United States v. Arch Turner

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0843n.06
No. 12-6483
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sep 20, 2013
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
ARCH TURNER, ) EASTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
)
Defendant-Appellant. ) OPINION
)
Before: COLE, KETHLEDGE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Arch Turner appeals a $250,000 fine imposed by the
district court as part of his sentence for conspiring to buy votes. He argues that the fine is
procedurally unreasonable because the court did not provide specific reasons for the variance from
the Guidelines range of $4,000 to $40,000, and that it is substantively unreasonable because the court
impermissibly considered Turner’s socio-economic status. We conclude that the court adequately
explained its reasoning in open court, that any deficiencies in duplicative explanations did not rise
to the level of plain error, and that the court did not impermissibly rely on Turner’s socio-economic
status. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Turner’s sentence.
-1-
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Arch Turner, a superintendent of the Breathitt County, Kentucky schools, led and assisted
a group of people to buy votes for a candidate in a May 2010 primary election. He coordinated
meetings in which he distributed funds he had received from third parties for the purpose of buying
votes, and he withdrew cash from his own bank account for the same purpose. During the
government investigation, Turner lied to an FBI agent, convinced a co-conspirator to lie to a grand
jury, and attempted to convince another co-conspirator to lie to FBI agents. During one such
attempt, he told a co-conspirator that the FBI had no evidence against them and that they would not
get in trouble if neither of them told on the other. During another, Turner contacted his co-
defendant, which was a violation of his bond release, told his co-defendant that he could not tell on
anyone because he had not seen cash change hands, and instructed his co-defendant to purchase a
phone that could not be traced. Eventually, Turner decided the jig was up and pleaded guilty to
conspiracy to defraud the United States through buying votes, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and
42 U.S.C. § 1973i(c).
The presentence investigation report (PSR), which the district court adopted with no
objection, assigned Turner a criminal history category of I and an offense level of 15. The offense
level calculation included a four-level enhancement for Turner’s role as an organizer or leader of the
conspiracy, a two-level enhancement for his attempts to obstruct justice, and a three-level reduction
for acceptance of responsibility. This resulted in an advisory Guidelines range of 18 to 24 months
imprisonment plus 1 to 3 years of supervised release and a $4,000 to $40,000 fine. USSG Ch.5, Pt.
A, Table; USSG §§ 5D1.2(a)(2), 5E1.2(c)(3). The statutory maximum sentence for Turner’s offense
-2-
is 5 years of imprisonment plus 3 years of supervised release and a $250,000 fine. 18 U.S.C. §§ 371,
3571(b)(3), 3583(b)(2).
In October 2012, the district court issued a notice advising the parties that the court intended
to consider an upward variance from the Guidelines range “because of the nature and scope of
defendant’s crime, the public harm caused by the crime, the defendant’s calculated conduct and
culpability in committing his crime and the need for a sentence that takes into account the factors
articulated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553.” The impending upward variance is the subject of this appeal.
At Turner’s sentencing hearing, the court requested to hear arguments concerning an upward
variance of “not only time but money.” Defense counsel argued that the recommended Guidelines
sentence already took into account all relevant factors such as Turner’s leadership role and attempts
to obstruct justice and that nothing in the PSR warranted a sentence above the Guidelines range. The
prosecutor responded that while the offense was serious, the Government would stand by the plea
agreement and recommend a sentence at the upper end of the Guidelines range.
The court then began a lengthy discussion, which is quoted in more detail below, of Turner,
the nature of his offense, and the need for a punitive sentence. According to the court, Turner had
“abuse[d his] position, power, and advantages” and had committed a crime of the “most cynical and
egregious nature.” Of the § 3553(a) factors, the court said that the need for punishment and
deterrence, as well as the need to promote respect for the law and to reflect the seriousness of the
offense, warranted a punitive and above-Guidelines sentence. While additional prison time was not
warranted because Turner had lost the tools of his trade, the court said it could impose an
appropriately punitive sentence by varying upward on the fine. Turner had ample ability to pay, and
the amount of a fine should always be “sufficient to ensure that the fine, taken together with the other
-3-
sanctions imposed, is punitive.” Accordingly, the court sentenced Turner to 24 months
imprisonment, 1 year of supervised release, and the statutory maximum fine of $250,000.
Turner did not object at the sentencing hearing but now challenges the fine on appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
This court reviews criminal sentences for both substantive and procedural reasonableness.
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Generally, “[r]easonableness is determined under the
deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Battaglia, 624 F.3d 348, 350 (6th Cir.
