Kimberly Kepke v. Comm'r of Social Security

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 16a0022n.06
No. 15-1315
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
KIMBERLY KEPKE, ) Jan 12, 2016
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Defendant-Appellee. )
BEFORE: MOORE and COOK, Circuit Judges; PEARSON, District Judge.*
PEARSON, District Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Kimberly Kepke appeals the district
court's judgment affirming the denial of her applications for disability insurance benefits and
supplemental security income benefits. We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
Procedural Background. Kepke applied for disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) and
supplemental security income (“SSI”), alleging disability beginning September 13, 2006. After
her application was denied, she requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge
(“ALJ”). The ALJ issued a decision denying her claim. The ALJ’s decision became the
Commissioner’s final decision when the Appeals Council denied Kepke’s request for review.
Kepke filed a second application for DIB and SSI, again alleging disability beginning
September 13, 2006. Her second application was denied, and she requested a hearing before an
ALJ. The ALJ issued a decision denying her second claim. The ALJ’s decision became the
Commissioner’s final decision when the Appeals Council denied Kepke’s request for review.
*The Honorable Benita Y. Pearson, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting
by designation
No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
Following the second denial, Kepke filed a complaint in federal district court seeking
review of the ALJ’s last decision. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and
Kepke filed a motion for sentence six remand. The magistrate judge issued a report
recommending that the Commissioner’s motion be granted and Kepke’s motions be denied. The
district court entered an order adopting the magistrate judge’s recommendation in its entirety.
R. 29 (D. Ct. Order at 1-2) (Page ID #1124-25). This timely appeal followed.
Jurisdiction and Standard of Review. The Court has jurisdiction over the final ruling
of the district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), and 42 U.S.C.
§ 1383(c)(3).
The Court reviews de novo district court decisions in Social Security cases. See Gentry v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 741 F.3d 708, 722 (6th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). Under 42 U.S.C.
§ 405(g), review of the Commissioner’s decision is limited to determining “whether substantial
evidence supports the Commissioner’s findings and whether the Commissioner applied the
correct legal standards.” Reeves v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 618 Fed.App’x. 267, 272 (6th Cir.
2015); see also Kyle v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 609 F.3d 847, 854 (6th Cir. 2010) (“The
Commissioner's conclusion will be affirmed absent a determination that the ALJ failed to apply
the correct legal standard or made fact findings unsupported by substantial evidence in the
record.”). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.” See Lindsley v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 560 F.3d 601, 604 (6th
Cir. 2009). The administrative findings of the Commissioner “are not subject to reversal merely
because substantial evidence exists in the record to support a different conclusion. . . . If the
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[administrative] decision is supported by substantial evidence, a reviewing court must affirm.”
See Lindsley, 560 F.3d at 604-05 (citing Felisky v. Bowen, 35 F.3d 1027, 1035 (6th Cir.
1994)); see also Schmiedebusch v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 536 Fed.App’x. 6737, 649 (6th Cir.
2013) (stating that the ALJ "retains a 'zone of choice' in deciding whether to credit conflicting
evidence").
A. Disability Determination. In determining whether an individual is disabled within
the meaning of the Social Security Act, the ALJ engages in a five-step sequential inquiry,
pursuant to 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4). “If the claimant is found to be conclusively disabled or
not disabled at any step, the inquiry ends at that step.” Rabbers v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin.,
582 F.3d 647, 652 (6th Cir. 2009). The inquiry proceeds as follows:
1) If the claimant is doing substantial gainful activity, the claimant is not
disabled.
2) If the claimant does not have a severe medically determinable physical or
mental impairment—i.e., an impairment that significantly limits his or her
physical or mental ability to do basic work activities—the claimant is not
disabled.
3) If the claimant has a severe impairment(s) that meets or equals one of the
listings in Appendix 1 to Subpart P of the regulations and meets the duration
requirement, the claimant is disabled.
4) If the claimant's impairment does not prevent him or her from doing his or her
past relevant work, the claimant is not disabled.
5) If the claimant can make an adjustment to other work, the claimant is not
disabled. If the claimant cannot make an adjustment to other work, the
claimant is disabled.
Id. (citations omitted); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4).
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“The claimant bears the burden of proof through the first four steps of the inquiry, at
which point the burden shifts to the Commissioner to ‘identify a significant number of jobs in the
economy that accommodate the claimant's residual functional capacity . . . .’” Warner v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 375 F.3d 387, 390 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).
In this case, the ALJ employed the five-step inquiry and ultimately determined that
Kepke was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act. At step one, the ALJ
found that Kepke had not engaged in any substantial gainful activity since April 30, 2010. At
step two, the ALJ found that Kepke’s hypertension, attention deficit disorder, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, adjustment disorder with anxiety and depressed mood, right tibial plateau
fracture status post right knee replacement, obesity, and L4-5 spinal stenosis constituted severe
impairments. At step three, the ALJ determined that Kepke’s impairments or combination of
impairments do not meet or medically equal an impairment listed in Appendix 1 to Subpart P of
the regulations.
The ALJ then determined that Kepke possessed the residual functional capacity (“RFC”)
to perform sedentary work, except that she requires a sit/stand option; can only rarely climb
ramps or stairs; can only rarely stoop; cannot crouch; must avoid even moderate exposure to
temperature extremes; to wetness/humidity, and to chemicals; must avoid all exposure to
environmental irritants, and to poorly ventilated areas; must avoid even moderate exposure to
hazards like dangerous machinery and unprotected heights; is limited to simple, unskilled work
that does not require any complex written or verbal communication; must be employed in a low-
stress job defined as requiring no more than occasional decision-making and no more than
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occasional changes in the work setting; and should have no more than occasional interaction with
the public and with co-workers.
