DocketNumber： No. 88-1622
Judges： Guy, Jones, Keith
Filed Date： 4/12/1990
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/4/2024
Attorneys James Thomas Sloan, Jr., Fredrick J. Farrer, and Gary C. Newton, and the current or former law firms of Sloan, Benefiel, Farrer, Newton & Glista, and Sloan, Newton & Stevens (collectively “plaintiffs’ counsel”), appeal from the district court’s judgment imposing sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part.
On November 9, 1982, plaintiff Harold Mann suffered severe leg injuries when his clothing became entangled in the power take-off shaft (“PTO shaft”) of the grain elevator (“auger”) that he was operating on his farm in Constantine, Michigan. Mr. Mann and his wife, Mrs. Jean Mann (collectively “plaintiffs”), retained counsel to represent them in a products liability action against the auger’s manufacturer, defendant Hutchinson Division of Lear Siegler, Inc. (“Hutchinson”).
In May and June 1983, plaintiffs’ counsel took statements from: Paul Trojan, a Professor of Metallurgical Engineering at the University of Michigan; Denny Mann, plaintiffs’ son; Raymond Stutzman, the previous owner of the auger; and Robert Brewer, Chief of the Constantine Police Department, who investigated the accident.
In his discussion with plaintiffs’ counsel, Dr. Trojan opined that there were substantial defects in the plastic guard which was designed to protect the PTO shaft of plaintiffs’ auger. Dr. Trojan explained: first, that due to its exposure to the environment, the plastic guard had decayed substantially and could not withstand the force of a man falling against it; second, that the guard was poorly designed because its two pieces could separate leaving a guard system which did not cover the entire shaft; and third, that the guard was improperly manufactured from plastic when a metal guard would have been less susceptible to environmental damage.
In his statement, Mr. Stutzman explained that he purchased the subject auger “used,” and at that time, its PTO shaft did not have a complete guard. After owning the auger for two years, Mr. Stutzman sold it to Mr. Mann “in the same condition.” J.A. at 685. Denny Mann indicated that during the time plaintiffs owned the auger, its PTO shaft did not have a complete guard. Thus, the PTO shaft remained effectively uncovered. He specifically stated that the auger’s “complete power take-off [shaft] was there. You have a piece that slides in ... And half that goes to the tractor. The plastic guard wasn’t there.” J.A. at 671-72.
When plaintiffs’ counsel spoke to Chief Brewer, he explained that immediately after the accident, portions of Mr. Mann’s clothing were caught on a “sharp projection on the bare, unguarded portion of the PTO shaft.” Chief Brewer concluded that “at the time I saw the projection, I felt that this projection was the location where Mr. Mann’s clothing first began to be entangled on the PTO shaft.” J.A. at 687.
After this preliminary inquiry, plaintiffs’ counsel filed a complaint against Hutchinson on February 27, 1984. Plaintiffs alleged that defects in Hutchinson’s design and/or manufacture of the auger sold to Mr. Mann were the proximate cause of his injuries.
Hutchinson deposed Mr. Mann on March 28, 1985. Mr. Mann testified that at the time of the accident, he was an experienced farmer; that he knew why farm machinery should remain guarded; and that he knew it was a good safety practice to keep loose clothing away from operating farm machinery. Mr. Mann stated that he had examined his auger and was aware that more than half of the guard on the PTO shaft was missing. Mr. Mann also indicated that he knew that the entire PTO shaft was supposed to be guarded; and that he recognized that his auger was less safe without a guard. Mr. Mann concluded that if the entire PTO shaft had been guarded, his accident might not have occurred.
On April 8, 1985, plaintiffs’ counsel deposed Hutchinson’s Vice-President of Engineering, Dwight Beninga. Mr. Beninga explained that his firm generally supplies augers with PTO shafts and guards produced
Even though the initial discovery revealed: that the PTO shaft was neither supplied by Hutchinson nor produced by G & G; that Mr. Mann’s initial point of contact with the PTO shaft was the uncovered end of the shaft; and that Mr. Mann fully appreciated the risks of operating an unguarded PTO shaft, plaintiffs’ counsel filed an amended complaint on June 14, 1985, naming G & G as a co-defendant in their action against Hutchinson (collectively “defendants”).