2010). However, when a defendant did not object to a sentencing decision before or after the district
court asked the Bostic question “whether there are any objections not previously raised” a
procedural reasonableness challenge has not been properly preserved and we review it under the
plain error standard of review. United States v. Freeman, 640 F.3d 180, 186 (6th Cir. 2011); United
States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872-73 (6th Cir. 2004).
Turner did not object to the amount of the fine at any point during his sentencing hearing and
accordingly asks that we use plain error review. The Government would have us take it one step
further to bar review entirely under the invited error doctrine. We decline the Government’s request.
The invited error doctrine prevents a party who induces or “affirmatively seeks” a particular
ruling from later challenging that ruling unless manifest injustice would result. United States v.
Demmler, 655 F.3d 451, 458 (6th Cir. 2011); Fulcher v. Motley, 444 F.3d 791, 798 (6th Cir. 2006)
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Sharpe, 996 F.2d 125, 129-30 (6th Cir.
1993) (barring defendant from arguing that a second statute did not apply because the first statute
did after defendant successfully argued that he was not guilty under the first statute); Harvis v.
-4-
Roadway Express, Inc., 923 F.2d 59, 60 (6th Cir. 1991) (barring plaintiff from challenging a decision
to send a claim to the jury where the plaintiff had requested that it be sent to the jury).
Turner did not invite the error he now claims. Defense counsel’s only specific reference to
the fine at sentencing was in response to the court’s request for arguments concerning an upward
variance. Counsel said, “He does have an income and does have some ability to pay a fine, if the
Court chooses to impose that. And we’ll deal with whatever that fine is.” And he then argued that
the court should impose a sentence within the ranges set by the Guidelines. Even if we were to
accept the Government’s claim that counsel’s arguments were limited to the range for imprisonment,
nothing in the record even suggests an invitation for the court to impose a statutory maximum fine
of $250,000.
Accordingly, we review Turner’s procedural reasonableness challenge for plain error. To
establish plain error, Turner must show that
(1) there is error; (2) the error was clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable
dispute; (3) it affected the defendant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case
means it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings; and (4) it seriously
affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
United States v. Massey, 663 F.3d 852, 856 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Substantive reasonableness claims do not need to be preserved in the district court, so we review this
question for abuse-of-discretion. Freeman, 640 F.3d at 185. Under this standard, “[t]he district
court’s legal interpretation of the Guidelines are reviewed de novo, but its factual findings will not
be set aside unless they are clearly erroneous.” United States v. Brooks, 628 F.3d 791, 796 (6th Cir.
2011).
-5-
B. Procedural Reasonableness
To determine whether a sentence is procedurally reasonable, we look to see “whether the
district court properly calculated the Guidelines range, treated the Guidelines as advisory, considered
the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, selected a sentence based on a reasonable determination of the facts,
and adequately explained the sentence, including an explanation for any variance from the
Guidelines range.” Battaglia, 624 F.3d at 350-51. Turner argues that the court plainly erred in
imposing the $250,000 fine because it did not adequately explain its justifications for the amount and
variance from the Guidelines. More specifically, Turner points to three alleged errors in the court’s
explanation: (1) the court did not provide adequate, specific reasons for the upward variance during
the sentencing hearing; (2) the court did not expressly reference the $4,000 to $40,000 Guidelines
range; and (3) the court did not identify with specificity its reasons for the departure on the written
judgment.
As Turner correctly points out, a sentencing court must state in open court the reasons for
imposing the particular sentence, including its specific reasons for imposing a sentence outside the
Guidelines range. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2). Failure to comply with § 3553(c) can constitute error.
United States v. Blackie, 548 F.3d 395, 400-01 (6th Cir. 2008). In considering how to sentence a
particular defendant, a court must consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. Id. at 399. In
considering whether to impose a fine, the court must also consider the fine-specific factors set forth
in 18 U.S.C. §§ 3571 and 3572. United States v. Lumbard, 706 F.3d 716, 726 (6th Cir. 2013). The
fine-specific factors include:
defendant’s income; earning capacity; financial resources; the burden on the
defendant and his [or her] dependents; pecuniary loss inflicted on others as a result
of the offense; whether restitution is ordered; the need to deprive the defendant of
-6-
illegal gains; and the need to promote respect for the law, provide just punishment,
and adequate deterrence.
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In the Sixth Circuit, we do not require detailed findings as
long as we can infer that the court considered the defendant’s ability to pay and other factors required
by law. Id. We find no error in the court’s explanation during the sentencing hearing.