At step four, the ALJ concluded that Kepke was unable to perform her past relevant
work. Finally, at step five, the ALJ determined that the position of surveillance-system monitor
is a job that exists in significant numbers in the national economy that Kepke can perform.
Based upon the ALJ’s finding at step five, the ALJ concluded that Kepke was not disabled
within the meaning of the Social Security Act.
B. Evaluation of Treating Sources. Kepke identified two treating physicians—Dr.
Chapman and Dr. Pinson. She argues that the ALJ and magistrate judge erred in evaluating the
opinions of her treating sources.
A treating source’s medical opinion must be accorded controlling weight if it is “well-
supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not
inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in the case record.” Hensley v. Astrue, 573 F.3d
263, 266 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal citations and quotations omitted); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2).
In determining whether substantial evidence is inconsistent with the treating source’s opinion,
the ALJ must examine the record as a whole, “not just medical opinions.” Hickey-Hanes v.
Barnhart, 116 Fed.App’x. 718, 723-24 (6th Cir. 2004). If he declines to accord controlling
weight, the ALJ must give “good reasons” for the weight he accords the treating source opinion,
applying factors such as “the length of the treatment relationship and the frequency of
examination, the nature and extent of the treatment relationship, supportability of the opinion,
consistency of the opinion with the record as a whole, and the specialization of the treating
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source . . . .” See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527; Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541, 544 (6th
Cir. 2004).
Even if the treating source’s opinion is not accorded controlling weight, there remains a
rebuttable presumption that the opinion is entitled to great deference. Rogers v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 242 (6th Cir. 2007). However, “[t]he agency’s treating-source rule permits
an ALJ to reject a treating source’s opinion if substantial evidence in the record contradicts it.”
Francis v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 414 Fed.App’x. 802, 805 (6th Cir. 2011).
(i) Dr. Chapman, treating psychiatrist, completed a Psychiatric Evaluation Form for
Anxiety Related Disorders on February 22, 2012, in which he diagnosed Kepke with “recurrent
severe panic attacks manifested by a sudden unpredictable onset of intense apprehension, fear,
terror, and sense of impending doom occurring on the average of at least once a week; marked
restriction in activities of daily living, social functioning and concentration, persistence or pace.”
R. 8-2 (ALJ Decision at 32) (Page ID #66). Kepke argues the ALJ erred in discounting this
opinion. Contrary to Kepke’s assertion that “there was no real analysis” of Dr. Chapman’s
opinion (Appellant Br. at 22), the ALJ provided specific reasons for discounting the opinion.
The ALJ noted that Dr. Chapman treated Kepke only monthly from December 2011 to
February 2012. It was not improper for the ALJ to discount Dr. Chapman’s opinion on the basis
that he treated Kepke only three times over a three-month period. See e.g., Mireles ex rel.
S.M.M. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 608 Fed.App’x. 397, 398 (6th Cir. 2015) (“On appeal, Mireles
claims that the ALJ rejected Dr. Jeney's “treating-source opinion” without a legal basis and
ignores the lower court's classification of Dr. Jeney as a non-treating source. He fails to
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
persuade us that the lower court misclassified Dr. Jeney, who examined S.M.M. no more than
three times.”); Helm v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 405 Fed.App’x. 997, 1000-01 n.3 (6th Cir.
2011) (stating that “it is questionable whether a physician who examines a patient only three
times over a four-month period is a treating source . . .”).
The ALJ also properly discounted Dr. Chapman’s opinion because it relied heavily on
Kepke’s self-reporting, and “seemed to uncritically accept as true most, if not all, of what
[Kepke] reported.” R. 8-2 (ALJ Decision at 33) (Page ID #67). Kepke argues on appeal that
psychiatric examinations require use of a patient’s own statements, and psychiatry “does not
readily lend itself to the same objective substantiation found in other areas.” Appellant Br. at 20.
Regardless of any inherent subjectivity in the field of psychiatry, a doctor cannot simply report
what his patient says and re-package it as an opinion. See e.g., Francis, 414 Fed.App’x. 802,
804 (“Dr. Killefer’s pain-related statement, on the other hand, is not a “medical opinion” at all—
it merely regurgitates Francis’s self-described symptoms.”). Kepke’s argument that only three of
the 25 questions in Dr. Chapman’s opinion were identified as “per consumer report” is also
unpersuasive because some of Dr. Chapman’s major diagnoses, such as “recurrent severe panic
attacks” and “recurrent obsessions or compulsions which are a source of marked distress,” were
identified as “per consumer report.” R. 10-9 (Psychiatric Evaluation Form at 755-56) (Page ID
#818-19).
Additionally, the ALJ found that Dr. Chapman’s checklist opinion constituted weak
medical evidence because of its conclusory nature. While checklist opinions are not per se
unreliable in this context, it is not improper for an ALJ to take into consideration the format of a
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medical opinion, especially in light of other factors in the record that signal unreliability.
The Court has held that an ALJ properly discounted a treating source’s questionnaire because the
source “failed to provide any explanation for his responses.” See Price v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.
Admin., 342 Fed.App’x. 172, 176 (6th Cir. 2009). Dr. Chapman’s checklist opinion did not
provide an explanation for his findings; therefore, the ALJ properly discounted it on these
grounds.
