United States v. Jacquise Miller

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 20a0327n.06
Case No. 19-5734
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Jun 05, 2020
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF
JACQUISE MILLER, ) TENNESSEE
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: DONALD, THAPAR, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
THAPAR, Circuit Judge. This case, like many others before it, comes down to judicial
role. The role of the trial judge is to determine what evidence is admissible—not to step into the
role of the jury and weigh the evidence. For this reason, Jacquise Miller’s evidentiary objections
do not prevail. As for Miller’s other arguments, the evidence was enough to convict him and his
below-guidelines sentence was reasonable. We affirm.
The story begins with two drivers blocking an alley in a housing project. One of those
drivers was Jacquise Miller. Miller parked his car, got out, and walked away as soon as an officer
approached the scene. Meanwhile, the officer smelled burnt marijuana and saw marijuana in plain
sight in Miller’s car. So law enforcement towed Miller’s car and got a search warrant. During the
search, the officers found multiple bags of marijuana, a bag of cocaine, a marijuana cigarette, two
cell phones, a loaded gun, and digital scales.
No. 19-5734, United States v. Miller
Miller was charged with possession with intent to distribute cocaine and possession of a
firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. After a four-day trial, the jury convicted Miller
on both counts.
Now, Miller raises four arguments on appeal. First, that a witness should not have been
allowed to testify about seeing Miller engage in an earlier drug sale. Second, that a selfie video of
Miller likewise should not have been admitted. Third, that there was not enough evidence for the
jury to convict him. And fourth, that the sentence the district court imposed was unreasonable.
We consider each in turn.
The Prior Drug Sale Testimony. At trial, a witness testified that she had seen Miller engage
in an apparent drug sale a few weeks before he was charged. She was in the car with Miller and
saw him weigh crack cocaine on a scale and put it in a small bag. (She also saw him handling
powder cocaine and marijuana.) She then watched Miller do a hand-to-hand exchange with an
unknown man in the alley (the same one where he later left his car). Miller returned to the car
counting cash.
The district court admitted this evidence as proof of a prior bad act that showed Miller’s
intent to distribute drugs. Miller now argues that the testimony should not have been admitted for
three reasons: (1) the witness was not credible enough for anyone to conclude that the prior act
occurred, (2) the testimony was not admitted for a proper purpose, and (3) the risk of unfair
prejudice substantially outweighed the probative value of the testimony.
First, whether this prior act took place. Miller says the witness was not credible enough
for anyone to believe that these events happened. No doubt, Miller is right that the jury and district
court had some reason to question the witness’s credibility. She had a complicated prior
relationship with Miller and her story was not always perfectly consistent. That said, credibility
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No. 19-5734, United States v. Miller
was the jury’s call. Indeed, it would have been improper for the district judge to make a credibility
finding herself, as Miller now asks. That’s because “similar act evidence is relevant . . . if the jury
can reasonably conclude that the act occurred and that the defendant was the actor.” Huddleston
v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 689 (1988) (emphasis added). Given the extensive testimony here,
the judge was right that the jury could believe or disbelieve the witness when she explained the
prior drug sale.
Second, the purpose of the evidence. The evidence was admitted for a proper purpose: to
show Miller’s intent regarding the drugs found in his car. After all, Miller was charged with a
specific intent crime, see United States v. Lattner, 385 F.3d 947, 957 (6th Cir. 2004), so his intent
was at issue throughout the proceedings, see United States v. Bilderbeck, 163 F.3d 971, 977 (6th
Cir. 1999). Specifically, the jury had to decide whether Miller intended to sell the drugs or merely
possessed them. That he had sold similar drugs in his possession—in the same place and with
similar materials—spoke to that issue of intent. That’s why “[w]e have repeatedly recognized that
prior drug-distribution evidence is admissible to show intent to distribute.” United States v. Ayoub,
498 F.3d 532, 548 (6th Cir. 2007). Thus, the purpose was proper.
Third, the balance between unfair prejudice and probative effect. Evidence is not
admissible if the risk of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs its probative value. See Fed. R.
Evid. 403. In reviewing this issue, we are deferential to the district court’s fact-specific judgment.
We “maximiz[e]” the probative value of the evidence and “minimiz[e]” any prejudicial effect.
United States v. Young, 847 F.3d 328, 349 (6th Cir. 2017).
Here, the testimony was extremely probative. If Miller had already sold drugs in the
housing project alley, it was far more likely that he intended to do so again with the supply he
possessed—especially since the acts were both “substantially similar” and “near in time” (not to
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No. 19-5734, United States v. Miller
mention place). United States v. Hardy, 643 F.3d 143, 151 (6th Cir. 2011) (cleaned up). As for
prejudice, Miller argues that the jury would consider the evidence for more than just intent—for
example, to show that Miller was a person of bad character. But the district court addressed this
risk with a “detailed instruction” to the jury. Ayoub, 498 F.3d at 548. Overall, the district court
did not err in permitting the prior drug sale testimony.
The Selfie Video. The jury also saw a selfie video that Miller recorded on his cell phone
three days before the drugs were found. The relevant footage shows Miller in the housing project
talking to a woman. She asks Miller something: either “you ain’t got nothing?” or “you ain’t
doing nothing?”1 Miller then clearly responds: “I ain’t got nothing right now, man, Ima have
something in a little bit.”
The district court admitted this video as evidence of Miller’s preparation, plan, or intent.
See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2). (It also admitted the video only after the defense, in cross-examining
one witness, opened the door by asking a testifying agent whether he expected to find evidence of
drug activity on Miller’s phone (implying that no such evidence was found).) Miller now says the
video was (1) irrelevant, (2) not authenticated, and (3) substantially more prejudicial than
probative. See Fed. R. Evid. 401, 403, 901.
