United States v. James Peters, Jr.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 20a0477n.06
Case No. 19-5792
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Aug 12, 2020
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
) KENTUCKY
JAMES RUSSELL PETERS, JR., )
) OPINION
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
BEFORE: NORRIS, NALBANDIAN, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judge. James Russell Peters, Jr. pleaded guilty to a
methamphetamine-related charge. Although he waived his right to appeal his guilty plea and to
collaterally attack his conviction, Peters reserved his right to appeal his sentence, which he does
now. To challenge his sentence, he raises a single unreasonableness challenge on appeal. But the
district court did not abuse its discretion. So we AFFIRM.
I.
James Russell Peters, Jr. pleaded guilty to conspiring to knowingly and intentionally
distribute 50 grams or more of methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846. As part of
that plea agreement, other than ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, Peters waived his
statutory right to collaterally attack his guilty plea, conviction, and sentence. He also waived his
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
statutory right to appeal his guilty plea and conviction. But he reserved the right to appeal his
sentence.
At sentencing, the judge opened the hearing by explaining that while he believed Peters
“ha[s] a debt to pay society for the meth trafficking conviction, [] [the judge also] want[ed] to
make sure that th[e] sentence is fair and proper and appropriately tailored to [Peters] as an
individual person.” (R. 215, Sentencing Tr., PageID 932–33.) So the judge let Peters know he
“c[ame] into the hearing with an open mind about what the result ought to be.” (Id. at 933.) The
judge also let Peters know that he “[had] thought quite a bit about [Peters’s] case” and “read a
great deal in preparation for [the sentencing hearing.]” (Id.) And he recounted “carefully go[ing]
through” the Presentence Report, the sentencing filings, and the complete record. (Id. at 934.)
The judge then accepted the government’s concession that its previously requested
statutory enhancement no longer applied after the First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391,
132 Stat. 5194, 5222 (2018). The government also agreed with Peters’s position on drug quantity
and with a base offense level of thirty-four instead of thirty-eight. Because the parties had “no
other objections[,]” the judge “adopt[ed] the presentence investigation report findings and the
guideline calculation as accurate.” (Id. at 951.) And the judge reduced Peters’s offense level by
three levels to thirty-one on the government’s unopposed motion for Peters’s acceptance of
responsibility. With Peters’s criminal history category of IV, both parties and the court agreed
“[t]hat results in an advisory guideline range of 151 to 188” months. (Id. at 952.) The parties also
agreed that, under the First Step Act, “the mandatory minimum [for Peters] is ten years” with a
maximum of life imprisonment. (Id. at 952–53.)
Because neither party had any departure motions, the judge then moved on to considering
the § 3553(a) factors—a part of sentencing the judge explained that acknowledges Peters “[is] not
2
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
a math problem” and “[is instead] a flesh and blood person” with “complexities.” (Id. at 953–54.)
Those factors, the judge explained, ensure the district court “impose[s] a sentence sufficient, but
no[t] greater than necessary, to comply with specific purposes[,]” including “to reflect the
seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, to provide just punishment, deter crime,
protect the public, and provide [Peters] necessary correctional treatment in the most effective
manner.” (Id. at 954.) He then listed the § 3553(a) factors and explained that the guidelines serve
as a “starting point, a benchmark that remain[s] in consideration throughout, but [the court is] not
bound by the[m.]” (Id. at 954–55.)
The government and Peters’s attorney then provided their arguments on how the judge
should weigh the statutory factors. The government went first. It explained to the court that it
believed Peters could not afford a fine and that it didn’t believe one necessary. But it asked the
court to impose 181 months’ imprisonment and five years’ supervised release for four reasons.
First, it explained that the nature and circumstances of the offense—Kentucky’s “tremendous
problem . . . with crystal meth . . . flooding into th[e] district” as well as the fact that Peters not
only participated in that problem but also served as “part of [a] supply chain” “of a cartel-based
source”—supported imposing such a sentence. (Id. at 955–56.) Second, it pointed the court to
Peters’s history and characteristics that included a long history of prior convictions such as
“DUIs,” “contempt and probation violations, bench warrants[,]” and a “prior felony conviction
involving the manufacture of methamphetamine.” (Id. at 956–57.) It explained that history
implicated the court’s need to “promote respect for the law[,]” to “deter [] Peters from additional
conduct[,]” and to “provide[] a just punishment.” (Id. at 957.) Third, it explained the need to
protect the public from “types of activity [] inherent in methamphetamine trafficking.” (Id. at
958.) Last, the government explained that Peters could benefit from treatment options available
3
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
in prison for his substance abuse problems. It explained the government’s belief that Peters’s
“involvement” in drug trafficking originated from Peters’s “own addiction[.]” (Id. at 959.) So the
government tailored its recommendations for imprisonment and supervised release to help Peters
fix that problem.