According to Kepke, Dr. Chapman’s opinion “is supported by information from
psychiatric sessions and treatment notes.” Appellant Br. at 21. However, as the ALJ noted, in
Dr. Chapman’s psychiatric evaluation of Kepke and progress note (dated December 7, 2011 and
January 4, 2012, respectively), Dr. Chapman’s reviews of Kepke were positive. He stated that
Kepke “demonstrated good grooming, timeliness . . . calm behavior with social smile, intact
judgment, logical and coherent thought process . . ., fair insight, [and] average intelligence . . . .”
R. 8-2 (ALJ Decision at 30) (Page ID #64). These observations do not comport with Dr.
Chapman finding, just one month later, that Kepke has marked restrictions in daily living, social
functioning, and concentration, persistence or pace.
Therefore, the ALJ gave good reasons for discounting Dr. Chapman’s opinion, and
satisfied the mandates of 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527 by considering some of the listed factors,
including the length of the treatment relationship and frequency of examination, the
supportability of Dr. Chapman’s opinion, and the consistency of the opinion with the record as a
whole. See Francis, 414 Fed.App’x. at 804 (citation omitted) (“Although [20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1527(d)(2)] instruct[s] an ALJ to consider these factors, they expressly require only that
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the ALJ’s decision include “good reasons . . . for the weight . . . give[n] [to the] treating source’s
opinion—not an exhaustive factor-by-factor analysis.”).
Lastly, Kepke argues that the ALJ’s failure to indicate the weight he accorded to Dr.
Chapman’s opinion “mandates reversal.” Appellant Br. at 22. Though SSR 96-2p provides that
the ALJ must be sufficiently specific as to the weight he accords a treating source opinion and
the reasons for that weight, an ALJ’s failure to explicitly state the weight he accords does not
always constitute reversible error. See e.g., Bass v. McMahon, 499 F.3d 506, 510-11 (6th Cir.
2007) (finding that the “failure to explicitly state how much weight the ALJ was providing [the
treating source’s] observations is harmless . . .”). While the ALJ did not articulate a specific
weight for Dr. Chapman’s opinion, he made sufficiently clear his reasons for discounting the
opinion. See Francis, 414 Fed.App’x. at 805 (“In assigning no weight to [the treating source’s]
opinion, the ALJ cited the opinion’s inconsistency with the objective medical evidence, Francis’s
conservative treatment and daily activities, and the assessments of Francis’s other physicians.
Procedurally, the regulations require no more . . . . Both we and Francis possess a “clear
understanding” of why the ALJ rejected [the] opinion.”). The ALJ did not err in rejecting Dr.
Chapman’s opinion.
(ii) Dr. Pinson, Kepke’s treating primary care physician, treated her monthly beginning
on August 29, 2008, and completed a Pulmonary Medical Source Statement on January 24, 2012.
In this statement, he diagnosed Kepke with “COPD; severe stenosis; degenerative joint disease
of cervical and lumbosacral spine; anxiety; hypothyroid; hypertension and radiculopathy.” R. 8-
2 (ALJ Decision at 31) (Page ID #65). Based on these diagnoses, Dr. Pinson opined that
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
Kepke’s resultant work limitations are quite restrictive. For example, he found that Kepke is
likely to (1) be off task for 25% or more of the workday, (2) be absent from work “more than
four days per month,” and (3) require three to four un-scheduled 10-minute breaks in the
workday, during which she would need to lie down or sit quietly. R. 10-9 (Pulmonary Medical
Source Statement at 763-65) (Page ID #826-28). Kepke contends the ALJ failed to give “good
reasons” for not according this opinion controlling weight.
The ALJ determined that “there is nothing in Dr. Pinson’s medical records to support the
degree of limitation he alleged in his medical source statement,” and that “[his] opinion is out of
proportion with the medical evidence and is given little weight.” R. 8-2 (ALJ Decision at 32)
(Page ID #66). The ALJ noted that the records indicate Kepke received only conservative
treatment for her ailments, a fact which constitutes a “good reason” for discounting a treating
source opinion. See e.g., Lester v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 596 Fed.App’x. 387, 389 (6th Cir. 2015)
(finding the ALJ reasonably discounted a doctor’s proposed limitations because, among other
things, the claimant was receiving conservative treatment); McKenzie v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
215 F.3d 1327, No. 99-3400, 2000 WL 687680, at *4 (6th Cir. May 19, 2000) (unpublished
opinion) (“Plaintiff’s complaints of disabling pain are undermined by his non aggressive
treatment.”); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2) (“We will look at the treatment the source has
provided . . . .”).
In a similar vein, the ALJ also properly took note that during the relevant time period,
Kepke did not require hospitalizations or emergency room visits for her conditions, including her
respiratory impairments. This undermines Dr. Pinson’s opinion regarding the severity of
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
Kepke’s asthma attacks and other conditions. See e.g., Moore v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 573
Fed.App’x. 540, 542 (6th Cir. 2014) (That the claimant “did not require frequent emergency
room visits for asthma attacks or other acute respiratory problems” was not in alignment with the
“clinical findings and medical evidence.”). Furthermore, Kepke has not pointed to “any
treatment notes from Dr. Pinson that recommended restrictions similar to those he asserted in
support of Kepke’s disability claim.” Appellee Br. at 23; See Essary v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
114 Fed.App’x. 662, 667 (6th Cir. 2004) (“Dr. Twilla’s failure to catalog such restrictions in his
treatment notes so as to maintain an accurate medical history calls into question whether Essary
was in fact so restricted.”).
