United States v. Charles Jones

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0133n.06
Nos. 16-5778/6119 FILED
Mar 01, 2017
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
)
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
BRYANT JOHNSON (No. 16-5778), )
DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
CHARLES JONES (No. 16-6119), )
)
Defendants-Appellants. )
BEFORE: MERRITT, KETHLEDGE and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Appellants Bryant Johnson and Charles Jones
each pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute a mixture or substance containing a
detectable amount of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. In this
consolidated appeal, they both challenge the substantive and procedural reasonableness of their
sentences. We AFFIRM.
I. Background
Appellants were relatively low-level participants in a conspiracy to distribute
methamphetamine. Both Johnson and Jones provided addresses in Pulaski County, Kentucky, to
co-conspirators Brandon Barnes and Raymond McClanahan for the purpose of receiving large
quantities of methamphetamine via FedEx and UPS shipments from Las Vegas, Nevada. This
substance was then distributed throughout Pulaski County. The conspiracy lasted from
November 2014 until May 2015.
Nos. 16-5778/6119, United States v. Johnson, et al.
Jones admitted that he provided multiple addresses to Barnes and McClanahan and that
he distributed between 200 and 350 grams of a mixture containing a detectable amount of
methamphetamine. The district court found Jones responsible for about 300 grams. Because
Jones was specifically charged with a violation that involved more than 50 grams of a substance
containing methamphetamine, and admitted he possessed that amount, he was sentenced under
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(viii).1 Jones’s presentence report (“PSR”) calculated his offense level
at 23 and his criminal history category as VI, resulting in a Guidelines range of 92 months to 115
months in prison. Jones made no objection to his PSR or Guidelines range. The district court
imposed a sentence of 108 months’ imprisonment and four years of supervised release.
Johnson was charged with participating in a conspiracy to distribute a substance
containing methamphetamine, 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a), 846. The district court found him
responsible for 311 grams, but all agreed that he was subject to sentencing under 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(C).2 Johnson provided only one address to Barnes, and was not alleged to have
distributed the methamphetamine himself. After resolving multiple objections in Johnson’s
favor, including his objection that his 2004 conviction for wanton endangerment was not a crime
of violence in light of Johnson v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2551 (2015), and that he is therefore
not a career offender, Johnson’s offense level was set at 23 and his criminal history category at
1
The statutory punishment for Jones’s charged offense is imprisonment for between five
and 40 years, a fine of not more than $5,000,000, and a term of supervised release of at least four
years. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(viii).
2
The statutory punishment for Johnson’s charged offense is imprisonment for not more
than 20 years, a maximum fine of $1,000,000, and at least three years of supervised release.
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C).
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IV.3 Johnson’s Guidelines range was 70 to 87 months of incarceration. The district court
sentenced him to 82 months’ incarceration and four years of supervised release.
The district court noted that Johnson and Jones were not the ringleaders of the
conspiracy, but emphasized the devastating impact of methamphetamine addiction in Kentucky
and the importance of deterring future drug trafficking. The district court also focused on
Defendants’ lengthy criminal histories in imposing sentences above the midpoint of their
respective Guidelines ranges. After the district court asked the Bostic question, United States v.
Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872 (6th Cir. 2004) (instructing district courts to ask the parties whether
they have any objections to the sentence), neither Johnson nor Jones objected to their within-
Guidelines sentences.
Johnson and Jones now challenge their sentences as substantively and procedurally
unreasonable. Johnson specifically argues that the district court should have sentenced him to 70
months, the low end of his Guidelines range, and failed to adequately consider his mental-health
issues, including diagnoses of Schizophrenia, Bi-Polar Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,
and a history of substance abuse. Jones similarly argues that the district court should have given
him a sentence at the bottom of his Guidelines range, contending that a 92-month sentence would
have been “sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes set forth” in
the Federal sentencing scheme. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Jones also asserts that the district court
failed to adequately consider the § 3553(a) sentencing factors, particularly “the nature and
circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant,” and “the need
3
Johnson also successfully objected to the Presentencing Report’s calculation of his base
offense level. The Presentencing Report erroneously calculated his offense level as 32, based on
conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine (actual), rather than a substance containing a
detectable amount of methamphetamine. His base level was lowered to 26, and he received a
three-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility.
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to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar records who have
been found guilty of similar conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1) and (6).
II. Analysis
A. Standard of Review
We review sentences for reasonableness “under a deferential abuse-of-discretion
standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). As here, “[w]here a party has failed to
object to a procedural defect, we review claims of procedural unreasonableness for plain error.”