Peters’s attorney then spoke. He urged the court to impose only 156 months’
imprisonment. He started off explaining that he would “not . . . disagree much with what [the
government] sa[id] about the nature and circumstances surrounding the offense or [its]
seriousness[.]” (Id. at 960.) He also agreed with the government that Peters lacked the financial
resources to pay a fine.
Peters’s attorney then remarked on “[t]he unusual factor” in Peters’s case—that Peters
“[wa]s [at the time] just a few years younger” than his attorney. (Id. at 960 (explaining that “most
of the time [the attorney’s] clients are younger than 35”).) The sentence advocated by Peters’s
attorney “would have [Peters] released right at about age 65.” (Id.) He also provided the court
with further background on Peters. He explained that Peters grew up “in an alcoholic home and
became one[.]” (Id. at 961.) Despite that reality, Peters “was able to shake” his alcoholism (albeit
“not successfully” given Peters replaced his alcohol addiction with a methamphetamine one). (Id.)
So Peters’s attorney agreed with the government’s position on a substance abuse program as well.
And his attorney encouraged the court to recommend the Bureau of Prisons evaluate Peters’s
education because an increase in education level “would reduce the chances of recidivism upon
his release” after all, “especially considering [Peters’s] advanced age.” (Id.) Peters’s attorney then
remarked on his proposed sentence, characterizing it as “a stiff” one, “consistent with the
guidelines,” as well as one that “would promote respect for the law” and “would serve some
4
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
deterrence objectives[.]” (Id. at 960 (describing the sentence as one “not at the bottom of” the
guidelines but one that “would reconcile adequately the 3553(a) factors”).)
And Peters spoke. Peters expressed interest in taking the substance abuse class
recommended by the attorneys. He also let the court know “[he]’d like to do” the school the
attorneys suggested. (Id. at 963.) And he closed by letting the court know: “Just the less time I
get will be better off for me.” (Id.)
The judge found 170 months’ imprisonment the appropriate sentence. Before announcing
that decision, the judge explained his reasoning. He started off by explaining to Peters Congress’s
role in sentencing, the sentencing guidelines, the judge’s role, and the role of the appellate courts.
He then let Peters know the “three compartments” into which the judge breaks sentencing and
how Peters’s situation measures under each. (Id. at 966.)
First, the judge hopes to promote “the purposes of sentencing[.]” (Id.) To do so, he
considers the offense’s seriousness as well as whether the sentence promotes or respects the law,
is just, deters criminal conduct, protects the public, and provides treatment. He explained that
Peters’s crime “is a serious drug crime” or “a significant crime which calls for a significant
sentence.” (Id.) And he found an “evident lack of respect for the law” given Peters’s record that
included a “2011 meth-related felony” and given that, “within a year of [Peters’s] parole, [he]
w[as] engaging in [the] conduct that[] brought [Peters] [before the court].” (Id. at 973.) That
showed the judge that Peters’s prior “punish[ment]” for a similar crime “did not do the trick[.]”
(Id.) The judge also found that conduct relevant in his consideration of deterrence, public
protection, and criminal history (including drug recidivism). But he observed Peters committed
no violent crimes. Peters did, however, “ha[ve] a history of going back to . . . meth trade.” (Id. at
967–68 (describing Peters as “dangerous when it comes to methamphetamine”).)
5
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
Second, the judge considers the statutory factors. As part of that consideration, he “tr[ies]
to avoid disparities” so that “if [someone] commit[s] this crime anywhere in America” with the
same criminal record, “[they] ought to get roughly the same result[.]” (Id. at 968–69 (calling this
consideration “an idea of fairness across the country”).) He also considers the crime’s nature and
circumstances—“high volume, high purity, meth trafficking over a lengthy period of time.” (Id.
at 969 (explaining that meth “[i]s poisoning people” and “[Peters’s] life”).) Peters’s history and
characteristics, like that of “most” people, also include “pluses and minuses[.]” (Id. at 970.) While
Peters “kind of [had] a handle on” his alcohol abuse problem, methamphetamine (a substance with
“its own real dangers to the community”) became “the source of [his] problems.” (Id. (describing
Peters’s record as one “of returning to meth activity”).) But the judge remarked, “nobody’s as bad
as their worst conduct.” (Id.) He noted that Peters had also completed parole successfully for his
2011 felony conviction; it seemed as if Peters overcame his alcohol issues and “had a decent work
ethic through the years”—accomplishments the judge “admired and celebrated[.]” (Id. at 970–
71.) And Peters’s record also included “mitigating aspects” like his family issues. (Id. at 971.)