On October 22, 1985, G & G answered plaintiffs’ complaint. On November 14, 1985, plaintiffs noticed the deposition of several G & G officials. G & G protested the scope and location of the depositions requested by plaintiffs’ counsel. To prepare for the depositions, James Hergert, G & G’s Product Safety Representative, traveled from Omaha, Nebraska to Constantine, Michigan to inspect plaintiffs’ auger. After the January 21, 1986 inspection, Mr. Hergert explained to plaintiffs’ counsel that no part of plaintiffs’ PTO shaft had been manufactured by G & G. Instead, it had been “cannibalized,” or assembled from parts of several different PTO shafts. G & G’s counsel requested that either Mr. Hergert be deposed in Constantine or that plaintiffs accept his sworn affidavit in lieu of a deposition. Plaintiffs' counsel demanded that Mr. Hergert be deposed in Omaha.
On January 22, 1986, plaintiffs’ counsel received a letter from G & G’s counsel, seeking to avoid the unnecessary expense of an Omaha deposition. In the letter, G & G’s counsel outlined Mr. Hergert's anticipated testimony that the PTO shaft was not a G & G product. G & G’s counsel also explained that the depositions of its witnesses would be limited to whether G & G designed, manufactured or distributed the subject PTO shaft. Finally, G & G’s counsel warned that since Mr. Hergert’s statements clearly established that plaintiffs’ product liability action was not well grounded in fact, G & G intended to seek sanctions under Rule ll.
Nevertheless, plaintiffs’ counsel deposed Mr. Hergert and Wayne Eipperle, G & G Vice-President for Research and Development, in Omaha. On January 29, 1986, both Mr. Hergert and Mr. Eipperle testified that the PTO shaft had not been designed, manufactured, or distributed by G & G.
On March 10, 1986, plaintiffs’ counsel moved to compel discovery beyond the limits set by G & G. On April 14, 1986, the magistrate denied plaintiffs’ motion to compel discovery, limited discovery to whether G & G manufactured the PTO shaft, and warned that sanctions could be awarded against plaintiffs’ counsel. The magistrate’s May 12,1986 order was affirmed by the district court on October 15, 1986.
Following additional conflict between the parties as to the scope of discovery, Hutchinson moved for a protective order on November 17, 1986. After conducting a hearing, the magistrate granted Hutchinson’s motion on January 14, 1987. The magistrate concluded:
[T]he uncontradicted evidence is overwhelming that all of the PTO shafts and guards obtained by [Hutchinson] for this type of auger came from G & G Manufacturing, and that the PTO shaft at*957 tached to this particular auger (which was apparently a cannibalized PTO shaft attached by persons unknown) was not a G & G product.
J.A. at 87A (quoting Mann and Mann v. Hutchinson Division, Lear Siegler, Inc., K84-71-CA4 (W.D.Mich. Jan. 14, 1987) (protective order)).
At his deposition on February 2, 1987, Mr. Mann reiterated the statements he had given to plaintiffs’ counsel. Mr. Mann indicated that if he had followed his grandfather’s advice concerning the safe operation of farm machinery, he would not have been injured in the auger accident.
On February 16, 1987, this matter was submitted to mediation, pursuant to Western District of Michigan Rule 42.
On April 9, 1987, the district court conducted a hearing to dispose of the motions for summary judgment which defendants’ had filed on March 31, 1986. Hutchinson’s motion was granted. However, because a factual dispute remained concerning the guard on plaintiffs’ auger, the court denied G & G’s motion for summary judgment on April 14, 1987. The court explained that plaintiffs’ counsel had presented a theory that G & G had manufactured a defective guard; and that the guard, which should have been covering the PTO shaft at the time of the accident, deteriorated due to the elements. As a result, the guard failed to protect Mr. Mann when he fell upon the PTO shaft. The court then cautioned plaintiffs’ counsel that if they did not prove their case, it would grant a motion for a directed verdict.