Kepke cites only to one undated pulmonary function test as objective evidence that
supports Dr. Pinson’s pulmonary findings, and the ALJ found that the undated findings
were called into question by “[a] chest x-ray performed on October 26, 2011 [that] was normal.”
R. 8-2 (ALJ Decision at 30) (Page ID #64). Moreover, Dr. Pinson’s Pulmonary Medical Source
Statement did not even reference the results of that pulmonary function test. These facts provide
substantial evidence on which the ALJ properly called Dr. Pinson’s opinion into question.
Kepke contends that Dr. Pinson diagnosed a number of other conditions besides the
pulmonary condition (including “degeneration, radiculopathy and stenosis in the cervical and
lumbar spines, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and anxiety”) that were supported by objective
evidence, and that the ALJ failed to consider in combination with all of her impairments.
Appellant Br. at 25-26, 28. However, Kepke fails to demonstrate how the RFC does not account
for these conditions. As the Commissioner states, the ALJ “accommodated the limitations
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identified by Dr. Pinson that were credibly supported by the record as a whole, and appropriately
declined to include limitations that were not supported.” Appellee Br. at 25.
The Court is unpersuaded by Kepke’s argument that even if Dr. Pinson’s opinion is not
entitled to controlling weight, it is “still entitled to deference, the greatest weight and adoption.”
Appellant Br. at 28. The ALJ sufficiently rebutted the presumption of deference by showing that
Dr. Pinson’s opinion is contradicted by substantial evidence on the record. See Rogers, 486 F.3d
at 242. The ALJ did not err in discounting Dr. Pinson’s opinion.
C. Evaluation of Non-Examining Source Opinions. Kepke contends that the ALJ
reversibly erred by (1) failing to explain why he accepted the opinions of non-examining state
agency doctors, Dr. Balunas and Dr. Kuiper, who did not have the benefit of completely
reviewing all of the medical records, and (2) elevating their opinions over those of Kepke’s
treating sources. The un-reviewed records include some of the treatment records of Dr. Pinson
and Dr. Chapman which were submitted after Dr. Balunas and Dr. Kuiper submitted their
opinions.
Kepke misconstrues the Court’s holding in Blackley v. Commissioner of Social Security
as providing a blanket prohibition on an ALJ’s adoption of a non-examining source opinion,
where that source has not reviewed the entire record. 581 F.3d 399, 409 (6th Cir. 2009). The
Court’s holding in Blackley is far more limited, requiring only that before an ALJ accords
significant weight to the opinion of a non-examining source who has not reviewed the entire
record, the ALJ must give “some indication” that he “at least considered” that the source did not
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review the entire record. Id. In other words, the record must give some indication that the ALJ
subjected such an opinion to scrutiny.
Here, the ALJ’s decision indicates that he subjected Dr. Balunas’s opinion to at least
some scrutiny, because the ALJ disagreed with Dr. Balunas’s assessment of Kepke’s limitations
in her activities of daily living and social functioning, and applied even greater restrictions in this
area than Dr. Balunas opined were appropriate. As to Dr. Kuiper’s opinion, the ALJ’s scrutiny is
not as explicit. However, Dr. Kuiper stated in his opinion that he was adopting the prior RFC
because there had not been any new evidence since the prior ALJ decision, while the ALJ stated
that “the evidence of record shows that there has been a change in the claimant’s condition since
the prior decision . . . .” R. 8-2 (ALJ Decision at 26) (Page ID #60). The ALJ’s adoption of Dr.
Kuiper’s opinion, taken together with the ALJ’s subsequent statement that there had, in fact,
been a “change in [Kepke]’s condition” indicates that the ALJ was aware that Dr. Kuiper did not
have the benefit of reviewing all of the records, and took that into consideration. These facts
constitute “some indication” that the ALJ considered the nature of the non-examining source
opinions and subjected those opinions to scrutiny.
Additionally, Dr. Balunas’s findings are consistent with other record evidence, such as
the opinion of Dr. Bray, an examining state agency doctor. Dr. Bray, like Dr. Balunas, found
that Kepke is capable of executing simple tasks. Kepke’s argument that the ALJ did not cite Dr.
Bray’s opinion as support for Dr. Balunas’s opinion is unpersuasive. Dr. Bray’s opinion was
included in the ALJ’s decision and Kepke has not shown that the ALJ did not take it into
consideration when weighing Dr. Balunas’s opinion. Equally unpersuasive is Kepke’s argument
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that Dr. Bray’s opinion is irrelevant because the ALJ ultimately found greater limitations than
those suggested by Dr. Bray. The ALJ’s more restrictive findings do not negate that Dr.
Balunas’s and Dr. Bray’s opinions are consistent, objective record evidence.
While the ALJ should have clearly stated his reasons for adopting Dr. Balunas’s and Dr.
Kuiper’s opinion, this error is not fatal because their opinions are consistent with other record
evidence, the inconsistent treating source opinions were properly discredited, and Kepke has not
shown that she has been prejudiced on the merits. See Keeton v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
583 Fed.App’x. 515, 531 (6th Cir. 2014) (finding that the ALJ’s “fail[ure] to articulate any
reasons for elevating part of [a non-examining source]’s opinion over the other opinions in the
record” did not constitute reversible error, even though the source conducted only “a partial
review of [the claimant]’s medical records,” because her opinion was consistent with the record,
not inconsistent with the opinions of treating sources, and “it is difficult to say that the ALJ's
failure to include a full explanation for adopting [the] opinion prejudiced Plaintiff on the merits
or deprived him of a substantial right”).