United States v. Wallace, 597 F.3d 794, 802 (6th Cir. 2010). To succeed on plain error review,
an appellant must show “(1) error (2) that was ‘obvious or clear,’ (3) that ‘affected defendant’s
substantial rights’ and (4) that ‘affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
proceedings.’” United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (quoting
United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445, 459 (6th Cir. 2006)). A sentence is procedurally
unreasonable if the district court “failed to calculate the Guidelines range properly; treated the
Guidelines as mandatory; failed to consider the factors prescribed at 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a); based
the sentence on clearly erroneous facts; or failed to adequately explain the sentence.” United
States v. Coppenger, 775 F.3d 799, 803 (6th Cir. 2015).
The substantive reasonableness of a sentence is reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion
standard. United States v. Curry, 536 F.3d 571, 573 (6th Cir. 2008). A sentence may be
substantively unreasonable if the sentencing court “imposed a sentence arbitrarily, based on
impermissible factors, or unreasonably weighed a pertinent factor.” Coppenger, 775 F.3d at 803.
“Sentences within a defendant’s Guidelines range are presumptively substantively reasonable[.]”
United States v. Pirosko, 787 F.3d 358, 374 (6th Cir. 2015).
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B. Johnson’s Sentence
Johnson asserts that his within-Guidelines sentence is procedurally and substantively
unreasonable due to the district court’s failure to adequately consider his history of mental illness
and substance abuse. Johnson concedes that he did not object to the sentence below and we
therefore review his procedural challenge for plain error. Wallace, 597 F.3d at 802.
Though his brief is anything but clear, Johnson appears to argue that the district court, in
not considering Johnson’s mental illness, failed to consider “the nature and circumstances of the
offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). The
district court, however, considered Johnson’s mental-health issues, a fact that Johnson admits in
his brief. Moreover, “within-Guidelines sentences need not be explained with the same level of
detail as non-Guidelines sentences” and “the underlying inquiry is whether the record makes
clear that the sentencing judge . . . was fully aware of the defendant’s circumstances and took
them into account in sentencing him.” United States v. Judge, 649 F.3d 453, 457–58 (6th Cir.
2011) (alterations omitted). The record shows that Johnson’s PSR included a discussion of his
mental-illness diagnoses, that his counsel and the Government’s counsel discussed Johnson’s
mental-health issues during his sentencing hearing, and the district court stated “we’re going to
get you some mental health treatment” and included a recommendation in the sentence that
Johnson participate in mental-health programs. R. 246, PID 775. The district court also
repeatedly discussed Johnson’s substance-abuse history, and required Johnson’s participation in
a substance-abuse treatment program as part of his sentence. The district court was thus clearly
aware of Johnson’s circumstances and did not plainly err in its consideration of Johnson’s mental
health.
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Johnson’s substantive reasonableness challenge also fails. First, much of his argument
focuses on the district court’s alleged failure to adequately consider his mental-health and
substance-abuse issues. Additionally, Johnson argues that a 70-month sentence would have been
“more substantively reasonable” than the 82-month sentence he received. Johnson Br. at 25.
However, district courts have broad sentencing discretion, and we do not review for whether a
particular sentence would be “more reasonable” than that imposed by the district court. Rather,
Johnson must show that the district court acted “arbitrarily” or “unreasonably weighed a
pertinent factor” in imposing his presumptively reasonable, within-Guidelines sentence.
Coppenger, 775 F.3d at 803.
Johnson is unable to rebut the presumption of reasonableness, as the district court
thoroughly balanced Johnson’s criminal history, the seriousness of his offense, and the
methamphetamine problem in Kentucky against mitigating factors such as his mental-health
issues, limited role in the conspiracy, and past ability to hold a steady job. Although the district
court noted that Johnson was not a ringleader of the conspiracy, it found that Johnson’s criminal
history and the devastating effects of methamphetamine addiction in Kentucky and consequent
need to deter future drug trafficking outweighed the mitigating value of Johnson’s limited role in
the conspiracy.
The district court thus did not abuse its discretion in imposing Johnson’s within-
Guidelines sentence.
C. Jones’s Sentence
Jones likewise argues that his within-Guidelines sentence is procedurally and
substantively unreasonable. Jones concedes that he made no objections below and our review of
the procedural reasonableness of his sentence is for plain error. Wallace, 597 F.3d at 802. Jones
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argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district court failed to consider
the first and sixth § 3553(a) factors, and did not respond to Jones’s argument that a 92-month
sentence would have been sufficient but not greater than necessary to achieve Federal sentencing
goals. Jones asserts that his sentence was substantively unreasonable due to its “extraordinar[y]
length.” Jones Br. at 24.