On April 24,1987, plaintiffs’ counsel filed a “Notice of Withdrawal of Mediation Rejection.” G & G’s counsel moved to strike plaintiffs’ notice to accept the mediation award two months after the mediation decision. On June 24, 1987, the magistrate granted G & G’s motion.
Plaintiffs’ counsel deposed G & G’s expert, William Field, a Purdue University Professor, in Lafayette, Indiana on December 4, 1987. Professor Field, who is also Chairman of the Power Take-Off Task Force of the National Safety Council, concluded that by alleging that G & G negligently designed or manufactured the subject PTO shaft and guard, plaintiffs’ counsel presented a frivolous argument:
[First,] the setup of the loading equipment and the auger bin arrangement contribute^] to a potential exposure to hazardous equipment or to equipment that has a potential for injury. Second[], the equipment that was being used at the time was unguarded and presented a very real risk or hazard to anybody that might be using that equipment. Third[], the composition of the [PTO shaft suggests that it is] manufactured by G & G when, in fact, it appears that it is not. [Fourth,] the availability of replacement shielding is easy and there is no hindrance to the plaintiff in obtaining the missing components that would have made it an appropriately safe [PTO shaft].
J.A. at 652-53.
Plaintiffs filed a motion for voluntary dismissal on December 30, 1987, less than three weeks before the January 19, 1988 trial date. Although G & G did not object to plaintiffs’ motion, it did object to their request for an award of only $500 in costs. At a January 12, 1988 hearing, the district court granted plaintiffs’ motion for voluntary dismissal, but reserved the issue of costs.
On April 26, 1988, the district court heard G & G’s motion for imposition of costs and sanctions. After considering both parties’ arguments, the court granted the Rule 11 motion for sanctions for several reasons: first, because G & G did not manufacture the subject PTO shaft, plain
Plaintiffs’ counsel filed a timely notice of appeal with this court on June 3, 1988.
II.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, as amended effective August 1, 1983, provides in part:
Every pleading, motion, and other paper of a party represented by an attorney shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in his individual name, whose address shall be stated_ The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a certificate by him that he has read the pleading, motion, or other paper; that to the best of his knowledge, information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.... If a pleading, motion, or other paper is signed in violation of this rule, the court upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the pleading, motion, or other paper, including a reasonable attorney’s fee.
In Century Products, Inc. v. Sutter, 837 F.2d 247 (6th Cir.1988), we explained that in this circuit, the test for the imposition of Rule 11 sanctions is whether the individual attorney’s conduct was reasonable under the circumstances. See id. at 253; INVST Financial Group, Inc. v. Chemical Nuclear Systems, 815 F.2d 391, 401-02 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 927, 108 S.Ct. 291, 98 L.Ed.2d 251 (1987); Albright v. Upjohn Co., 788 F.2d 1217, 1221 (6th Cir.1986). “The question of whether an individual’s conduct was reasonable under the circumstances is a mixed question of law and fact. In light of the district court’s more intimate knowledge of the facts of these cases, this court has determined that an abuse of discretion standard of review of the district court’s decision to grant Rule 11 sanctions is proper.” Century Products, 837 F.2d at 253. See also Mihalik v. Pro Arts, Inc., 851 F.2d 790, 793 (6th Cir.1988).
We must grant the district court wide discretion to determine whether the conduct of plaintiffs’ counsel was reasonable. The district court, however, “ ‘is expected to avoid using the wisdom of hindsight and should test the signor’s conduct by inquiring what was reasonable to believe at the time the pleading, motion, or other paper was submitted.’ ” INVST, 815 F.2d at 401 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 Advisory Committee’s Note to the 1983 Amendment).