The Court is also unpersuaded by Kepke’s argument that the ALJ erred by applying less
scrutiny to the opinions of the non-examining doctors than to that of the treating sources. See
Gayheart v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 710 F.3d 365, 379 (6th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted) (“A more
rigorous scrutiny of the treating-source opinion than the nontreating and nonexamining opinions
is precisely the inverse of the analysis that the regulation requires.”). It cannot be said that the
ALJ did not subject the non-examining sources’ opinions to scrutiny simply because he adopted
their opinions but discredited the treating source opinions. The ALJ found that Dr. Balunas’s
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and Dr. Kuiper’s opinions are more consistent with the record than the opinions of the treating
sources. Kepke also argues that a non-examining doctor’s opinion is entitled to little weight if
contrary to a treating source’s opinion. See Shelman v. Heckler, 821 F.2d 316, 321 (6th Cir.
1987). This argument also fails because once the ALJ properly discredited the treating source
opinions, the treating source rule could no longer reasonably apply. See Price, 342 Fed.App’x.
at 177 (“Although the opinion of a treating physician is given more weight, this Court has
recognized that consultative opinions may be credited where they are supported by the record.”).
The Court also finds irrelevant Kepke’s argument that Dr. Balunas’s and Dr. Kuiper’s opinions
are in the form of a questionnaire, similar to the checklist format of Dr. Chapman’s treating
source opinion, which the ALJ took into account in discrediting Dr. Chapman’s opinion. The
checklist format was one of many factors the ALJ considered in finding Dr. Chapman’s opinion
unreliable, and unlike Dr. Chapman’s opinion, the ALJ found Dr. Balunas’s and Dr. Kuiper’s
opinions to be consistent with the record.
As the Commissioner argues, “the ALJ’s evaluation of [these] opinions was well within
the zone of reasonable choice permitted by the substantial evidence standard of review.”
Appellee Br. at 27; See Buxton v. Halter, 246 F.3d 762, 772 (6th Cir. 2001). The ALJ did not
reversibly err in relying on the opinions of the non-examining state agency doctors.
D. Kepke’s Severe Thyroid Disease. Kepke next argues that the ALJ erred by failing to
list her thyroid disease as a severe impairment, in accordance with the mandates of Drummond v.
Commissioner of Social Security and Acquiescence Ruling (“AR”) 98-4(6). In Drummond, this
Court held that “[a]bsent evidence of an improvement in a claimant’s condition, a subsequent
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
ALJ is bound by the findings of a previous ALJ.” 126 F.3d 837, 842 (6th Cir. 1997). After
Drummond, the Social Security Administration promulgated AR 98-4(6), which applies to Social
Security claimants residing in Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio or Tennessee, and provides the
following:
When adjudicating a subsequent disability claim with an unadjudicated period
arising under the same title of the Act as the prior claim, adjudicators must adopt
such a finding from the final decision by an ALJ or the Appeals Council on the
prior claim in determining whether the claimant is disabled with respect to the
unadjudicated period unless there is new and material evidence relating to such a
finding or there has been a change in the law, regulations or rulings affecting the
finding or the method for arriving at the finding.
AR 98-4(6).
The prior ALJ decision listed Kepke’s thyroid disease as a severe impairment. Kepke
avers that the ALJ reversibly erred by failing to also list her thyroid disease as a severe
impairment in the second step of the sequential disability evaluation process. Kepke’s argument
is invalid. The ALJ found that Kepke has several other severe impairments. Therefore, Kepke
cleared step two of the sequential analysis, requiring the ALJ to consider all of Kepke’s
impairments (severe and non-severe) in the remaining steps. See Anthony v. Astrue,
266 Fed.App’x. 451, 457 (6th Cir. 2008) (finding that the ALJ’s failure to list a severe
impairment was “legally irrelevant” because the ALJ found other severe impairments, allowing
the claimant to clear step two, and causing the ALJ to consider all of his impairments in the
remaining steps); Maziarz v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 837 F.2d 240, 244 (6th Cir. 1987)
(holding that failure to find one of claimant’s cervical conditions severe could not constitute
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reversible error because the Secretary found other severe impairments, allowing the Secretary to
later consider the condition in crafting the RFC).
Kepke’s contention that the ALJ failed to consider her thyroid disease at all is not
supported by the record. The record shows that the ALJ considered Kepke’s thyroid disease
because the ALJ relied on the opinion of Dr. Kuiper, who adopted the prior ALJ’s RFC, which
listed Kepke’s thyroid disease as a severe impairment. See e.g., Coldiron v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., 391 Fed.App’x. 435, 443 (6th Cir. 2010) (citations omitted) (“Every medical opinion that
the ALJ evaluated acknowledged Coldiron’s obesity. Thus, by utilizing the opinions of these
physicians in fashioning Coldiron’s RFC, the ALJ incorporated the effect that obesity has on the
claimant’s ability to work into the RFC he constructed.”). Therefore, the ALJ did not reversibly
err by failing to list Kepke’s thyroid disease as a severe impairment.
