of prior convictions to increase offense level [sic] and any considered rationale for
the 16-level increase based on those prior convictions.” The district court acknowledged that it had
the authority to sentence him below the Guidelines range. However, the court explained:
In the view of the [c]ourt, a guideline sentence is appropriate. I understand Mr.
Camp’s arguments about we would all benefit from further articulated rationale by
the Sentencing Commission, but in this [c]ourt’s view, it is not unreasonable to have
a 16-level enhancement as it relates to return of drug traffickers to the United States
illegally. That’s a reasonable sentencing goal particularly as it relates to deterrence.
The Commission may not have articulated it very well, but it is reasonable and makes
common [sense]. And the need to deter further crimes.
The court then sentenced Campos-Chavez to seventy months in prison and he timely appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
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“The touchstone of appellate review of a district court’s sentencing decision is
reasonableness, a concept that has both a procedural and a substantive component.” United States
v. Ruvalcaba, 627 F.3d 218, 221 (6th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). However,
Campos-Chavez does not allege any procedural error, and instead challenges only the substantive
reasonableness of his sentence. Accordingly, we must determine whether the length of the sentence
is “sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes” of § 3553(a). 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). To determine if a sentence is substantively reasonable in light of the § 3553(a) factors,
we “take into account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the
Guidelines range.” United States v. Jimenez, 605 F.3d 415, 420 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Where, as here, the
Guidelines range is properly calculated and the defendant’s sentence falls within that range, we apply
“a presumption of substantive reasonableness.” United States v. Wettstain, 618 F.3d 577, 591 (6th
Cir. 2010). However, that presumption is rebuttable. See Jimenez, 605 F.3d at 420. In undertaking
this review, we use an abuse of discretion standard. See Wettstain, 618 F.3d at 591.
On appeal, Campos-Chavez argues that the district court abused its discretion by imposing
a within-Guidelines sentence, because it failed “to conduct an appropriate evaluation of the evidence
presented by the parties at sentencing.” Specifically, he asserts that the court “failed to hold the
Government to its burden of proving that the sentence for which it advocated furthered § 3553(a)’s
sentencing goals,” and that his sentence was excessive. He claims that the district court improperly
“abdicated its independent sentencing role and presumed the guidelines to be reasonable” when it
assumed a deterrent effect without sufficient supporting evidence of this conclusion.
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Although the government bears the burden of proof regarding the application of a particular
enhancement, it need only establish the factual basis for the enhancement’s application. See United
States v. Bernal-Aveja, 414 F.3d 625, 627 (6th Cir. 2005) (explaining that “[t]he government bears
the burden of proving that [the defendant] was previously convicted of a crime of violence” under
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)). Here, Campos-Chavez was previously convicted in federal court for drug
trafficking, and he did not dispute the validity of that conviction. The existence of a valid, prior drug
trafficking conviction, for which Campos-Chavez was sentenced to fifteen months’ imprisonment,
was sufficient to satisfy the government’s burden of proving the factual basis for the enhancement
by a preponderance of the evidence. There is no support for Campos-Chavez’s contention that, if
a defendant presents evidence challenging whether a sentencing enhancement serves its intended
policy purpose, the government must also come forward with evidence to rebut that presented by the
defendant. There is no case law in this circuit, nor does Campos-Chavez cite to any in this or any
other circuit, that imposes such a burden of proof or a duty to respond on the government, and we
decline the invitation to impose such a requirement.
Moreover, application of the enhancement, despite the absence of empirical evidence
supporting that enhancement, was not an abuse of discretion by the district court. Although this
court has not addressed Campos-Chavez’s argument specifically in the context of
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i), it has done so in the context of another provision of the Sentencing Guidelines.
In United States v. Brooks, 628 F.3d 791 (6th Cir. 2011), Brooks argued that USSG § 2G2.2 was
“not based on empirical data and therefore led to a disproportionately harsh sentence.” Id. at 797.
This court ruled that “[a] district court may indeed disagree with a Guideline for policy reasons and
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may reject the Guidelines range based on that disagreement,” but that “does not mean that the court
must disagree with that Guideline or that it must reject the Guidelines range if it disagrees.” Id. at
799–800. Additionally, like Campos-Chavez, “Brooks cite[d] no authority to support the proposition
that a district court must, on its own initiative, examine the underlying bases for a Guideline before
imposing a sentence.” Id. (citing United States v. Aguilar-Huerta, 576 F.3d 365, 367–68 (7th Cir.
2009) (explaining that a judge is not required to consider “an argument that a guideline is unworthy
of application in any case because it was promulgated without adequate deliberation”)).
The same reasoning is applicable here, foreclosing Campos-Chavez’s claim on appeal. See
also United States v. Hall, 632 F.3d 331, 338 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Under the presumption of
reasonableness that we give to a district court’s within-Guidelines sentence, we will not second-
guess a district court’s decision simply because the particular Guideline is not empirically-based.”)
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted); United States v. Lopez-Reyes, 589 F.3d 667, 671
(3d Cir. 2009) (explaining that a district court is not required “to reject a particular Guidelines range
where that court does not, in fact, have disagreement with the Guideline at issue” or “to engage in
‘independent analysis’ of the empirical justifications and deliberative undertakings that led to a
particular Guideline”); United States v. Talamantes, 620 F.3d 901, 902 (8th Cir. 2010) (same);
Aguilar-Huerta, 576 F.3d at 367–68. We also note that, in light of the principles established in
Brooks, if the district court is not required to “‘delve into the history of a guideline’” in order to be
satisfied “‘that the process that produced it was adequate to produce a good guideline,’” Brooks, 628
F.3d at 800 (quoting Aguilar-Huerta, 576 F.3d at 367–68), correspondingly there is no reason that
the government must come forward with its own evidence if the defendant challenges the policy
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rationale behind or lack of empirical evidence supporting a specific Guidelines provision. It is for
the district court to decide, on the basis of its own discretion, if it agrees with or rejects the policy
rationale behind the Guidelines provision being challenged by the defendant.
Here, Campos-Chavez did not object to application of the enhancement or the resulting
Guidelines range, and the district court considered the § 3553(a) factors, considered and rejected
Campos-Chavez’s policy argument, and found that the goal of deterrence was well-served by the
enhancement, despite the lack of empirical evidence. Campos-Chavez’s resulting sentence was
within the Guidelines range, and therefore is entitled to a presumption of reasonableness on appeal.
Campos-Chavez has presented nothing to rebut this presumption of reasonableness, nor has he
otherwise challenged the substantive reasonableness of his sentence. See United States v. Alvarez-
Bernabe, 626 F.3d 1161, 1167 (10th Cir. 2010). Accordingly, Campos-Chavez has failed to
demonstrate that the district court abused its discretion in sentencing him to a within-Guidelines
sentence.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district court.
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