At sentencing, the district court properly considered the relevant § 3553(a) factors and gave
a lengthy explanation of the basis for departing from the Guidelines. Much of the discussion was
dedicated to the court’s explanation of the especially strong need for punishment and deterrence in
this case. The court described Turner as an elected official and a community leader in a position of
power who “held a lot of other good jobs in the palm of his hand.” He “fearlessly and cynically
abuse[d his] position, power, and advantages” to buy votes not for himself, but for the office of
sheriff. The court said that Turner himself had nothing to gain from the crime; he did it just because
he could. Noting the “planned recruitment,” “planned funding,” and “planned implementation,” the
court described the crime as being of the “most cynical and egregious nature.” It noted that working
people in the community participated in the vote-buying scheme under Turner’s direction, one of
whom had tearfully told the court that he went along with it to secure his daughter-in-law’s job in
the school system. Participants in the scheme “believed in Arch Turner” and “believed he was
capable of retribution.” The court repeatedly mentioned Turner’s failed attempts at covering up the
crime, in which he threatened others, used his power and influence to suborn perjury, and told people
they had no evidence and would not be believed. It concluded that the factors under
§ 3553(a)(2)(A) to reflect the seriousness of the crime, promote respect for the law, and provide
just punishment and (B) to afford adequate deterrence “combine together to drive this Court’s
-7-
sentence,” which should be “punitive . . . to deter this defendant and others like him, to punish this
defendant and others like him.”
The district court then explained its reasons for varying upward on the fine and considered
the fine-specific factors. It said that because Turner had been deprived of the tools of his trade,
apparently his power and influence, the public should not be burdened beyond 24 months of
imprisonment, the high end of the Guidelines imprisonment range. However, the court said that it
could impose an appropriately punitive sentence by varying upward on the fine. In justifying the
$250,000 fine, the court mentioned the fine-specific factors of §§ 3571 and 3572 that it had not
already discussed. It had already noted Turner’s income and earning capacity as well as respect for
the law and deterrence. It explained that Turner had “ample ability to pay;” that “[h]is net worth is
significant;” that he “expects a stream of income,” “has no dependants,” and “no other obligation
of restitution.” Finally, the court said that there was a need for an especially punitive fine, “for the
reasons that the Court has already stated.”
Turner points to this last phrase, arguing that “for the reasons that the Court already stated”
does not meet the requirements of § 3553(c) because the court did not say which of the previously
stated reasons directly justified the amount of $250,000. We do not agree with Turner’s reading of
the record. As noted above, the six pages of the transcript immediately preceding this statement are
dedicated to explaining the need for an especially punitive sentence and to explaining why a high
fine was more appropriate than a lengthy prison sentence. The court is not required to repeat
duplicative information. We conclude that the court adequately explained the sentence at the
sentencing hearing such that there has been no clear or obvious error.
-8-
We now turn to the other alleged errors. Pointing to United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301,
305 (6th Cir. 2005), Turner correctly notes that a district court must consider and acknowledge the
applicable Guidelines range as one of several sentencing factors laid out in § 3553(a). Under 18
U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2), a sentencing judge must also restate with specificity its reasons for departing
from the Guidelines in the written judgment.
Although the district court “accept[ed] and adopt[ed] the factual findings and the advisory
guideline applications that are set forth in the presentence report” and expressly restated the 18-to
24-month Guidelines range for imprisonment, the court did not expressly mention the $4,000 to
$40,000 Guidelines range for a fine. Nor did the court adequately explain its reasoning with
specificity on the written judgment form. Rather, it checked off two boxes indicating that the above-
Guidelines sentence was intended to “reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for
the law, and to provide just punishment” and to “afford adequate deterrence.” The only other
reasoning provided on the written judgment form was a generic statement that the sentence takes into
account the § 3553(a) factors. Turner is correct that the court committed error under § 3553(c) and
Jackson and that the error was clear and obvious.
Nevertheless, the error did not affect Turner’s substantial rights or seriously affect the
fairness or integrity of the judicial proceedings, which would be required for reversal on plain error
review. See Massey, 663 F.3d at 856. The PSR referenced the Guidelines range for the fine, and
Turner’s counsel had adequate time to respond after the court indicated that it was considering
varying upward on both the period of imprisonment as well as the fine. The court gave a detailed
explanation of the reasons for imposing an above-Guidelines fine, and Turner had an opportunity
-9-
to object. Any failure in duplicating information did not affect the outcome or the fairness of the
proceedings.
Turner cites several cases where we reversed a sentence based, in part, on the sentencing
court’s failure to acknowledge the Guidelines range, and argues that this failure is thus reversible
error. Two of these cases provide little guidance because the questions were before the court on
abuse-of-discretion review rather than plain error review as here. See United States v. Cousins, 469
F.3d 572, 575-76 (6th Cir. 2006) abrogated on other grounds in Irizarry v. United States, 553 U.S.