Plaintiffs’ counsel may not prevail on appeal merely by showing that they acted in good faith. See INVST, 815 F.2d at 401. Plaintiffs’ counsel must show that the district court abused its discretion in finding that their conduct did not meet an objective standard of reasonableness under the circumstances. See id. See also Albright, 788 F.2d at 1221; Eavenson, Auchmuty & Greenwald v. Holtzman, 775 F.2d 535, 540 (3d Cir.1985); Westmoreland v. CBS, Inc., 770 F.2d 1168, 1177 (D.C.Cir.1985).
Although the district court did not set forth in writing the basis for imposing Rule
A.
On appeal, plaintiffs’ counsel argues that the district court abused its discretion in determining that the amended complaint filed against G & G was not well-grounded in fact. We disagree with the argument advanced by plaintiffs’ counsel and find no abuse of discretion.
Under Rule 11, sanctions may be imposed if a reasonable inquiry would have disclosed that the pleading, motion or other paper was not well-grounded in fact. See Westmoreland v. CBS, Inc., 770 F.2d 1168, 1174 (D.C.Cir.1985). As soon as the complaint is filed, Rule 11 applies to the conduct of plaintiffs’ counsel. After the complaint is filed, plaintiffs’ counsel retain a continuing responsibility to review their pleadings and, if necessary, to modify them to conform with Rule 11. “Failure to do so permits the district court, within its discretion, to impose sanctions against the offending litigant or attorney when a reasonable inquiry would have disclosed that the complaint was either lacking in factual support or unwarranted by existing law.” Herron v. Jupiter Transportation Co., 858 F.2d 332, 336 (6th Cir.1988).
In the amended complaint, plaintiffs’ counsel argued that the auger contained a PTO shaft designed and manufactured by G & G and that the allegedly defective PTO shaft caused Mr. Mann’s accident. At the sanctions hearing, the district court explained that this initial theory lacked factual support.
Prior to filing the amended complaint, plaintiffs’ counsel deposed Mr. Beninga, who explained that Hutchinson usually supplies augers with PTO shafts and guards produced by G & G. Mr. Beninga, however, subsequently offered several cogent arguments supporting his conclusion that plaintiffs’ auger did not contain a PTO shaft produced by G & G. After plaintiffs’ counsel filed their amended complaint against G & G, Mr. Beninga’s testimony that the subject PTO shaft was not a G & G product was corroborated by Professor Field, Mr. Hergert and Mr. Eipperle. They agreed that plaintiffs’ previously owned auger contained a PTO shaft which was constructed from parts designed by several different manufacturers. Because this evidence was available to plaintiffs’ before they filed the amended complaint, plaintiffs’ counsel knew or should have known that the PTO shaft was not designed and manufactured by G & G. A reasonable inquiry would have revealed that the first theory in plaintiffs’ amended complaint against G & G was not well-grounded in fact.
Plaintiffs’ counsel similarly argued that the auger contained a plastic guard designed and manufactured by G & G and that the allegedly defective plastic guard caused Mr. Mann’s accident and injuries. At the sanctions hearing, the amended complaint's second liability theory was also rejected by the district court.
As part of their initial investigation prior to bringing this lawsuit, plaintiffs’ counsel
A reasonable pre-filing inquiry would have revealed these facts to plaintiffs’ counsel. Plaintiffs’ counsel knew or should have known: first, that at the time of the accident, a complete plastic guard produced by G & G was not attached to plaintiffs’ auger; and second, that the accident was not caused by an allegedly defec-five plastic guard produced by G & G. Because a reasonable inquiry would have disclosed that plaintiffs’ amended complaint was not well-grounded in fact, the district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing Rule 11 sanctions on plaintiffs’ counsel.
B.
Plaintiffs’ counsel also contends that the district court abused its discretion by granting G & G’s Rule 11 motion for sanctions after denying G & G’s Rule 56 motion for summary judgment.