First, the video was no doubt relevant. Again, a key issue in this case was whether Miller
intended to sell the drugs found in his car. The video spoke directly to that issue. A reasonable
interpretation of Miller’s statement is that he did not have drugs yet but would have them in a little
bit. This shows that he had an intent to sell. True, Miller didn’t explicitly reference “drugs.” But
1
At first, the woman’s statement was inaudible and the district court was inclined to exclude the video for that reason
alone. But eventually, the government solved that problem by enhancing the volume so that the jurors could hear the
woman’s statement while wearing headphones. To the extent the statement was still a bit difficult to understand, the
incomprehensible portion was not so “substantial” as to render the entire recording “untrustworthy.” United States v.
Wilkinson, 53 F.3d 757, 761 (6th Cir. 1995) (cleaned up).
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No. 19-5734, United States v. Miller
the jury was free to interpret the statement in context. And the context here included the fact that
Miller made the statement at the same location and just a few days before he possessed large
quantities of drugs.
Second, the video was properly authenticated. A recording may be admitted if the district
court is “satisfied that the recording is accurate, authentic, and generally trustworthy.” United
States v. DeJohn, 368 F.3d 533, 542 (6th Cir. 2004) (cleaned up). This can be established either
through “a chain of custody” or “other testimony [that] establish[es] the accuracy and
trustworthiness of the evidence.” Id. (cleaned up).
Here, the government provided both. An agent testified that he downloaded the video
directly from Miller’s phone (complete with date and time information). He then entered the video
in the government’s forensic system. What’s more, Miller himself was clearly pictured in the
video recording. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by finding the video to be
trustworthy and accurate.
Third, the video was not substantially more prejudicial than probative. (As noted, we
analyze this issue with deference to the district court. Young, 847 F.3d at 349.)
What does Miller say was the unfair prejudice here? That the jury might have taken the
video for more than it was worth. He points out (correctly) that the video provides no context for
his conversation with the mystery woman. So while they might have been talking about drugs,
they also might have been talking about something else entirely. But Miller argues that the jury
might not have realized this—they might have assumed that because the video was being shown
in a drug case, Miller must have been talking about drugs.
Yet here again, the jury was capable of drawing different conclusions. That they may have
drawn one plausible conclusion over another does not render the evidence inadmissible. The jury
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No. 19-5734, United States v. Miller
could have disregarded Miller’s statement if they believed that he was talking about something
other than drugs. Or they may have believed, based on the timing, context, location, and phrasing,
that Miller was talking about drugs. In any case, the district court here again provided a limiting
instruction to prevent the jury from drawing unduly broad conclusions from this evidence.
In sum, the district court did not err in admitting the selfie video.
Sufficiency of the Evidence. Miller next argues that there was not enough evidence to
convict him. In other words, Miller asks us to unwind the jury’s guilty verdict. Doing so is no
minor task—we must conclude that no rational juror could have convicted Miller, even taking the
facts in the light most favorable to the government and making all credibility judgments “in the
jury’s favor.” United States v. Washington, 702 F.3d 886, 891 (6th Cir. 2012).
Miller has not met this heavy burden. The jury heard from seven government witnesses
over a period of four days. (The defense did not put on any evidence.) And those witnesses offered
ample evidence to support Miller’s convictions on both counts.
First, the drug charge. Again, the jury heard that police discovered multiple bags of drugs,
a loaded handgun, and digital scales in Miller’s car—right after Miller exited the car. It heard that
Miller earlier participated in an apparent drug sale in the very same location. And it heard (from
an expert witness) that the amount of cocaine in Miller’s car—about 125 grams—indicated an
intent to traffic. Indeed, the expert explained, that amount of cocaine was worth about $12,000 on
the street and weighed as much as a baseball. An ordinary amount for personal use would be about
one gram—over a hundred times less than what Miller had. What’s more, the cocaine was pressed,
suggesting that it had been prepared for distribution.
Second, the firearm count. The jury heard that a loaded handgun was found in the center
console of Miller’s car, where most of the drugs were also located. Thus, the gun was both loaded
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No. 19-5734, United States v. Miller
and in very close proximity to the drugs. As the expert witness explained, those are telltale signs
that a gun is being used for drug trafficking. On top of that, the gun was not legally registered to
Miller—yet another sign it was being used for an illegal purpose. See United States v. Mackey,
265 F.3d 457, 462 (6th Cir. 2001).
In all, the jury had enough evidence to convict Miller.
Sentencing. The district court sentenced Miller to 72 months and one day of imprisonment
plus four years of supervised release. Miller challenges that sentence as substantively
unreasonable.
He faces an uphill battle. The district court imposed a sentence below what the sentencing
guidelines recommended. When a sentence is within the guidelines, we presume that the sentence
is reasonable. See United States v. Curry, 536 F.3d 571, 573 (6th Cir. 2008). Here, for a sentence
below the guidelines, Miller’s burden is “even more demanding.” Id.Miller’s arguments focus on his personal traits. He notes that he was young at the time of
the offense, was a good father, was gainfully employed, and had never served a lengthy prison
sentence before. All fair points. But the district court considered them and weighed them in
Miller’s favor at sentencing. The district court also considered other factors weighing against a
shorter sentence—for example, that this was a very serious offense and that it occurred near an
elementary school (putting children at risk). The district court also considered whether the
sentence would promote respect for the law, justly punish the crime, protect the public, and avoid
unwarranted sentencing disparities.
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No. 19-5734, United States v. Miller
In the end, the district court gave Miller a sentence below the guidelines because it believed
Miller was a “bright young man” who could “stay on the right track.” R. 180, Pg. ID 1471. Miller
has not shown that the district court abused its discretion by not selecting an even lower sentence.
We affirm.
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