E. Flawed Hypotheticals. Kepke avers that the ALJ’s hypotheticals did not adequately
convey her limitations to the VE, and that as such, the ALJ reversibly erred in relying on the
VE’s testimony. See Anderson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 406 Fed.App’x. 32, 35 (6th Cir. 2010)
(citation omitted) (“As long as the VE’s testimony is in response to an accurate hypothetical, the
ALJ may rely on the VE’s testimony to find that the claimant is able to perform a significant
number of jobs.”).
Kepke relies on Ealy v. Commissioner of Social Security, a case in which the Court found
the ALJ’s hypothetical providing for a limitation to “simple, repetitive tasks” did not properly
convey the claimant’s limitations. 594 F.3d 504, 516-17 (6th Cir. 2010). Ealy is distinguishable
from Kepke’s case, however, because there, one of the claimant’s doctors specifically limited his
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
ability to sustain concentration to “simple repetitive tasks [for] ‘[two-hour] segments over an
eight-hour day where speed was not critical.’” Id. at 516. Kepke, however, has not cited to any
evidence in the record that provides for specific, concrete limitations on her ability to maintain
concentration, persistence or pace while doing simple, unskilled work. See Smith-Johnson v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 579 Fed.App’x. 426, 436-37 (6th Cir. 2014) (distinguishing Ealy on the
basis that Smith-Johnson’s moderate limitations in concentration, persistence and pace were
conveyed by the ALJ’s hypothetical limitation to “simple, routine, and repetitive tasks” because
Smith-Johnson’s doctor “did not place any concrete functional limitations on her abilities to
maintain attention, concentration, or pace when performing simple, repetitive, or routine tasks”).
Case law in this Circuit does not support a rule that a hypothetical providing for simple,
unskilled work is per se insufficient to convey moderate limitations in concentration, persistence
and pace. Therefore, Kepke’s reliance on Ealy is misguided.
It should be noted that the ALJ’s hypothetical also contained limitations for a low stress
job that does not require any complex written or verbal communication, calls for no more than
occasional decision making, and calls for no more than occasional changes in the work setting.
Kepke fails to show that her limitations were not properly presented to the VE for consideration.
Kepke next contends that the hypothetical improperly limited her to avoiding “even
moderate” exposure to poorly ventilated areas, while the RFC limited her to avoiding all
exposure to poorly ventilated areas. Though the hypothetical question must accurately describe
the claimant, there is no requirement that it must match the language of the RFC verbatim. See
Brock v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 368 Fed.App’x. 622, 626 (6th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted)
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(“Further, a hypothetical question maybe incomplete, yet still accurately portray a claimant’s
limitations.”). In response to the ALJ’s second hypothetical, the VE reduced the available jobs
to those that have “clean environments.” R. 8-2 (ALJ Hearing Transcript at 75) (Page ID #109).
It defies logic to assume that the VE believed that a poorly ventilated area constituted a “clean
environment.” The VE’s provision of jobs in clean environments shows that the VE properly
accounted for Kepke’s need to avoid all exposure to poorly ventilated areas. Even though the
ALJ’s characterization was imprecise, the VE’s testimony sufficiently addressed Kepke’s
limitation.
Therefore, the ALJ’s characterization of the limitation does not constitute grounds for
reversal. Because Kepke has not shown that more precise wording in the hypothetical would
have resulted in a finding of disability, the ALJ’s error was immaterial and harmless. See Potter
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 223 Fed.App’x. 458, 463-64 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that even though
the record showed claimant did not obtain a regular high school diploma and had only third to
fifth grade level language and math skills, the ALJ’s hypothetical asking the VE to assume a
person “with a[n] apparently 12th grade education” constituted harmless error because reference
to the claimant’s education “was not material to the ultimate conclusion that she was not
disabled”).
Finally, Kepke argues that the ALJ failed to provide specifics (in the RFC and
hypotheticals) as to the frequency of her need to alternate between sitting and standing. See Soc.
Sec. Admin., SSR 96–9p, at *7 (1996) (“The RFC assessment must be specific as to the
frequency of the individual’s need to alternate sitting and standing.”). Because Kepke failed to
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
probe this alleged deficiency at the ALJ hearing, she forfeited this argument. See Sims v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 406 Fed.App’x. 977, 982 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Yes, the vocational expert's
testimony could have been further refined; but as the district court pointed out, plaintiff's counsel
had the opportunity to cross-examine, but asked only one question and did not probe the
deficiency now identified on appeal.”).
The slight error attributable to the ALJ’s hypotheticals is not reversible error, and the VE
properly took Kepke’s limitations into account. Therefore, the VE’s opinion constitutes
substantial evidence that supports the ALJ’s finding in step five of the disability analysis.
See Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541, 549 (6th Cir. 2004) (“This court has held
repeatedly that the testimony of a vocational expert identifying specific jobs available in the
regional economy that an individual with the claimant's limitation could perform can constitute
substantial evidence supporting an ALJ's finding at step 5 that the claimant can perform other
work.”).
F. Kepke’s Severe Cervical Central Canal Stenosis, Nerve Root Compression, and
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Kepke contends that the ALJ committed reversible legal error by
failing to evaluate her severe cervical central canal stenosis and nerve root compression, in
combination with her carpal tunnel syndrome.