Jones’s argument that the district court failed to consider his specific characteristics as
required by § 3553(a)(1) is meritless. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). First, prior to discussing the
§ 3553(a) factors, the district court stated that it “looked carefully at [Jones’s] presentence report,
listened carefully to what the lawyers have said and listened carefully to what [Jones] said[.]”
R. 282, PID 1021. The district court then highlighted the seriousness of Jones’s offense and the
rampant methamphetamine addiction in Kentucky, Jones’s history of substance abuse, and
Jones’s lengthy and violent criminal history which includes five separate domestic-violence
incidents. The district court also expressly acknowledged an obligation to “think long and hard
about the person standing in front of [it,] . . . [including] the nature and circumstances of kind of
what [Jones has] done specifically.” R. 282, PID 1026. After it “considered all the different
options” available, the district court concluded that “a significant period of incarceration,
followed by a period of supervision is most appropriate, given the seriousness of this offense.”
R. 282, PID 1029. Jones has thus failed to show that the district court’s consideration of
§ 3553(a)(1) was plainly inadequate.
Jones’s assertion that the district court committed plain error by failing to consider his
disparity argument similarly misses the mark. Section 3553(a)(6) requires a district court to
consider “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar
records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). Jones argues
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that because he and Johnson were guilty of similar conduct, he should receive a 92-month
sentence in order to minimize the disparity between their sentences. Section 3553(a)(6),
however, “is designed to ensure nationally uniform sentences among like offenders.” United
States v. Houston, 529 F.3d 743, 752 (6th Cir. 2008). Jones’s argument is therefore unavailing,
as the concern was satisfied by the district court’s imposition of a within-Guidelines sentence.
Id. (“Since the District Judge correctly calculated and carefully reviewed the Guidelines range,
he necessarily gave significant weight and consideration to the need to avoid unwarranted
disparities.”).
Additionally, a district court may exercise its discretion and consider a defendant’s
sentence in light of a co-defendant’s sentence. United States v. Simmons, 501 F.3d 620, 624 (6th
Cir. 2007). However, “discretionary factors are not even appealable when discretion is requested
and the judge refused . . . so long as the judge appreciated his discretion to downwardly depart.”
Id. at 624. Here, both Johnson and the Government addressed the sentencing disparity between
Jones and Johnson, the district court emphasized that it carefully listened to the arguments, and it
clearly considered the supporting evidence and Jones’s circumstances in determining its
sentence. See Vonner, 516 F.3d at 387 (stating that when a district court applies a within-
Guidelines sentence, “the question is whether the record makes clear that the sentencing judge
listened to each argument, considered the supporting evidence, was fully aware of the
defendant’s circumstances and took them into account in sentencing him”) (internal quotation
marks omitted). The record shows that the district court sufficiently considered this
discretionary factor, and there was thus no clear procedural error.
Jones also asserts that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the district
court did not discuss why a 108-month sentence was appropriate rather than the 92-month
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sentence sought by Jones. This argument is unsupported; as discussed above, the district court
emphasized Jones’s significant and violent criminal history and the seriousness of his offense in
explaining its imposition of a 108-month sentence. There was no plain error.
Finally, Jones argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable. Jones’s primary
argument is that his sentence is “substantively unreasonable due to its length.” Jones. Br. at 24.
However, Jones’s within-Guidelines sentence is presumptively reasonable. United States v.
Carson, 560 F.3d 566, 587 (6th Cir. 2009). Asserting that a within-Guidelines sentence is too
long is insufficient to rebut the presumption of reasonableness; Jones must show that the district
court acted “arbitrarily” or “unreasonably weighed a pertinent factor.” Coppenger, 775 F.3d at
803. To the extent that Jones suggests his sentence is substantively unreasonable due to its
disparity from Johnson, it is well-established that different criminal histories is one of “a number
of factors [that] might result in legitimate co-defendant disparities.” Carson, 560 F.3d at 586.
Indeed, while Jones received a longer sentence than Johnson, each was sentenced slightly above
the midpoint of their respective Guidelines range. The only reason Jones’s sentence is higher is
because of his more significant criminal history, not because he was treated unreasonably by the
district court. We therefore conclude that Jones’s sentence was substantively reasonable.
III. Conclusion
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the sentences of Johnson and Jones.
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