United States v. Deldrick Suggs

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0316n.06
No. 08-6433
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS May 12, 2011
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
DELDRICK SUGGS, ) MEMORANDUM
) OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: MARTIN, NORRIS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge. Defendant Deldrick Suggs appeals from the sixty-
month sentence imposed by the district court after he pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession
of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). On appeal, defendant contends that the district court should not
have imposed a four-level enhancement to his base offense level for possession of a firearm in
connection with another felony offense, U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6), and that the sentence was
unreasonable because the court did not adequately explain why it added three months to the advisory
guidelines’ range.
I.
Defendant has an extensive and violent criminal history, including a second-degree murder
conviction for which he served more than twelve years in prison. While incarcerated, he committed
a number of institutional violations, including possession of a deadly weapon and inciting riots.
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After his release from prison, defendant began a relationship with Stacey Bougard, a woman
whom he had dated in high school. On February 2, 2007, he stayed at her home along with her three
children from another relationship. The children included two teenage boys, Tedrick and Tedarrius.
According to testimony offered by Ms. Bougard at the sentencing hearing, she tried to wake
defendant up for work at seven in the morning. He responded by cursing at her and she, in turn, told
him to pack his things and leave the house. At that point Ms. Bougard recalled that he “started
talking up in my face” and then “hit me on my right eye with a closed fist very hard.” She went on
to describe the altercation in these terms:
We all got to tussling and fighting. Finally we came . . . around the bed and . . . got
to fighting even more.
One of the boys started hollering out, he’s got a gun. He’s got a gun. We
started tussling with him even more until we could get him down. My oldest boy
managed to put his knee or leg or something on his right hand until he got the gun up
out of his hand. My youngest grabbed the gun and ran out of there. . . . My oldest
boy was hitting him on top of the head with a glass bottle . . . .
We tussled all the way around to the door where we managed to really get
him down. I got good on top of his back, snatched a cord – phone cord out of the
wall and wrapped it around his neck and held it real tight until we got him completely
down. During the process, I made two phone calls [to] the police.
Sentencing Hearing Transcript at 20-21.
Eventually the police arrived, secured the firearm, a Talon Industries .380 caliber handgun, arrested
defendant, and charged him with domestic assault. This assault charge was dropped when the instant
federal charges against defendant were filed.
Tadarrius Bougard testified after his mother at the sentencing hearing. His recollection of
the confrontation tracked his mother’s version. In response to questioning from the district court,
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he added that defendant cocked the handgun before the fight began. For his part, Tedrick Bougard
testified that defendant “was going to shoot us if he had the opportunity.”
Although the government conceded at the sentencing hearing that a three-level reduction to
defendant’s offense level for acceptance of responsibility was warranted, U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, it urged
the district court to impose a four-level enhancement to the base offense level because defendant
possessed a firearm in connection with another felony offense. The guidelines section that
authorizes this enhancement provides as follows:
If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with
another felony offense; or possessed or transferred any firearm or ammunition with
knowledge, intent, or reason to believe that it would be used or possessed in
connection with another felony offense, increase by 4 levels. If the resulting offense
level is less than level 18, increase to level 18.
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6).1 According to the accompanying commentary, “‘Another felony offense’,
for purposes of subsection (b)(6), means any federal, state, or local offense . . . punishable by
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether a criminal charge was brought,
or a conviction obtained.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, comment. (n.14(C)).
At sentencing, the government took the position that defendant’s actions constituted reckless
endangerment, which Tennessee law defines as follows: “A person commits an offense who
recklessly engages in conduct that places or may place another person in imminent danger of death
or serious bodily injury.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-103(a). When this offense is committed with
a “deadly weapon,” it is classified a Class E Felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-103(b).
1
The 2007 version of the sentencing guidelines was used in this case.
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The district court ultimately adopted the government’s position:
[T]he Court’s ruling on the four-level enhancement, it’s the Court’s belief and the
Court’s finding that the enhancement is appropriate under the facts as described in
this case. According to the testimony of the witnesses, not only did Mr. Suggs
possess the weapon, but he cocked it . . . .