Kepke’s claim that the ALJ failed to evaluate her November 10, 2010 cervical MRI is
belied by the fact that the ALJ did not merely mention the MRI, but provided a full description
of it. As the magistrate judge found, Kepke “fails to cite evidence of any resultant limitations
that are not already accounted for in the RFC.” R. 27 (Report & Recommendation at 29) (Page
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
ID #1085). Kepke also argues that the MRI findings, coupled with her own reports regarding her
limitations, provide an objective basis for finding restrictions in fingering, repetitive hand-finger
action, bilateral manual dexterity, handling, grasping, reaching, and that her cervical condition
“would affect her ability to turn her head left, right, up, down, or even hold it in a static
position.” Appellant Br. at 25, 35 (emphasis added).
This argument is based on no more than Kepke’s own speculation of what limitations her
cervical condition could or would create. It is important to note that the MRI was ordered by
treating source, Dr. Pinson, yet Kepke provides no report from Dr. Pinson or any other doctor
that states she has the specific limitations she speculates would result from her cervical
condition. Moreover, Kepke has presented no evidence that the ALJ’s restrictive RFC does not
already account for any limitations that may result from her cervical condition alone or in
combination with other impairments.
Similarly, Kepke provides no support for her conclusory argument that the combined
effect of her cervical condition and her alleged carpal tunnel syndrome “generates far greater
restrictions than those imposed by sedentary work.” Appellant Br. at 47. The documents Kepke
offers to show that she has carpal tunnel syndrome are dated 2004, prior to her alleged beginning
date of disability. The record does not contain evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome during the
relevant time period. Furthermore, Kepke’s carpal tunnel syndrome limited her ability to
“repeatedly lift over 10 pounds or push/pull 15 pounds of force.” Appellee Br. at 35. The RFC
accommodates this because it provides that she can perform sedentary work as defined in 20
C.F.R. § 404.1567(a) and § 416.967(a), which limit such work to that which does not involve
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
lifting more than 10 pounds at a time. Kepke fails to show that the ALJ erred in evaluating these
conditions/impairments or that she was prejudiced on the merits.
G. Kepke’s Ability to Work as a Surveillance System Monitor. In asserting that the
record demonstrates she cannot work as a surveillance-system monitor, Kepke points to the
ALJ’s failure to question the VE regarding the conflict between the VE’s testimony and the
General Educational Development (GED) requirements for the surveillance-system monitor
position as described in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”).
This argument fails for two reasons. First, “nothing in applicable Social Security
regulations requires the administrative law judge to conduct his or her own investigation into the
testimony of a vocational expert to determine its accuracy, especially when the claimant fails to
bring any conflict to the attention of the administrative law judge.” Ledford v. Astrue,
311 Fed.App’x. 746, 757 (6th Cir. 2008). At the hearing, Kepke did not raise this conflict and the
ALJ was under no duty to investigate any further than he did. Second, “neither the testimony of
a vocational expert nor the occupational descriptions in the [DOT] necessarily trumps the other.”
Ledford, 311 Fed.App’x. at 757. The Social Security regulations did not require the ALJ or the
VE to adopt the DOT’s characterization of occupations in reviewing Kepke’s case. Id. (citing
Wright v. Massanari, 321 F.3d 611, 616 (6th Cir. 2003)).
Kepke fails to cite to any support for her assertion that her education level, and inability
to do basic math, read instructions for assembling models, and manage funds “preclude work as
a surveillance monitor no matter what standard you use.” Appellant Br. at 50. Moreover, the
hearing transcript shows that the VE took into account Kepke’s education and limitation to
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
simple, unskilled work. Kepke’s contention that her severe attention deficit disorder precludes
her from working as a surveillance-system monitor is also not well taken. The fact that she has
severe ADHD does not necessarily mean that she has the corresponding limitations that are
preclusive of this job (such as likely being off task 11% to 25% of the workday, as described by
the VE). See Thomas v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 480 Fed.App’x. 462, 463 (9th Cir.2012)
(internal quotations and citation omitted) (“A severe impairment need not necessarily
‘correspond to limitations on a claimant’s ability to perform basic work activities’ . . .”) (quoting
Bray v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1228-29 (9th Cir. 2009); Davis-Grimplin v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 556 Fed.App’x. 858, 862 (11th Cir. 2014) (“A ‘severe’ impairment
does not necessarily indicate that a person has a disability qualifying her for benefits because it is
possible that, even with the severe impairment, that person could still perform the work
pertaining to her job after taking into consideration other vocational factors.”).
In support of her argument to the ALJ, Kepke relied on the opinion of her treating
primary care physician, Dr. Pinson, who stated that she would likely be off task 25% or more of
the workday. This opinion was, as explained earlier, properly accorded little weight. An
impairment can manifest itself in different ways, and without credible objective evidence that
supports the existence of certain limitations, the ALJ cannot assume that those particular
limitations inherently derive from the claimant’s impairment. See e.g., Sullivan v. Sebley, 493
U.S. 521, 530 (1990) (“An impairment that manifests only some of the criteria, no matter how
severe, does not qualify.”). Kepke failed to satisfy her burden of showing a preclusive
limitation. See Galliher v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs, 991 F.2d 794, No. 92-1505, 1993
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
WL 101446, at *4 (6th Cir. Apr. 6, 1993) (unpublished opinion) (“. . . [A] claimant must show
that he has functional limitations resulting from his mental disorder that are inconsistent with the
ability to engage in substantial, gainful activity.”).
The VE’s testimony provided substantial evidence for the ALJ’s conclusion that Kepke
can work as a surveillance-system monitor despite her educational limitations and other
impairments. See Ulman v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 693 F.3d 709, 714 (6th Cir. 2012) (“As long as
the ALJ cited substantial, legitimate evidence to support his factual conclusions, we are not to
second-guess . . . .”). The ALJ did not commit error in relying on the VE’s testimony in this
regard.