708, 713 n.1 (2008); Jackson, 408 F.3d at 304-05. However, in both cases it was the failure to
acknowledge the Guidelines range in combination with a failure to articulate reasons for imposing
the sentence that made the sentences procedurally unreasonable and prevented meaningful appellate
review. Cousins, 469 F.3d at 578; Jackson, 408 F.3d at 305.
In Blackie, we reversed on plain error review where the lower court had not acknowledged
the Guidelines range, had failed to give specific reasons for a variance, and failed to clarify whether
it had rejected various Guidelines enhancements the combination warranting reversal. 548 F.3d
at 398-99, 401-03. These errors in combination affected the defendant’s substantial rights and
undermined the fairness of the proceedings because they undermined the defendant’s right to
meaningful appellate review. Id. at 401-03. The same cannot be said here because the court
provided a sufficient explanation of its reasoning. We conclude that any procedural sentencing error
here does not rise to the level of plain error.
C. Substantive Reasonableness
Next, we determine whether the sentence was substantively reasonable. A sentence is
substantively unreasonable “if the district court chooses the sentence arbitrarily, grounds the sentence
-10-
on impermissible factors, or unreasonably weighs a pertinent factor.” Brooks, 628 F.3d at 796.
Turner argues only that the court based the fine on impermissible factors. If a court relies on factors
it may not properly consider, we must remand even if the court also relied on relevant sentencing
factors. United States v. Hunt, 521 F.3d 636, 649 (6th Cir. 2008).
Turner points to the district court’s numerous references to his salary, status, and assets and
argues that the court impermissibly based his sentence on his socio-economic status. For example,
the court noted that Turner had “every single advantage at life” and that his salary of $150,000 a year
as the elected superintendent was “an outstanding living in Breathitt.” The court also noted said that
“[a]s a result of the public’s trust in him, he amassed a healthy financial portfolio” and that he had
earned “a comfortable and healthy retirement, once again at the public’s expense.”
Socio-economic status may never form the basis for a departure from the Guidelines. USSG
§ 5H1.10; United States v. Crouse, 145 F.3d 786, 789 (6th Cir. 1998). But this means only that the
court may not determine that “a defendant’s prominence, or lack thereof, weighs in favor of, or
against, a departure.” United States v. Ferguson, 456 F.3d 660, 665 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal
quotation marks omitted) abrogation on other grounds recognized in United States v. Romanini, 502
F. App’x 503, 507 (6th Cir. 2012). “[T]he prohibition on consideration of socio-economic status
does not extend to prohibit all considerations that are correlated with socio-economic status.” United
States v. Holz, 118 F. App’x 928, 935 (6th Cir. 2004).
The socio-economic references played two roles in the district court’s reasoning. First, they
were part of the required consideration of the § 3553(a) factors, most particularly the need for just
punishment and deterrence. The court painted a picture of how Turner’s crime was especially
egregious because he took money and advantages from the public and then used both to abuse the
-11-
public’s trust. Immediately after the statements Turner cites, the court said that Turner, who “held
a lot of other good jobs in the palm of his hand” had recruited co-conspirators who sought jobs for
family-members and had used his power and influence to suborn perjury. These statements were
also part of the court’s reasoning that Turner had committed the crime “just because he could.”
Second, the statements were part of the court’s explanation for varying upward on the fine
rather than the sentence. The court explained that the public should not be burdened with a higher
prison sentence because Turner had been denied the tools of his trade, apparently his power and
influence. To justify the fine itself and the variance, the court properly considered the fine-specific
factors, which it is bound to do. See Lumbard, 706 F.3d at 726. The factors were addressed in the
references to Turner’s income and earning capacity, his ability to pay, his financial resources, the fact
that he has no dependants or obligation of restitution, the need for deterrence and respect for the law,
and the need for an especially punitive sentence because of the way Turner abused his power and
influence.
We see no evidence suggesting that the district court considered Turner’s wealth and status
as an independent factor weighing in favor of or against a departure. See Ferguson, 456 F.3d at 665.
The court merely considered required factors that are correlated with socio-economic status. We
need not consider the parties’ arguments about whether a court may consider a defendant’s wealth
when setting the amount of the fine because we see no evidence that the court did so here beyond
considering Turner’s ability to pay.
The abuse-of-discretion standard requires that we give due deference to the district court’s
determination that the § 3553(a) factors and the fine-specific factors set out in §§ 3571 and 3572
-12-
justify the extent of the variance. See United States v. Smith, 516 F.3d 473, 477-78 (6th Cir. 2008).
Because we do not find that the court relied on impermissible factors, we accordingly defer.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM Turner’s sentence as imposed by the district
court.
-13-