The judge then expounded on the importance of eduation, something Peters had little
opportunity to complete. He explained that he believed in a strong relationship between education
and freedom—freedom from “economic trouble,” from “substance abuse trouble[,]” and from
incarceration. (Id. at 972.) He let Peters know that age should not deter Peters from pursuing an
education. And Peters’s age in that context “sound[ed] young” anyways. (Id. at 971.) So the
judge let Peters know he “really hope[d]” Peters would “embrace” education while serving his
sentence. (Id. at 972.)
Third, the judge considers “parsimony”—“not giving any additional punishment than [the
judge must] to serve the purposes [the judge] talked about.” (Id. at 972–73.) He explained that he
6
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
must impose a sentence that “sufficiently meet[s] the [sentencing] purposes, but not [] any greater
than is necessary.” (Id. at 973.)
After walking through the three sentencing “compartments” and “consider[ing]
everything[,]” the judge found no “basis for varying[.]” (Id. (explaining that he found the case “a
guideline range case”).) “[T]aking it all into account,” the judge arrived at a sentence “sufficient
and not greater than necessary to comply with the 3553 purposes”—170 months’ imprisonment
with five years’ supervised release. (Id. at 974.) He also encouraged giving Peters access to the
prison substance abuse program and to the “appropriate educational and vocational training[,]”
including “the GED program.” (Id.) The judge recommended Peters participate in appropriate
mental and emotional health programs and that Peters get help with his physical health problems
while in prison. And the judge recommended Peters “be placed at the facility closest to [his] home
that [Peters] qualif[ied] for[.]” (Id. at 975–76.) The government, Peters’s attorney, and Peters
then conveyed they had no other objections. So the clerk explained to Peters his right to appeal
and the judge thanked the parties and adjourned. Peters appeals.
II.
Peters raises one argument on appeal. He contends that the district court imposed a
substantively unreasonable sentence because the “sentence of 170 months was greater than
necessary to meet the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) statutory purposes of sentencing[.]” (Appellant’s Br.
at 11.) He argues the court “g[ave] too little weight to [Peters’s] positive aspects supporting a
lower sentence” and “too much weight to [] Peters[’s] [] negative personal history and
characteristics[.]” (Id. at 10.) Peters claims that the court weighed too heavily the seriousness of
the crime and a concern of recidivism given Peters’s prior conduct. But the court failed to give
sufficient weight to the fact that Peters successfully completed parole once before and that he had
7
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
abstained from using alcohol since 2004. And in Peters’s view, the court “g[a]ve[] insufficient
weight to the argument that [] Peters[’s] [] age supported a lesser sentence.” (Id. at 15.)
“The defendant shoulders the burden of showing substantive unreasonableness.” United
States v. Woodard, 638 F.3d 506, 510 (6th Cir. 2011); see also United States v. Massey, 663 F.3d
852, 860 (6th Cir. 2011) (describing this as “no small burden” (quoting United States v. Simmons,
587 F.3d 348, 365 (6th Cir. 2009))). “[W]here a district court explicitly or implicitly considers
and weighs all pertinent factors, a defendant clearly bears a much greater burden in arguing that
the court has given an unreasonable amount of weight to any particular one [factor].” United States
v. Adkins, 729 F.3d 559, 571 (6th Cir. 2013) (first alteration in original) (quoting United States v.
Thomas, 437 F. App’x 456, 458 (6th Cir. 2011)).
“Sentences within a defendant’s Guidelines range are presumptively substantively
reasonable[.]” United States v. Pirosko, 787 F.3d 358, 374 (6th Cir. 2015). A substantively
reasonable sentence “‘must be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances of the offense
and offender, and “sufficient but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes”’ of
§ 3553(a).” United States v. Vowell, 516 F.3d 503, 512 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v.
Smith, 505 F.3d 463, 470 (6th Cir. 2007)). A sentence is substantively unreasonable “if the district
court selects the sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider
pertinent § 3553(a) factors[,] or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.”
United States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d 629, 633 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v.
Walls, 546 F.3d 728, 736 (6th Cir. 2008)). If a defendant raises a specific argument to support a
lower sentence, the record must show that the district court considered the argument and explained
the basis for rejecting it. See United States v. Parrish, 915 F.3d 1043, 1049 (6th Cir. 2019). The
§ 3553(a) factors require a court to consider “the nature and circumstances of [the defendant’s]
8
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
conduct, [the defendant’s] history and characteristics, the need for the sentence, sentencing
disparities, and the need for restitution.” Pirosko, 787 F.3d at 375; see also § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2).