H. Assessment of Kepke’s Credibility. Kepke argues that the ALJ failed to provide
“good reasons” supported by substantial evidence for rejecting her credibility. See 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1529.
The Court has stated that “[i]t is of course for the ALJ, and not the reviewing court, to
evaluate the credibility of witnesses, including that of claimant . . . [though] such determinations
must find support in the record.” See Rogers v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 486 F.3d 234, 247 (6th Cir.
2007); see also Schmiedebusch v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 536 Fed.App’x. 637, 649 (6th Cir. 2013)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (“We accord an ALJ's credibility determinations
great weight and deference, and are limited to evaluating whether the ALJ's explanations for
partially discrediting a claimant's testimony are reasonable and supported by substantial evidence
in the record.”).
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
Kepke argues that the ALJ improperly discredited her for missing or canceling health
appointments, without considering whether there was a reasonable explanation, such as lack of
funds or transportation. See SSR 96-7 (An ALJ should determine “whether there are good
reasons the individual does not seek medical treatment or does not pursue treatment in a
consistent manner”). Kepke cites to Boulis-Gosch v. Commissioner for the proposition that a
claimant’s failure to seek treatment for a mental impairment should not be a determinative factor
in a credibility assessment. 451 Fed.App’x. 488, 493 (6th Cir. 2011). However, the ALJ’s
finding that Kepke’s credibility was damaged was based on several factors, with no one factor
being determinative. For instance, the ALJ found that Kepke provided inconsistent information
and received only routine and/or conservative treatment for the allegedly disabling impairments.
See Lester v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 596 Fed.App’x. 387, 389 (6th Cir. 2015) (finding that the ALJ
reasonably discounted a doctor’s proposed limitations because, among other things, the claimant
was receiving conservative treatment); McKenzie v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 215 F.3d 1327,
2000 WL 687680, at *4 (6th Cir. May 19, 2000) (unpublished opinion) (“Plaintiff’s complaints
of disabling pain are undermined by his non aggressive treatment.”).
Furthermore, the ALJ notes elsewhere in his decision that (1) an MRI of Kepke’s lumbar
spine revealed only mild to moderate findings, (2) Kepke’s impairments have not required
hospitalizations or even emergency room visits, and (3) Kepke is supposed to use a cane to assist
with walking “but alleged that she already looks old and does not want to use it until she has to.”
R. 8-2 (ALJ Decision at 27-80) (Page ID #61). These facts taken together constitute substantial
evidence on which the ALJ was able to rely in discrediting Kepke’s claims about the limiting
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
effects of her symptoms. See Steagall v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 596 Fed.App’x. 377, 381 (6th Cir.
2015) (internal quotations and citation omitted) (“An ALJ may discount a claimant’s credibility
when the ALJ finds contradictions among the medical reports, claimant’s testimony, and other
evidence.”). The ALJ did not err in assessing Kepke’s credibility.
I. Motion for Remand. Finally, Kepke contends that the district court erred by denying
her motion for a sentence six remand of the case to the ALJ for consideration of documents that
pertain to her alleged carpal tunnel syndrome. Sentence six of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) permits a
reviewing court to remand a case to the Commissioner for review of additional evidence “only if
the evidence is ‘new’ and ‘material’ and ‘good cause’ is shown for the failure to present the
evidence to the ALJ.” Ferguson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 628 F.3d 269, 276 (6th Cir.2010)
(citation omitted). Evidence is “new” if it was not available to the claimant or did not exist at the
time of the administrative proceeding, and “material” if there is a reasonable probability that a
different disposition of the claim would have been reached if the evidence had been presented
initially. Id. (citing Foster v. Halter, 279 F.3d 348, 357 (6th Cir.2001) (citations omitted)).
“Good cause” can be shown only by demonstrating a reasonable justification for failing to
present the evidence at the administrative hearing. Id.The evidence Kepke offers post administrative hearing is not “new” because it was in
existence at the time of the hearing1 and Kepke has not shown that the documents were
unavailable to her. Kepke’s conclusory statement that “such evidence would have dictated a
different conclusion at the hearing level” is not sufficient to show a reasonable probability that
1
In fact, these records (dated 2005 and earlier) were available not only prior to the second
administrative hearing, but also prior to the first.
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No. 15-1315, Kimberly Kepke v. Comm’r of Social Security
the new evidence would have dictated a different outcome if presented to the ALJ. R. 16 (M. for
Remand at 4) (Page ID #981). Kepke has also not shown a reasonable justification for failing to
produce the documents at the administrative hearing. The ALJ kept the record open for 14 days
in response to Kepke’s counsel’s request for additional time to submit these records. Kepke’s
attorney then “made a strategic decision that he did not need the record left open for the
submission of documents” if the ALJ could expedite his opinion. R. 27 (Report
& Recommendation at 37) (Page ID #1093). This strategy failed, as the ALJ ultimately issued
the decision after Kepke’s date of last insurance. Kepke argues that if she had known the
decision would be issued after the date of last insurance (i.e., if she had known her attorney’s
strategy would fail), she would have requested more time to submit the additional records. This
argument is unpersuasive. Kepke’s failed legal strategy cannot constitute a reasonable
justification for her failure to timely present this evidence. Remand pursuant to sentence six is
therefore not warranted in this case.
Conclusion. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court
upholding the Commissioner’s decision.
27