Alison Arocho v. Ohio Univ.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 22a0123n.06
No. 20-4239
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Mar 18, 2022
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
ALISON AROCHO,
)
)
Plaintiff-Appellant,
)
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
)
v. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
)
THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
)
OHIO UNIVERSITY, OHIO
)
)
Defendant-Appellee. OPINION
)
)
Before: GUY, COLE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. This case grows out of Alison Arocho’s claims that
Robert Parsons, an Ohio University police officer, sexually assaulted her after a career day event
co-sponsored by the high school she was attending and Ohio University. Arocho sued in both
state and federal court. In federal court, Arocho alleges that Ohio University violated Title IX
when it was deliberately indifferent to Parsons sexually assaulting her. Finding that her complaint
failed to allege a Title IX claim, the district court dismissed the case. We AFFIRM.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The facts are taken from the complaint and viewed in the light most favorable to Arocho.
Arocho was a student at Federal Hocking High School during the 2005–2006 school year. Parsons
was an Ohio University police officer, and the “designated liaison to Federal Hocking High
School.” During the 2005–2006 school year, Arocho attended a career day that Ohio University
provided in partnership with the high school. Parsons represented the Ohio University Police
No. 20-4239, Arocho v. Ohio Univ.
Department at the career day. He met Arocho during the event and made “inappropriate
communications of a sexual nature” to her. He then “made plans to have sex” with her “later that
evening.”
“Over a period of many months” during the 2005-2006 school year, Parsons sexually
assaulted Arocho on multiple occasions during “work hours and at work-related locations,”
including in his Ohio University police cruiser. He sexually assaulted her “[o]n at least one
occasion . . . on or around the premises” of Ohio University.
Ohio University knew that Parsons was accused of similar sexual misconduct in 2000-2001
based on a report from the Athens County Department of Children’s Services. The misconduct
was “never reported to or investigated by Ohio University’s Office of Equity and Civil Rights
Compliance.” In December 2005, the Athens County Sheriff’s Department notified the Ohio
University Police Department that it was investigating Parsons for sexual misconduct with
minors.1 After Ohio University did its own investigation, it terminated Parsons in February 2006.
Arocho sued Ohio University in October 2019 alleging that it violated Title IX of the
Education Amendments of 1972 based on deliberate indifference to the sexual assaults. The
University ultimately moved to dismiss Arocho’s amended complaint. The district court granted
the motion on the basis that Arocho was a not an Ohio University student and her career day
allegations were insufficient to establish a Title IX claim. Arocho v. Ohio Univ., 469 F. Supp. 3d
795, 801 (S.D. Ohio 2020), reconsideration denied, No. 2:19-CV-4766, 2020 WL 6949098 (S.D.
Ohio Oct. 28, 2020). Arocho timely appealed.
1
Parsons pleaded guilty in July 2006 to Unlawful Sexual Conduct with a Minor in violation of Ohio Revised Code
§ 2907.04(A)(B)(3). Arocho also brought tort suits against both Parsons and Ohio University in Ohio state court.
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. Nolan v. Detroit Edison
Co., 991 F.3d 697, 707 (6th Cir. 2021). “We construe the complaint in the light most favorable to
the plaintiff, accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true, and examine whether the complaint
contains ‘sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.’” Hill v. Snyder, 878 F.3d 193, 203 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
678 (2009)). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678
III. ANALYSIS
Title IX is “designed primarily to prevent recipients of federal financial assistance from
using the funds in a discriminatory manner.” Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist., 524 U.S.
274, 292 (1998). Under Title IX, “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be
excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under
any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). It
is undisputed that Ohio University receives federal funding. “Title IX is enforceable through a
judicially implied private right of action, through which monetary damages are available.” Doe v.
Miami Univ., 882 F.3d 579, 589 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Klemencic v. Ohio State Univ., 263 F.3d
504, 510 (6th Cir. 2001)).
Arocho’s specific Title IX claim is that Ohio University was deliberately indifferent to a
university employee sexually assaulting her. In Gebser, the Supreme Court held that a school
cannot be held liable for damages under Title IX “for a teacher’s sexual harassment of a student
absent actual notice and deliberate indifference.” 524 U.S. at 292–93. The Court extended the
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deliberate indifference standard to student-on-student harassment in Davis ex rel. LaShonda D. v.
Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 526 U.S. 629, 643 (1999).
The district court concluded that because Arocho did not allege she was an Ohio University
student and because career day was not the kind of program Title IX was designed to protect, Ohio
University was entitled to dismissal of the claims brought by Arocho. Arocho, 469 F. Supp. 3d at
801.
Our caselaw recognizes that a nonstudent can state a Title IX claim under a covered
university’s “education program or activity,” if the plaintiff is “excluded from participation in, [is]
denied the benefits of, or [is] subjected to discrimination” under any university “education program
or activity,” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). For nonstudent Title IX claims, we have examined the
relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant-university, and the relationship between the
plaintiff and the school that the plaintiff attends. In Doe v. University of Kentucky, a University
student sexually assaulted the plaintiff—who was a community college student, not a University
of Kentucky student. 971 F.3d 553, 555 (6th Cir. 2020). The plaintiff lived in University housing
and paid for the housing, a dining plan, and student fees, which gave her access to the University’s
resources. Id. at 558. We reversed the district court’s dismissal of the Title IX claim, determining
that there were “genuine disputes as to whether she was denied the benefits of an ‘education
program or activity’ furnished by the University” because the plaintiff was “paying the University
directly for much of her educational experience” and there was a “close academic relationship
between the University and [her] Community College.” Id. at 558–59.
Similarly, the First Circuit in Doe v. Brown University, 896 F.3d 127 (1st Cir. 2018),
explained that a nonstudent can bring a Title IX claim based on the services the university provides
to the public. In Brown, three Brown University students drugged the plaintiff at a bar and then
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took her to a Brown dormitory and sexually assaulted her. Id. at 128–29. The plaintiff sued Brown
for violations of Title IX, alleging that she “suffered interference with her access to educational
opportunities to the point where she had to withdraw from Providence College.” Id. at 132.
The First Circuit concluded that “a victim does not need to be an enrolled student at the
offending institution in order for a Title IX private right of action to exist.” Id. at 132 n.6. It
explained that nonstudents, like members of the public, may regularly use services such as
“university libraries, computer labs, and vocational resources and attend campus tours, public
lectures, sporting events, and other activities at covered institutions.” Id. The court reasoned that
members of the public could be “either taking part or trying to take part of a funding recipient
institution’s educational program or activity.” Id.; see 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a) (prohibiting
discrimination based on sex “under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance”). The court, however, affirmed the grant of Brown University’s motion for judgment
on the pleadings because “her complaint did not allege that she participated or even would have
participated in any of Brown’s educational programs or activities.” Brown, 896 F.3d at 133. Thus,
her complaint did not “establish that she has been ‘subjected to discrimination under [Brown’s]
education program or activity.’” Id. (alteration in original).
Based on our precedent in University of Kentucky, a nonstudent like Arocho may bring a
Title IX claim, if she was excluded from or discriminated against under a “education program or
activity.” At issue here is whether Arocho sufficiently alleged exclusion from or discrimination
under an Ohio University “education program or activity.”
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Arocho argues that she states a Title IX claim because Parsons sexually assaulted her on
campus, using university resources to do so.2 Title IX requires that a plaintiff suffer discrimination
under an “education program or activity.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). Like the plaintiffs in University
of Kentucky and in Brown, Arocho must connect her sexual assault to an Ohio University
“education program or activity.” See Univ. of Ky., 971 F.3d at 558–59; see also Brown, 896 F.3d
at 133. She alleges that Parsons sexually assaulted her during his “work hours and at work-related
locations,” and in his Ohio University police cruiser. The only “education activity or program”
that Arocho alleges is the career day that she attended at Ohio University. To determine whether
Arocho can maintain a Title IX claim based on her allegations about career day, we consider the
relationship between Arocho and Ohio University, and the relationship between Ohio University
and Arocho’s high school—the analysis we employed in University of Kentucky. Arocho alleged
that career day was an “Ohio University and Ohio University Police Department sanctioned
event.”3 She also alleges that it was a “vocational career development activity through the Ohio
University/Ohio University Police Department and Federal Hocking High School.” When Arocho
went to career day, Parsons made “inappropriate communications of a sexual nature” to her and
“made plans to have sex with [her] . . . later that evening.”