Before considering the merits of the contention advanced by plaintiffs’ counsel, we must review the two distinct approaches employed by district courts in the disposition of Rule 56 and Rule 11 motions. Although the litigation schedule rests within the discretion of the district court, the Rule 56 motion is often granted or denied shortly after it is made. See Donaldson v. Clark, 819 F.2d 1551, 1554 (11th Cir.1987). In comparison, the Rule 11 motion is generally determined at the end of the proceedings. See id. at 1555 (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 Advisory Committee’s Note to the 1983 Amendment). When considering a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, the district court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See,
In the present case, we need not determine the propriety of the district court’s denial of G & G’s motion for summary judgment. We need only determine whether the district court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions upon plaintiffs’ counsel. When the district court denied G & G’s summary judgment motion, it merely indicated that there was sufficient evidence to suggest that G & G manufactured the incomplete plastic guard on plaintiffs’ auger. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249, 106 S.Ct. at 2510 (explaining that a district court may grant or deny summary judgment without making conclusive findings of fact). The district court did not weigh the evidence to determine if plaintiffs’ theory — that the allegedly defective G & G plastic guard caused Mr. Mann’s accident — was well-grounded in fact. See Westmoreland, 770 F.2d at 1174. The district court concluded that if plaintiffs’ counsel failed to prove their theory, then the court would issue a directed verdict.
In ruling on G & G’s summary judgment motion, the district court did not determine whether the plaintiffs’ theory of causation was the truth or mere speculation formulated without reference to the facts; the record evidence; or the testimony of Mr. Mann, Denny Mann, Mr. Stutzman, or Professor Field. Compare Whittington v. Ohio River Co., 115 F.R.D. 201, 206 (E.D.Ky.1987) (imposing Rule 11 sanctions upon plaintiff’s counsel who named “all of the manufacturers of a certain kind of drug, when a reasonable inquiry would have disclosed that the plaintiff only took the products of a few members of the industry”).
Since the initiation of this lawsuit against G & G, plaintiffs’ case has been too theoretical and speculative to avoid a Rule 11 motion. Because the theories of causation advanced in plaintiffs’ amended complaint and subsequent pleadings were not well-grounded in fact, the district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing sanctions upon plaintiffs' counsel.
C.
Plaintiffs’ counsel maintains that the district court abused its discretion by imposing Rule 11 sanctions not only upon the individual attorneys who signed the amended complaint and subsequent pleadings filed against G & G, but also upon the law firms of those individual attorneys. G & G counters by arguing that Rule 11 sanctions may be imposed “on both the individual attorney and the law firm on whose behalf he signed the papers.” Calloway v. Marvel Entertainment Group, 650 F.Supp. 684, 687 (S.D.N.Y.1986), aff'd, 854 F.2d 1452 (2nd Cir.1988). Because Calloway was reversed by the Supreme Court’s decision in Pavelic & LeFlore v. Marvel Entertainment Group, — U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 456, 107 L.Ed.2d 438 (1989), we cannot accept the argument advanced by G & G.
[T]he purpose of Rule 11 as a whole is to bring home to the individual signer his personal, nondelegable responsibility.
[This purpose is] better served by a provision which makes clear that, just as the court expects the signer personally — and not some nameless person within his law firm — to validate the truth and legal reasonableness of the papers filed, so also it will visit upon him personally — and not his law firm — its retribution for failing in that responsibility.
Id. at 460.