We review a district court’s legal determination about the guidelines de novo, its factual
findings for clear error, and the substantive reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion.
Pirosko, 787 F.3d at 372. And “[r]egardless of whether we would have imposed the same sentence,
we must afford due deference to the district court’s decision to determine the appropriate length
of the defendant’s sentence, so long as it is justified in light of the relevant § 3553(a) factors.”
United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 591 (6th Cir. 2009); see United States v. Faulkner,
926 F.3d 266, 273 (6th Cir. 2019) (explaining that a substantive-unreasonableness challenge to a
sentence is “an uphill climb” because “[w]e grant considerable deference to the sentence imposed
by the district court”).
We find no reason to question the district court’s judgment. We cannot find the sentence
imposed by the judge substantively unreasonable. Peters does not (and cannot seriously) argue
that the district court selected his sentence arbitrarily. Indeed, it’s hard to imagine a judge doing
a more thorough job at sentencing than what the trial court did here. It heard and considered each
party’s position on the appropriate sentence and reasoning for their respective positions. The judge
then discussed the factors he usually considers during sentencing and explained how those factors
weighed in Peters’s case. “[C]onsider[ing] everything[,]” the judge then arrived at his conclusion
to impose a within-guidelines sentence. (R. 215, Sentencing Tr., PageID 973.) He ultimately
imposed 170 months’ imprisonment after “[t]aking it all into account[.]” (Id. at 974.)
And there is no reason to conclude that the district court “g[a]ve[]an unreasonable amount
of weight to any pertinent factor.” Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d at 633. This is not a situation in
which “the district court focused almost entirely” on certain factors or “focus[ed on certain factors]
9
No. 19-5792, United States v. Peters
to the exclusion of other considerations” to reach its sentencing decision. United States v. Demma,
948 F.3d 722, 729 (6th Cir. 2020). Peters’s argument that the judge gave “too little weight” to
Peters’s “positive aspects” or mitigating factors, e.g., the successful completion of parole once
before, and “too much weight” to the negative factors, e.g., the seriousness of Peters’s crime,
amount to little more than the position that “the sentencing judge should have weighed the
circumstances differently[.]” United States v. Houston, 529 F.3d 743, 756 (6th Cir. 2008). But
that argument is “beyond the scope of proper appellate review for substantive unreasonableness.”
Id. Thus, Peters has failed to rebut the presumption of reasonableness afforded to his within-
guidelines sentences.1
III.
Because the district court imposed a substantively reasonable sentence, we AFFIRM.
1
We note that Peters’s assertion that the district court “virtually overlooked or ignored” the argument that
Peters’s age should weigh in favor of a lighter sentence, (Appellant’s Br. at 16.), also sounds like a claim that his
sentence was procedurally unreasonable. See United States v. Escalon-Velasquez, 371 F. App’x 622, 624 (6th Cir.
2010) (treating the argument that the court “fail[ed] to address [an] argument head-on” as an argument that the sentence
was procedurally unreasonable (quoting United States v. Liou, 491 F.3d 334, 339 n.4 (6th Cir. 2007))). But Peters
mentions this concern within his single claim on appeal—that the sentence was not substantively reasonable.
Even if Peters had raised an argument that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable on those grounds,
however, it would fail. The judge did not in fact “virtually overlook[] or ignore[]” the argument that Peters’s age
supported a shorter sentence. He instead made clear that he considered Peters’s age by explicitly discussing it in
another context (Peters’s opportunity to get an education). “The record [also] makes clear that the sentencing judge
listened to each argument” as well as engaged in a dialogue with the government, Peters’s counsel, and Peters. Rita
v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 358 (2007); see United States v. Swinney, 728 F. App’x 485, 488 (6th Cir. 2018)
(rejecting the argument “that the sentencing court failed to address [mitigating] arguments or explain why the judge
rejected them” on that basis). And it makes clear that the judge “considered [all] the evidence and arguments” before
him (including Peters’s age), Swinney, 728 F. App’x at 488 (quoting United States v. Sexton, 512 F.3d 326, 332 (6th
Cir. 2008)), by both “consider[ing] everything” before arriving at the conclusion to impose a within-guidelines
sentence and imposing the sentence only after “[t]aking it all into account[.]” (R. 215, Sentencing Tr., PageID 973–
74 (emphasis added).)
10