2
Arocho also argues that Ohio University itself is an “education program or activity” but does not provide any caselaw
in support. “[W]hat [Arocho] fail[s] to grasp, is that a plaintiff cannot simply assert that a federally-funded educational
program discriminated against him or her on the basis of sex and automatically meets the ‘under any education
program or benefit’ requirement.” Conviser v. DePaul Univ., 532 F. Supp. 3d 581, 593 (N.D. Ill. 2021). “Rather, a
plaintiff must assert not only that the defendant provided educational programs or activities, but also that the plaintiff
was denied access to or participation in those programs or activities.” Id.3
Ohio University argues that “career day was run by Arocho’s high school, not the University” and that “nothing in
Arocho’s complaint alleges or suggests it was run by or in conjunction with the University.” Viewing that amended
complaint in the light most favorable to Arocho, she alleges that career day was an Ohio University program in
partnership with her high school.
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The factual allegations about career day and Arocho’s relationship with Ohio University
have some similarities to the facts in University of Kentucky. Arocho is correct that this case is
like University of Kentucky in that she alleges that Ohio University and the high school have a
close relationship, similar to that between the Community College and the University of Kentucky.
Arocho also alleges that “Ohio University had a partnership relationship with Federal Hocking
High School”; employs a “Federal Hocking Secondary School Program Coordinator”; uses the
high school “as a site for various programs”; and that students at the high school can take Ohio
University classes.
But unlike the University of Kentucky plaintiff, Arocho’s connection to Ohio University is
attenuated. The plaintiff in University of Kentucky paid to reside in a University residence hall,
paid to use the University’s resources, and “hoped to eventually enroll at the University after
beginning her education at the Community College.” 971 F.3d at 558. There, we concluded that
the plaintiff’s relationship with the University of Kentucky and the relationship between the
University and the Community College led to a genuine dispute of material fact. Id. at 558–59.
By contrast, Arocho was not paying Ohio University for its services, nor does she allege
that she participated in or planned to participate in education programs such as taking Ohio
University classes as a high school student “to receive college credit.” The amended complaint
provides little to no information about the “educational opportunities” and “vocational training
activities” of Ohio University that Arocho was deprived of participating in. Based on the amended
complaint, the full extent of Arocho’s relationship with Ohio University was her participation in
career day. Arocho also does not allege that she intended to partake in any Ohio University
education program or activities in the future. See id. at 558; see also Brown, 896 F.3d at 132 n.6
(“Doe failed to allege that . . . she intended to [avail herself of any of Brown’s educational
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programs] in the future.”). At bottom, Arocho’s complaint does not allege her connection to an
Ohio University “education program or activity” and fails to show that she “is so closely tied to
[the] university that [she] is essentially a student of [Ohio University].” Univ. of Ky., 971 F.3d at
559 n.4.
For the same reason, Arocho’s reliance on Doe v. Mercy Catholic Medical Center, 850
F.3d 545 (3d Cir. 2017) is misplaced. There, the plaintiff participated in educational programs
through a private teaching hospital’s residency program. Id. at 550. The director of the residency
program sexually harassed the plaintiff, and she sued the hospital under Title IX. Id. at 551–52.
In determining that the residency program was an “education program or activity” under Title IX,
the Third Circuit explained that the program required the plaintiff to train under faculty members,
attend lectures, and take annual exams. Id. at 556. The hospital’s affiliation with the medical
school was also a factor showing that the program was an “education program or activity.” Id. at
557.
Here, Arocho does not allege what “educational opportunities” and “vocational training
activities” she was deprived of, other than her allegations about the one career day. The amended
complaint, however, does not contain any allegations that show the career day, like the residency
program in Mercy Catholic, had any educational requirements. See id. at 556–57. Nor does
Arocho allege that she intended to participate in any specific Ohio University education program.
Ultimately, Arocho’s complaint does not sufficiently allege that she participated in or
intended to participate in an Ohio University “education program or activity” under Title IX nor
has she shown that she had a relationship with Ohio University, such as that in the University of
Kentucky or Mercy Catholic cases. The district court did not err in concluding that Arocho failed
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to plausibly allege that she suffered discrimination under an Ohio University “education program
or activity.”
IV. CONCLUSION
Because Arocho has not sufficiently alleged a Title IX claim, we AFFIRM the district
court’s judgment.
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