. . . [A]pparently Mr. Suggs cocked the weapon, which indicates an intent to use the
weapon because it was loaded. . . . And then also it was the testimony of Mr. Tedrick
Bougard that he believed that Mr. Suggs did intend to shoot someone if given the
opportunity.
So under the provisions of 2K2.1(b)(6), the Court finds that a four-level
enhancement is appropriate because it appears to the Court that Mr. Suggs displayed
the firearm during the assault . . . and that it placed the victims – in this case three
other individuals in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.
Sentencing Hearing Transcript at 47-48.
After the § 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement and the § 3E1.1 reduction to the base offense level were
applied, the resulting advisory guidelines range was between forty-six to fifty-seven months of
incarceration.2 The government contended at sentencing that defendant’s criminal history was
“riffed with violence” and that “[a]round 60 months would keep him out of the public and deterrence
– and protecting at least the public.” Sentencing Hearing Transcript at 56-57. Counsel for defendant
argued for a sentence within the guidelines range. She conceded that defendant had “anger” issues
for which he could use counseling but urged the court to consider her client’s low IQ.
After hearing from counsel, the district court explained its sentencing rationale, and
discussed the factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), which include the nature of the offense, the
characteristics of the defendant, and the need to provide just punishment, adequate deterrence,
2
Defendant had a criminal history of Category III, which is not in dispute.
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protection of the public, and correctional treatment for the defendant. As for the nature and
circumstances of the offense, the court observed that the firearm was loaded and cocked. Given
these considerations, the court noted that “[w]e could have been dealing with a much worse
situation.” Sentencing Hearing Transcript at 63. The court assessed defendant as someone prone
to “violent outbursts” who demonstrated an “inability to control his anger . . . since a very young
age.” Id. at 64. After reciting all the § 3553(a) factors, the court pronounced the sentence:
[T]he Court is going to sentence Mr. Suggs to 60 months of incarceration. It’s the .
. . belief of the Court that an upper [variance] is appropriate in this matter based upon
the fact that Mr. Suggs has a history of violent offenses. Also it’s the hope of the
Court that Mr. Suggs will be able to receive some type of treatment while he is
incarcerated in the Federal system.
There are certainly opportunities available for Mr. Suggs to receive mental
health treatment. . . or vocational training should be available as well as educational
opportunities . . . .
Also a concern and of importance to the Court is the deterrence [sic] effect
in this matter. As I’ve indicated, Mr. Suggs, you have a long history of violence, and
you’re going to have to try to find a way to discontinue that behavior. My belief is
that by sentencing you to a period of incarceration as I’ve indicated, that you may be
able to avail yourself in some of these programs, and it certainly should be served as
a deterrence to other persons who may consider employing the same means as you
did in situations where there is an opportunity for violence and also when you’re in
possession of a firearm.
Id. at 65-66. In addition to sixty months of imprisonment, the district court sentenced defendant to
two years of supervised release.
II.
1. Section 2K2.1(b)(6) Enhancement
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We review a challenge to a § 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancements in these terms:
We accept the district court’s factual findings unless clearly erroneous, United
States v. Davidson, 409 F.3d 304, 310 (6th Cir. 2005), and review de novo a district
court’s legal conclusions concerning the interpretation and application of the
Guidelines, United States v. Anthony, 280 F.3d 694, 698 (6th Cir. 2002). Section
2K2.1(b)(6) instructs the court to increase a defendant’s offense level by four “[i]f
the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection with
another felony offense.” For this section to apply, the government must establish, by
a preponderance of the evidence, see United States v. Gates, 461 F.3d 703, 707-08
(6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Hardin, 248 F.3d 489, 495 (6th Cir. 2001), a nexus
between the firearm and an independent felony . . . . United States v. Ennenga, 263
F.3d 499, 503 (6th Cir. 2001).