After considering the Supreme Court’s opinion in Pavelic & LeFlore and its explicit mandate to impose sanctions only upon the individual attorney who violates Rule 11, we cannot approve of the district court’s judgment imposing sanctions in the amount of $40,487.61 against Attorneys James Thomas Sloan, Jr., Fredrick J. Farrer, and Gary C. Newton, and the current or former law firms of Sloan, Benefiel, Farrer, Newton & Glista, and Solan, Newton & Stevens, jointly and severally.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court insofar as it imposes Rule 11 sanctions against James Thomas Sloan, Jr., Fredrick J. Farrer, and Gary C. Newton, as individual attorneys. In addition, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court insofar as it imposes Rule 11 sanctions against the current or former law firms of Sloan, Benefiel, Farrer, Newton & Glista, and Sloan, Newton & Stevens, or any attorneys jointly and severally. This case is REMANDED for a recalculation of the amount of the Rule 11 sanctions to be imposed upon each individual attorney
. As part of a preliminary investigation, plaintiffs’ counsel took statements from these individuals before a complaint was filed.
. Plaintiffs’ counsel later took statements from two agricultural engineering experts, Dr. Lee R. Nylander and Dr. Wesley Buchele, who corroborated Dr. Trojan’s statements.
. With letters dated January 2, 1987, March 11, 1987, and December 22, 1987, G & G’s counsel notified plaintiffs’ counsel of G & G’s intention to seek Rule 11 sanctions.
. W.D.Mich. Rule 42 provides for payment of actual costs if a party rejecting mediation does not obtain a more favorable verdict at trial.
. Professor Field’s statements were corroborated by the deposition of another G & G expert, Dale Gumz, a forensic and safety engineer.
. Plaintiffs’ counsel also argues, on appeal, that the district court abused its discretion by not specifying which pleadings or papers violated Rule 11. We find this argument unpersuasive.
At the sanctions hearing on April 26, 1988, the district court explained that a “factual predicate to show the involvement of G & G” in Mr. Mann’s accident has never existed. J.A. at 712. In its May 9, 1988 order, the district court stated that Rule 11 "was violated by each attorney who signed any pleading or appeared at any proceeding on behalf of plaintiffs.” J.A. at 372 (emphasis added).
We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s conclusion that Rule 11 was violated by plaintiffs’ amended complaint initially filed against G & G and all subsequent pleadings filed against G & G. A reasonable pre-filing inquiry should have persuaded plaintiffs’ counsel that the amended complaint against G & G was not well-grounded in fact. Rule 11 was then continuously violated by the equally unreasonable, but later-filed pleadings of plaintiffs’ counsel. Cf. Herron v. Jupiter Transportation Co., 858 F.2d 332, 335-36 (6th Cir.1988) ("[P]Iaintiff is impressed with a continuing responsibility to review and re-evaluate his pleadings and where appropriate modify them to conform to Rule 11.”).
. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) provides that summary judgment in favor of the moving party shall be granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
. In the present case, the district court imposed Rule 11 sanctions against plaintiffs’ counsel, including both the individual attorneys and their law firms, on May 9, 1989. At that time, the circuit courts were in conflict concerning whether sanctions would be imposed against
. In Jackson v. Law Firm of O'Hara, Ruberg, Osborne and Taylor, 875 F.2d 1224 (6th Cir.1989), we explained:
[Bjecause deterrence, not compensation, is the principal goal of Rule 11, courts should impose the least severe sanction that is likely to deter ... When a fraction of the actual and reasonable fees requested is sufficient to deter future violations, it is not an abuse of discretion to award such a lesser amount.
Failure to consider ability to pay is, however, an abuse of discretion.
Id. at 1229-30 (citations omitted).
Given the teachings of Jackson and our reversal of the district court’s imposition of Rule 11 sanctions against those law firms named in the present case, we have concluded that a recalculation of the amount of the sanctions to be imposed against the individual attorneys is warranted. Since law firms generally have more funds than individual signing attorneys, economic deterrence may be visited upon the individual attorneys through Rule 11 sanctions of a lesser amount. See Pavelic & LeFlore, 110 S.Ct. at 460 (explaining that there is greater economic deterrence when the individual attorney knows that he will be solely liable.) See also INVST, 815 F.2d at 404 (suggesting that to serve the deterrence goal of Rule 11, it may not be necessary to impose sanctions in an amount equal to the actual attorneys fees and costs of the prevailing party).