United States v. Burns, 498 F.3d 578, 580 (6th Cir. 2007) (footnote omitted).
Defendant concedes that he possessed a firearm but argues that the district court erred
because it based the enhancement upon the offense of domestic assault, which is a misdemeanor in
Tennessee. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-111. He points to the following comments by the district
court at sentencing to support his position:
So under the provisions of 2K2.1(b)(6), the Court finds that a four-level
enhancement is appropriate because it appears to the Court that Mr. Suggs displayed
the firearm during the assault – during the domestic assault that has been described
earlier, and that it placed the victims – in this case the three other individuals in
imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.
Sentencing Hearing Transcript at 48 (emphasis added). In addition, defendant was charged with
domestic assault after his arrest; that charge was not prosecuted after federal charges were filed.
Defense counsel appears to misunderstand the manner in which § 2K2.1(b)(6) is applied.
It makes no difference what crime defendant was initially charged with, or whether he was convicted
of that crime. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, comment. (n.14(C)) (“‘Another felony offense’, for purposes of
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subsection (b)(6), means any federal, state, or local offense . . . punishable by imprisonment for a
term exceeding one year, regardless of whether a criminal charge was brought, or a conviction
obtained.”); see also United States v. Bullock, 526 F.3d 312, 317-18 (6th Cir. 2008) (upholding the
enhancement not based upon the original misdemeanor charge of terroristic threatening but on the
uncharged federal felony). Thus the fact that defendant was initially charged with domestic assault,
a misdemeanor, is not dispositive, nor does it matter that the district court referred to his conduct as
a “domestic assault” when contemplating the four-level enhancement. Specifically, the court found
that defendant possessed a loaded firearm, cocked it, assaulted Ms. Bougard while holding the
firearm, and would have used it to hurt someone had it not been taken from him by her sons. That
is enough to establish a connection between the firearm and reckless endangerment, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-103, which is a Class E felony when a deadly weapon is used.
2. Was Defendant’s Sentence Reasonable?
Since United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), this court has reviewed sentences for
reasonableness under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Herrera-Zuniga,
571 F.3d 568, 581 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing cases). Upward departures from the advisory guidelines
range, i.e., variances, such as the one imposed in this case, are also reviewed for reasonableness. Id.
To be procedurally reasonable, the district court must have properly calculated the advisory
guidelines range, considered the sentencing factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and the parties’
arguments in support of a sentence outside of that range, and articulated a reason for the sentence
imposed. United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 581 (6th Cir. 2007). A sentence must also be
substantively reasonable, which takes into account the totality of the circumstances, including the
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extent of the variance from the guidelines range. Id. Sentences that deviate from the guidelines
range are not afforded a presumption of reasonableness; however, neither are they presumptively
unreasonable. Id.
Defendant’s primary argument is that the district court did not adequately justify its decision
to impose an upward variance of three months to his sentence. As quoted earlier, the district court
considered the guidelines range and recited the sentencing factors before concluding that a sentence
of sixty months of imprisonment was appropriate. Defendant contends that the district court’s
“failure to explain why the variance was necessary and how it related to a sentencing goal” is
contrary to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2) (court shall state “specific reason for the imposition of a
sentence” outside the guidelines range).
We disagree with defense counsel’s characterization of the sentencing hearing. The district
court heard from witnesses, considered the PSR, calculated the appropriate guidelines range, and
reviewed the § 3553(a) sentencing factors. Specifically, the court relied upon defendant’s extensive
criminal history, his “anger management” problems, and the violence of his past crimes, including
the one that triggered this prosecution. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) (circumstances of offense and
characteristics of the defendant). The court also factored in the need to deter such crimes, to promote
respect for the law, and to protect the public. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A)-(C). Finally, the court
recognized that the defendant required the kinds of treatment that he could receive in federal prison.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D). While a district court can always explain itself in more detail, in this
case the district court provided more than the minimum explanation required to justify the sentence
that it imposed.
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III.
The judgment is affirmed.
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